FORT LEE AND FORT PICKERING CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT, CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY, AND MAINTENANCE/RESTORATION PLAN - pages 89-150 '*Recommendations that are yearly maintenance are initial Cost these will be less followin restoration..
Fort Lee b ration..
Short-Term
Project Area at Fort Lee
Establish Friends of the Forts Committee and hold public paracipation.meetin s. Location . Cost
** Add selected fill material to eroding areas,seed and compact 8
j p by hand. $6,000-
** Monitor erosion and replace soil wash:
"* Add approved ground cover Eo bare areas and maintain.Seed areas that are $2 000
eroding.
$8,000
Ides#ify and protect existing stone monuments
Construction Costs $300
. Contin encies(40%)
e TOTAL $16,300 .
1 $5,520.
$22,820
Mid-Term
Project Area at Fort Lee
Location Cost
Selectively remove vegetation to allow site survey to be cornple#ed and contract for
Complete site survey,
$7,000 .
Contract for a complete topographic surve i
y for use n Planning and design.included below} g (Cast
$15,000
Modify Restoration Master Plan as required with new information and with now
Phases if appropriate.
$10,000
Prepare technical specifications and working drawings for proposed l�lid-Term.
restoration.(Cost included below)
Construction Costs
Desi Costs and Contin envies(4011.).7
TOTAL $32,000
$1z enn
��4sao.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,t1Rd Maintenance and R t5torltion pl:,..
d
Long-Term yy
Location Cost
Project Area at Port Lee fi
Clear vegetation to allow original fart Eorm to be recognizable and to create
VI ewing areas from the ramparts:Large:trees an specchc areas may'remarn
however,the fatal recommendations must be made after a complete topographmc
surrey is coiapiled
mparts have been damaged by erosion;or soil instabilmry,corrective
Where ra
action is required.Depending on the level of treatment prescribed,earthwork may
in4olve work iarigl'mig from mtenm stabiiLzation to full restoration of a section to be _
used as an interpretive grade
$10 QQ0
install.vegetative materiaLa (2) n
$15 0
lnstail compacted gravel an formal Walks,{2)
Restore sectrons of the rampart to the angrnal form(3)
$5Q,QQQ
Rer�iove part of Memorial Drive that separates Part Lee from the Salem Willow
$ s aQQ ti
Extend new concrete walks and lamps from Salem Wsllows to Fort Lee (1) t
s
$20,04Q
Modify,grades to create wheelchamr accessmbie access to tnp of rampart (3)e
Construct a new orbs V>sitor's Center Zit the east open area visible from Fort Ave $350,QQQ
This center should house some of the approp;late artifacts of the fort area and
displays should be.developed to Convey an understanding of the geology,'
pre and.history of the forts and their importance to Salem{1)
? $150 QQO
B�uld parking area off of Farr 77
Avenue (1)
Provide new'interactive interpretive kiosks at maul entry to
$S QQQ
Provide clew plaque type interpretive signs at specrfie locations in ex�stmg stone
$10,(3Q
E2)
Fund and imp men}mauitenance programme(cost can be determrried fallowing
final restoration668,dOtl
CoistruCtion Casts $267,2U0''
Desl Costs and Contin encies $435,20Q;;
TOTAL I
Fort Pickering_: . .
Short Tenn
Location Gast
Project Area at Fort Plckedng
Establish Friends of the Forts Committee and Bald public participation meetings..:
*+ Add selected fill material to eroding areas and compact by hand.
sessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restor
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions As ation Plan
90
'* Monitor erosion and replace soil wash.
Add approved ground cover to bare areas and maintain
Barricade paths to prevent further erosion at entry stone rampart.Barricade path to $3 o00
Prevent further erosion at Waikiki Beach. Barricade path to prevent further erosion $1,o00
at Winter Island beach.Barricade path through rampart.Sarrleade path at bunker
B.
Prepare technical specifications and working drawings for proposed short term
restorations.(costincludedbelow) $0
+� North-Entry WaII
West Face:Chink voids in joints to match existing chinkin $b,UOQ
left side with a single stone !us chinking. g•and fill large void on
Remove graffiti.(1) p g Restore sail cover to parade side flank,
Moat Face:Rebuild with added chinking to match character of west face.Restore
soil cover to top.(2)
■ North Rifle Gallery Rear WaII
i Rebuild comers at rifle gauery passage,and at west end as re $8,000
flanking walls and retain soil.Rebuild remainder only as requ a o stabilize a the
erosion and secure random Loose stones.Maintain general existing appearance of
wall,but use 144Z photo as guide for rebuilding the rifle gallery passage:
East End Walls Q North Moa#
Limited rebuildin an $3 000d chinkingo wall"An"
as necessary#6 sti
improved port ari
athway.and reset any loose stone.The extent f repairneeded at wall
cannot be determined until the vegetation is removed.{])
West Moat
Remove existing vegetation along ail,banks and determine
$7,000
condition of r! rap, nnine full extent and
filled repair only as ne un"ng m stabilize the ripOat is to remain ra is(1.e.,not dug but and re-
), p yry
p in its current state.
West rampart and Rifle Gallery
Remove existing vegetation from walls.(1) $5500
Rechink to secure any loose stones.{I)
Partially rebuild the northern portion where it bulges as required to stabilize it.(Z)
South and East Ramparts.,
Remove existingvegetation using Y $8,000
g care to not disturb an stones including those
that appear to be lying at random.(1}
Rethink any loose or missing ston
walls. es in the areas having organized stone parapet
(lj
Tidal Ri Ra
$2,000
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Res
toration Plan
�I
1
fi
Inspect rip rap every spring for loose or dislodged stone,and sail erosion at its top
perimeter;repair any such defects as they occur-
$500
Magazine A
Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off the stairs and the corridor floor
below.(1)
$6,000
Magazine A
Regrade the surface area outside the entry and/or rework the door and threshold
to direct surface runoff away front the staircase.
71
Replace the missing lintel stone at the top of the entry.
Include archeological recovery for any work that wtll.remove existing soil:See text
above for more detailed discussion.
$1,500 "
** Magazine B
silt off the corridors,stairs and the
Clean modem debris and accumulated
magazine floor.(1)
000
** Magazine B
Monitor magazine ceiling for any substantial increase in seepage(check yearly in
Spring after winter khaw,and after periods of.prolonged heavy rain).Actively
investigate roofing conditions fronn above and institute repairs only if leakage
devela s to.an extent threaten that the inte of klie ma azizte $2,006
** Magazine C 77
Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off"the corridors,stairs and the
magazir a floor.(1)
$3,500;
Magazine C "
Restore the sail cover over the exposed vault masonry.above the entry co or.
Take steps to discourage people from climbing up the mound at this location.
$2 500
** Magazine C
Monitor spalled brick in magazine,wall for any substantial increase in seepage "
{check yearly in spring after winter khaw,and after periods of prolonged heavy
rain).Actively investigate conditions and institute repairs only if leakage develops
to an extent threaten that the integrity of the magazine
$18,000
North.Bastian Masonry.(lglaos)
1.Fully excavate the rear side of a vertical panel under the joint direction of an .
archeologist and an architectural conservator in order to determine:(3}
a. The construction detailing of the rear side of the panels and assess the
feasibility of replacing severely spalled vertical panels.
b. The extent that replacement of individual vertical panels would impact
otential remainin archeolo ical features of the bastion.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and.Maintenance and Restoration Plan
92
v
2.Clear all woody vegetation from the top of the bastions.At a minimum the area
within 4'of the concrete panels should be cleared.Woody roots should be
physically removed adjacent to the panels asset
archeological features,will not furter damagethe panels,and their removal
t e soil surface
will be immediately treated to prevent further erosion.(1)
3.Provide fill to bring the sail surface level to the top of the panels,(1)
4.Remove and store for future reinstallation any of the top igloo panels that are in
danger of Falling,or reset them to make them secure,
5,Remove graffiti(leaving it in place is graffiti),(1) an open invitation For more extensive
I
6.Clean out drainage Swale on the inner side of the concrete roadway.(1)
Construction Costs
t Design Costs and Cnntln envies(40%) $85,000
TQTA L $34,000
II $119,000
f
Mid-Term
Project Area at Fort Pickering
ocation Cost
Selectively remove vegetatiori to allow site survey to be com
complete site survey; pleted aad contract for L
$20,000
re uuired.Mete survey prepare fins!restoration Plan.with phased development if
4
�. . $30,000
Prepare plans and technical specification for proposed mid(Cost included below) Term restorations. 0
East End Wa11s @North Moat
Fully rebuild both walls(A and B)to their original height and character with tight $20 000
chinking.(3)
West rampart and Rifle Gallery
Provide signage to interpret the archeological features at the southern end of the ,000
west rampart(rear rifle gallery wall,wood beam ends,chimney slot and rifle
gallery front foundation).(1)
South Rampa�
$10,000
Carry out archeological testing at locations of former embrasures and gun
emplacements for evidence of their construction detailing.(3)
Carry out additional document research at the National Archives and Coast Guard
archives for details of original construction and later changes.
Ma azine A
$8,000
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and kfaintenanee and Best oration Plan J
s,
Examine.existing newel area of stair and related period examples and literature to
study should include an
determine how best to restore the missing newel post.The
engineering evolution of the newel area and the masonry immediately above it,
and sophisticated analysis of the historic mortar to design a suitable mortar 1
formula for rebuilding work
$5,500
Magazine B
Replace framing and sagging plywood floor at base of stone stair to provide a
sound landing platform.(2)
Replaces missing lintel in doorway to magazine vault sized to match the void of
the original lintel.Use rot resistant wood such as white oak or black locust instead.
of modern pressure treated lumber or common pine.(1)
$5,000
Magazine B.
ln.inagazine vault Restore 2 ventilation slots'where.thebriik is missing using
matching water struck brick and a 1A.:6 mortar mix(Type 5 hydrated lime.white
Portland cement:sand)tinted to match adjacent mortar.(1)
At exterior entry cut and repoint capstone joints and open wall joints using 1:1:6
mortar.(1)
At exterior sidewall fill in areas of missing stone with:new stone similar in general
size,shape,and finish to the existing,and rethink entire wall without using
mortar.(2) .
$8,500.
magazine C
Replace missing brick over current metal entry door:{1}
Replaces missing lintel in doorway to magazine vault sired to match the void of
the original lintel.Use rot resistant wood such as white oak orblack locust instead
of modern pressure treated lumber or common pine.(1)
$5,000
Magazine C
At exterior entry cut and repoint capstone joints and open wall joints using 1:1:6
mortar;(1)
At exterior sidewall fill in limited areas of missing stone and open mortar joints
with new stone similar in general size,shape,and finish to the existing,using 1:1:6
mortar mix.(1).
$115,g00
Construction Costs $46,000
Design Costs and Contingencies(40%) $161,000
TOTAL
Long-Term
Location Cost
Project Area at Fart Pickering
$10,000
Remove vegetation as required by the final restoration plans.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering;Conditions assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
Regrade areas to conform to approved final restoration plan.
$12,000
Excavate to stable soil materials and make repairs tostructures,foundations,and f waterproofing materials as required. $15,000
Install new drainage systems or repair existing systems.
$10,000
f Install vegetative materials for ground cover and stabilization.
$12,000
Constrict formal paths and reconstruct original walls and ramparts at Waikiki Beach and Winter Island Beach $20,[700
Re-grade earth rampart to restore original earth form.
' $25,000
Remove fill between bunker A and Is.
$10,000
Remove existing wooden telephone pole and abandoned conduits.
$4,000
1 Level and construct new paths from parking to viewing area.
$25,000
Modify grades to create wheelchair accessible access to top of rampart.
$15,000
Repair all earth ramparts at bunkers.
$35,000
Create a viewing platform and stair access to top of the Bomb Proof Magazine
Bunker.
$20,000
R Re-grade earth rampart to restore original earth form.
i $50,000
Enlarge the grass entry area removing the entry drive and create Fort Pickering
accessible and designated parking. $100,000
Create a main entry plaza with informational kiosk
$35,000 .
Provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at main entry to fort.
$15,000 .
Provide new plague type interpretive signs at specific locations. .
$20,000
West Moat
$45,000
Dredge and restore moat with reconstruction of any missing or badly deteriorated
rip rap to match the rip rap at the north.moat,including the berm at the south end.
Restoration of the moat would also likely require opening a clear passage far water
flow under the causeway from the north moat.(3)
West rampart and Rifle Gallery
$150,000
Reconstruct the entry end of the west rampart to match the contours documented
in the 1864 drawing,including a section of the rifle gallery.The total length should
be about 60'terminating at the former passage from the parade.This should be
coordinated with the restoration of the west moat. (3)
Consider using the interior of the reconstructed rifle gallery as a visitor center.(1)
South Ramparts
$20,000
Consider restoring more sections of organized stone parapet walls along the
:amparts if further research and physical evidence indicates they were present.(3)
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
$24,000
South Ramparts - -
Cons ide.rreconstruction of an embrasure and gar►emplacement to further the
interpretation of the fort,depending on the results of archeological testing and
research.(3)
Magazine A
Restore the missing staircase newel post and related masonry including any l
broken.or partially Mussing stair treads.(2)
$1,300
Magazine A
Consider opening the interior of tSis magazine to guided public tours for small
sized groups,assuming safety and liability issues can be resolved.
$'1,000
Magazine A
Monitor condition of interior masonry regarding spalled brick and eroded mortar
joints on a yearly basis,but do not replace spalled brick or repaint masonry unless
significant deep deterioration is detected.
$15,fl00
Magazine B
If file magazine is to be opened for limited pudic tours,consider restoring
the .
wood floor in the magazine vault to match the existing 2"plank fioor,
whitewash to the masonry,.and redoing the electric lighting.(2)
$8,000
Recommendations—Magazine C. ".
If the magazine is to be opened for Iinmited public tours;consider restoring the
wood floor in the magazine vault to match the existing WWII flooring applying.
whitewash to the masonry,and redoing the electric lighting.(2)
$45,000
North 13astian Masonry(Iglnas)
Replacement of the.16 missing or severely spnlled 4'panels over the igloos,along
with minor patching and realignment of file remaining 14 sound units(many of
this units are severely dislodged).Note that this will require 3 distinct casting
patterns,and will also require the fabrication of at least 40 bronze retaining clips in
at least two.different configurations(1 at the tops and,1 at the lower sides).*(1)
Plastic patching repair of edge spalls at the igloos(14 individual repaus)*(1)
plastic repair to shallow surface spalls at the igloos(12 locations)*(1)
Replacement of severely spalled vertical panels(9 panels total,5 being on the south
wall)*(3;see Item#1 above)
Plastic patching repair and/or replaent of vertical panels having moderate
cem
spalls,together with realignment of severely dislodged vertical orate.(3;see Item 41
above)
Incipient spans;postpone repair until spalling becomes more fully developed,at
which time carry out plastic patching.(1)
At the roadway carry out plastic patching repairs to any areas where the surface
s allin has dew erred to become a hazard to pedestrian usa e;treat the atched
Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
Fort Lee and Port Pickering Conditions
o�
f
ff surface to reproduce the original brushed surface texture.(I}
1
The number of repairs listed in the above recommendations are estimates of
current conditions based on a very brief survey.The execution of plastic repairs
And replacement of deteriorated units should be preceded by a resurveying of the
units cn a detailed level,and the preparation of detailed technical specifications
of
based on the literature cited in the appendix.
1 Fund and implement maintenance program (cost ete be B
final restoration} can rmined following
Construction Costs
Design Costs and Contingencies(40%) $750,500
Notes TOTAL $300,200
$2,Q50,700
1. Further archeological testing and recovery is not required for this activity.
2. Further archeological testing and recovery is required only if the specific construction work will require removal of soil
below existing grade,or where rebuilding sections of retaining walls will likely dislodge the soil behind the wall.
3• Substantial additional archeological research and testing is required for this activity prior to construction.
Limits of Cost Estimates
Since we do not have any control over the cost of labor, materials or equipment, or over the contractor's method of determining
Prices,or over competitive bidding or market conditions, our opinions of the probable construction cost provided for herein are
made on the basis of our experience and with reference to standard estimating manuals(Means Building Construction Cost Data)
and these opinions represent our best judgment as architects familiar with the construction industry. However,we cannot and doP
not guarantee that proposals,bids or the acNal construction cost will not vary from our opinions of the probable cost pre ared by
us. if greater assurance of the construction cost is desired a professional cost estimator should be retained.
Fart Lee and Fort Pickering Coactitions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenaxtce and Restoration Plan
97
IC; fJ } E J
Figure 1 Defense of Salem 1822
Figure 30 Ruins of Fort Pickering,1942
Figure 31 Plan of existing features,Fort Pickering
Figure 2 Post card of Fort Lee from Sa€ein Willows
Figure 3 Aerial photograph of Winter lsland Figure 32 Aerial photograph showing approximate location of
Rochefontaine's 1794 design of Fort
William
Figure 4 Plan of Salem c.1893
Figure 33 Plan of Fort Pickering,1936
Figure 5 Partial Plan of Fort Lee c.1820
Figure 6 RochefonWne's Plan of Fort William Figure 34 Approximate outline of the 1864 drafted plan of Fort
Pickering
Figure 7 Plan of Fort Pickering,1864 Figure 35 Approximate outline of Crane and Morrison's plan of
Figure 8 Forts Location Plan
basic topographic features.
Figure 9 Fort Lee Existing Boundary Plan Figure 36 Photograph of Fort Pickering, 1942
Figure 37 Photograph of Fort Pickering,2003
Figure 10 Fort Lee and Salem Willows Existing t
Site Plan Figure 38 Photograph of Fort Pickering Parade and Bunkers
Figure 11 Fort Lee Master Plan Figure 39 Plan of Proposed Vegetation and Landforms,Fort `
Figure 12 Fort Pickering Existing Site Plan
Pickering
Beach,Winter Island 2003
Figure 13 Fort Pickering Master Plan
Figure 40 Photograph of Waikiki
Figure 14 Gun on display at Fort Lee Figure 41 Photograph of steps near Lighthouse,Winter Island,
2003
Figure 15 Plan of Fort Lee,1820 Figure 42 Plan of Existing Paths
Figure 16 Plan and Sections of Fort Lee,1864 Figure 43 Plan of Proposed Paths,Winter Island
Figure 17 Fort Lee proposed alteration,1863 Figure 44 Rochefontaine's 1794 Blockhouse
Figure 18 Plan of Fort Leers most visible remain
Elevation
ing features Figure 45 Aerial photo of Fort Pickering
Figure 19 Fort Lee proposed alterations,1863 Figure 46 Restoration Master Plan of Fort Pickering
Figure 20 Fort Lee,1865 Figure 47 Photo of Fort Pickering Gate
Figure 21 Photograph of Fort Lee,2003 Figure 48 Current appearance of north rampart,north wet
Figure 22 Plan of Existing Paths at Fort Lee
ditch and entry to Fort Pickering
Figure 23 Plan of Proposed Paths at Fort Lee Figure 49 Photo of north rampart, Fort Pickering c.1860's
Figure 24 Plan of Existing Paths at Fort Lee Figure 50 Dry laid stone wall,Fort Pickering .
Figure 51 Conjectural section of current condition of north
Figure 25 Granite Stairs at Fort Lee rampart,Fort Pickering
Figure 26 Postcard of view from Fort Lee Ramparts to Beverly
Figure 52 Section of current condition of north rampart,Fort
Figure 27 Viewing Area at Fort Lee
Pickering
ne,Fort Lee Figure 53 Photo of north rampart,Fort Pickering,C.1860's
Figure 2$Photograph of vandalized plaque sto
Figure 29 Photograph of remaining plague at Fort Lee
1
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey, and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
98
i Figure 54 Photo of west rampart Fort Pickering C. 1900 Figure 82 Entry landing of spiral stair magazine A,Fort
II Figure 55 Main entry wall at north rampart,Fart Pickering Pickering
f Figure 56 Parade side Flank of entry wall,Fort Pickerin Figure 83 Minor spalling and joint erosion in staircase of maga-
g zine A,Fort Pickering
. Figure 57 Entry wall at wet ditch side,Fort Pickering Figure 84 Top entry to magazine A,Fort Pickering
Figure 58 Rifle gallery waif,current view,Fort Pickering Figure 85 Vault in magazine 8,Fort Pickering
Figure 59 Rifle gallery wall, 1998 view,Fort Pickering . Figure 86 Front end of vault in magazine B,Fort Pickering
Figure 60 Passage from parade through rampart, Fort Pickering Figure 87 Entry level corridor of magazine B,Fort Pickering
Figure 61 Photo looking over remains of north rampart, rifle Figure 88 Undated
gallery at Fort Pickering Pickering photograph of entry to magazine 8,Fort
! Figure 62 East end of moat,current view,Fort Pickering Figure 89 2003 Photograph of entry to magazine 8;Fort
r Figure 63 East end of moat c. 1900, Fort Pickering Pickering
Figure 64 Erosion onpath behind wall"A" Figure 90 Current condition of exterior side wall magazine 8,
Fort Pickering
Figure 65 Overview of remains of west rampart Figure 9I Detail of ventilation slot magazine C,Fort Pickering
' Figure 66 Remain of rifle gallery rear wall,Fort Pickering Figure 92 Rear end wall of magazine C,Fort Pickering
Figure 67 Remains of beam end of rifle gallery Figure 93 Detail of ventilation slot magazine C,Fort Pickering
Figure 68 Parapet wall at soth rampart,Fort Pickering Figure 94 Front end wall of magazine C,Fort Pickering
Figure 69 Parapet wail eastward from south rampart,Fort Figure 95 Spalled brick magazine C,Fort Pickering
Pickering
Figure 96 Area where soil has eroded to expose the top of the
Figure 70 Aer[a]photograph of Fort Pickering c, 1942 entry corridor vault magazine C,Fort Pickering
Figure 71 Portion of 1864 plan Figure 97 Top of inner doorway to magazine C,Fort Pickering
Figure 72 1830 drawing by West Point Cadet Thomas J.Lee Figure 98 Aerial photograph of Fort Pickering before 1943
Figure 73 Sections of 1864 plan of Fort Pickering Figure 99 Overview of munitions storage igloos,Winter island
Figure 74 1864 plan of Fort Pickering Figure 100I9100 41,Winter Island
Figure 75 Entry to magazine A, Fort Pickering Figure Jai Igloo#10,Winter island
Figure 76 Southerly vault of magazine A,Fort Pickering Figure 102 Spatting on Igloo,Winter Island
Figure 77 Outer end of vault in magazine A,Fort Pickering Figure 103 Edge spall on igloo,Winter Island
Figure 78 Stair treads magazine A,Fort Pickering Figure 104 Severe edge spaft on igloo,Winter Island
Figure 79 Lower portion of spiral stair magazine A,Fort Figure 105 Severe edge spall at igloo top panel,
Pickering Winter Island
Figure 80 Top of spiral stair magazine A,Fort Pickering Figure TQ6 Surface spoil-igloo, Winter Island
Figure 81 Top of spiral stair magazine A, Fort Pickering Figure 107 Surface spall-igloo,Winter[stand
Fort i_ee,ina Fart Pickering Co€editions lssessmen#, Cultural Resources Survey,and Nfainfenane:e and Restoration Plan
i
99 j
Figure 108 Incipient span-Igloo,Winter Island 1864.
Figure log Missing igloo top panel,Winter Island Figure 132 Map of Salem Harbor from the U.S.Davy Survey of
the Coast of the United States,1859
Figure 110 Dislodged vertical panel-igloo,Winter Island
.Figure 133 Plan for casmated masonry fortification at Fort
Figure 11I Dislodged igloo top panel,Winter Island Pickering, 1822,
Figure 112 Bronze clip used to join vertical panels at top of Figure 134 Plans of Forts Sewall,Lee and Pickering,1869
igloos,Winter Island Figure 133 Aerial photograph of U.S.Coast Guard Air Station,
Figure 113 Invasive vegetation around igloos,Winter Island Figure 136 Aerial nter I,5:and, 1photograph of Winter island and part of
Figure 114 Surface spatting at concrete access road,Winter Salem Neck.
Island Figure 137 Aerial view of Fort Pickering
Figure 115 Summary of existing conditions at Fort Pickering Figure 138 Portion of an aerial photograph of Fort Pickering
with location of modern photographs used in report text. g
Figure 116 Sensitivity map for finding ancient]Native American Figure Coast G39 d Aerial
Air phoo graph of the construction of the U.S.
archaeological resources.at Winter Island Marine Park,Salem,
n.
MA. Figure 140 Postcard of view from Fort Lee to Beverly
Figure 117 Sensitivity map for finding historical archaeological Figure 141 Detail of aerial photograph of U.S.Coast Guard Air
resources at Winter Island Marine Park,Salem,MA. Station Fig.135
Figure 118 Sensitivity map for finding historical archaeological Figure 142 South side of Fort Pickering and the Lighthouse ,
resources at Fort Lee,Salem,MA.
Figure 119 Sensitivity map for finding ancient Native American' Figure 143 Postcard of view from Fort Lee
archaeological resources at Fort Lee,Salem,MA.
Figure 120 Plan of Fort Lee,1869,
Figure 121 Plan of Fort f ickering,1862.
Figure 122 initial plans for alterations to Fort Pickering,1863. ,..
Figure 123 Postcard view From Fort Lee to Beverly
Figure 124 Postcard view of Fort Lee.
Figure 125 plan of Fort Pickering,1820.
figure 126 Nathaniel Itowditch's Chart of the Harbors of Salem,
Marblehead,Beverly and Manchester.
Figure 127 Plans and cross sections of proposed fort near Fort
Pickering,1822.
Figure 128 deleted
Figure 129 Plan of Winter Island,1865.
Figure 130 Plan of Winter Island,1867.
Figure.131 Redrafting of plans and sections of Fort Pickering;
ion.Ptan
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restorat .
100
---------------
- --
aI .L sou Z A L4 'f
BIBLIOGRAPHY for references related to Masonry Dry Stone Conservancy; Site promo
tin the
I. Books
struction and preservation Of dry Stone g
roewwalls nand
includes a bookstore featuring publications relat-
Gardner, Keving to dry stone walls including in, The granite Kiss- Traditions and their Own guide-
book for the building grid maintaining dry stone
Techniques of Building New England Stone Walls, The walls. (http://wwY,�r,dzystoneusa.org/)
Countryman Press, Woodstock, Vermont,2001.
Mahan D Golden Gate National Recreation Area Seacoast
H.,An Elementary Course of Civil Fort fications Preservation Manual
Engineering for the use of the Cadets of the united htt
states Military Academy, Wiley and Putnam, New ( P://www.nps.gav/goga/history/seaforts/)
York, 1838. .
National Park Service, Technical Preservation
Mahan, D. H.,An Elementary Course of J Militart Services for Historic Buildings;Preservation Briefs;
Engineerin All 42 Preservation Briefs can be viewed on line
g,J. Wiley&son, New York, 1866-67. (2 and printed from this site
v. illus., fold. plates, diagrs.24cm).
(http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/briefs/presbhom.htrn)
Mahan, D. H.,A Treatise on Field Fortification,
Containing Instructions on the Methods of Laying Out, References RPS O TOPOGRAPHICAL ne; Links; ENGINEERS,
Constructing, Defending, and Attacking with links to websites that texts that bibIiagraphy
Intrenchments, with the General Outlines also o the Can be viewed
Arrangement, the Attack and Defense o Permanent on-litre, including the.three books by D. H.Mahan
Fortifications, 3d ed., rev. and nI.; xvii, [11, 168 p listed above. (http://www-topogs.org/Lirks2.htm)
12 fold.pl.,
John Wiley, New York, 1856 (3rd ed., rev. and enl.: III.Manuscripts
xxvii, [1J, 168 p. 12 fold.pl.).
Lee, Thomas J., Folio of Drawings Related to
David Fortifications made as an Cadet at West Point, C.
Pacific Northwest Preservation Parinershi
M.Hansen, Kimberly Keagle, and Deborah Rehn, s in ollection(Manuscrintof F'in d folio of original draw-
g AIA) Historic.Fortification Preservation Handbook, ch&Rose).
Washington State Parks and recreation
Commission (7150 Cleanwater Dane, PO Box
42650, Olympia, WA 98504-2650), 2003. This is a
very complete and detailed reference for the main-
tenance and preservation of sites like Fort
Pickering, and includes much useful information
on both earthworks and concrete;it is highly rec-
ornmended.
II. Web Sites
CIVIL WAR FIELD FORTIFICATIONS WEBSITE;
site includes a detailed glossary of military fortifi-
cation terms, and a library of period texts that can
be viewed on the web. (http://civilwarfortifica-
tions.com/)
Fort Lee and fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Ma i
intenance and Restoration Plan
10I
- l~
SENSITIVITY MAPS
L
Is
1/ :3
{
f" Salem Harbor
%l�� rent
w
Figure 5,9. Sensitivity map raaLng.the potential.for rindsng ancient Native American arcb:aeologiCal resources at Winter -
Island Marine Park,Salem,Massachusetts. 'I7ie potential for sites was based on envirCtvuei tal clsaraeteristics,as
compared to places where sites have been found in Ute ragion,.proximity to katoivn likes in the immediate area,anal the
the results of archaeological testing. These factors s,ete iuodifted by the presonce of documented.severe disturhaitces;
as=a in a borrow pit,and historical period de£ensiva ditches.
Sensitivity Map Native American Archaeological Resources at Winter Island
tort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintet�ance and Restoration t'lai3
102
i
° —
��Y
z
� Y
0 Y, � �t ( � yL�:Sti✓
Z.
r
Salem Harbor
�xxr
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Figure 3,l l3. Sensitivity map randcing the potential for fuidiag lustnricai archaeological resources of Whiter Island Marine
Park;Salem,N[assachusotts. [cc essence,the history Oftice island snakes it likely Egi historical period archaeological
resources may exist anywhere that intensive disturbances cannot be documented, This preswnption has been p,jtid jjy
confirmed in archaeological testing. Given the limited amount of testing to date,Ivw potential can only be predicted
lvi(hiii areas of sezere documented disturbances;the footprint of 2ilth century huilduigs,a botraiv pit,foriiier.tennis
coin,rifle range,in the moat causeway,built circa 1943,in the site of buried t(1:Ot sho%vn on this map}. anks,and iti the location of hurler[utilites
sensitivity Map Archaeological Resources at Winter Island
fart Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and'Maintenance and Restorltii�
n flan
I03
knuygrunnu Dc-d Ilor a Owch f
_ I , 1
- _-. _ga[erryfborruw-pit----'-_"----.�._�__._.---- �• $� 1
KEY ..
Fart Len Salem -
! , rRGfE
MEDIUM
LOW
�dtt A L
as - -.— ._._........_._...
ur� 5.12, Sensitivity map ranking the potential for Gndhig historical archacalogicaI'rceaurccs at Fort Lee,Saleat,
ig
Massachusetts. Hist al advclys a'rep hill side.n Absenceloflburied resources c nanalso behautic p ted in a and teas of
Sites are loss likely on Ilia
severe documented disturbances,as inborroiv pits and quarries,and in some areas oFthe ditch. Archaeological
testing has partially borne out this"Ode'-
Sensitivity Map Archaeological Resources at Fort Lee
Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
Fart Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions
104
�. zS Dad Hone Beach
1 -
IN
us
f
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Pore Lee.9etem
- HIGH
— % MEDIUM
_ yott
LOW
Figuro 5.13. Sensidvit maranking — -
Loo, y p dta potettda!for fending ancient Native American archaoota 'cal reso
jac Sulcm, MD39aCfiD3Gtfa. Th0 Polenpial for silos Was based on mjrOnrnenEtll Ch Sr wl=at Fort
places where sites have baen,fdnnd in Eho region,proximity io known sites in the characteristics,as compared to
bamhaae pig i historical csa factam were modified by the pMenee a d s i n the i severe �and the resulis of
period defensive ditches disturbances,as seen in
Sensitivity Map Native American Archaeefagfcal Resources at Port Lee
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resourcf Survey,and Maintenance and Res
toration Plan
105 .
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113
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116
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Fort Lee and Fort Fickerfng Conditions Assessment;Cultural
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43.Courtesy Winter island
Part Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
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Fort Lee and port Pickering Conditlans Assessment Cultural Resources Su
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Fig.139:Aerial view a f the U.S.Coast Guard Air 5tatlon under construction View is to the northeast.April 1,1942
Richard C
Kelsey photograph on file Office of Planning and Community Development,City of Salem.
Fort Lee and Port
Pickering,
Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
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Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance,ind Restora
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127
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L,ee and Fort Pickering Conditiom Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoratiolti Plan
AcxNOWLEDGEiIENTS
The Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,
Cultural Resources Survey And Maintenance and Restoration vide guidance for the preservation,restoration,manage_
Plan has been funded,in part,by the City of Salem.It is meet and maintenance of Fort Lee and Fart Pickering,
prepared as part of the,preservation,restoration and man-
The majority of the study efforts are focused nn the histor
agernent of the National Register sites of Fort Lee and Fort
research,documentation
restoration,management and archaeological studies.
ic
. and maintenance recomme da-
I#has also been financed in part with federal funds from von Part of the study reference this research in preparing a
Testaratinn plan with specific maintenance and manage-
the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior,through the Massachusetts Historical Commission, ment recommendations.This part of the study,although
Secretary of the Commonwealth William Francis Galvin, hued,does Jay the foundation for the forts preservation.
Chairman. However, the contents and opinions do not nec- documentation and the preservation recomme
essarily reflect the views nr policies of the Department of beginTo any actual work on the sites the archaeological
ns
the Interior,or the Massachusetts Historical Commission. completet first
first#be reviewed by all must be re on lly
y all involved. Additionally,a
This program receives Federal funds from the National actual scale,the specific locations of historically prepared showing,in
Park Service.The U.S.Department of the Interior prohibits work on the fors must first be preceded by sensitive Id Ioca�features,
P g p y,utilities,structures and vegetation.Any
discrimination on the basis of race,color,nationsl on
historically sensitive features,where required, and confirm-
age,gender,or handicap in its federally assisted programs. ing locations and sensitivity with the archaeologist.
If you believe you have been discriminated against in any
program,activity or facility as described above,or if you
desire further information,please write to:Office for Equal
Opportunity,U.S.Department of the Interior, I849 C Street
NW,Room 1324,Washington,DC 20240,
The study team wishes to thank the following people for
their initiatives,assistance and counsel in the preparation
and review of this study.
Stanley J, Clsovicz,Mayor of the City of Salem
Jane Guy,Senior Planner, City of Salem Office of Planning and
Community Development.
Stephanie Mullaney Associate Planner, City of Salem office of
Planning and Community Development.
Mike Steinitz,Director,Preservation Planning Division,
Massachusetts Historical Commission
Lenny Loparto,Preservation Planner,Massachusetts Historical
Commission
Edward Bell,Senior Archaeologist Massachusetts Historical
Commission
City of Salem Department of Engineering and the Department of
Public Works
Historic Salem Incorporated
Staff of the National Park Service
Salem Public Library
Peabody Essex Museum
Winter Island staff
STAY SCOPE AND Uro Ts
This study was prepared by Gray Architects Inc.,Crane
Morrison Archaeology, Leslie C.Shaw the Native American
Specialist and Finch and Rose Architectural
Preservationists.The statements and recommendations are
those of these consultants and have been prepared to pro-
Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural resources Survey,and Vfaiatenance and Restor ition Plan
129
_ _ ��,
i
-----
Appel-1dix A
LISTING OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES,ESSEX COUNTY,hfASSACH
Fort Lee USETTS
(added 1994-Site-##94000285
Address Restricted,Salem }
Historic Si ificance: Event,Architecture/En ineerin ,uifu In
Area of Si ificance: A ic .re,Milit formation Potential
Cultural Affiliation: American Milita culture
Period of Si ificance: 1730-1799, 1800-1.824, 1825-1849, 1850-1874
Owner: Local Gov't
Historic Function: Defense
Historic Sub-function: Fortification
Current Function: Landsca e
Current Sub-function. Park
Fort Pickering
(added 1973-Site-#73000320)
Also known as Fort William;Fort Anne,
Address Winter Island,Salem
Historic Si ificance: Event,AI'llrchitecture/En ineerin
Area of Si ificance: En Berm
Architect,builder, or en irteer: M�lxta
American Milifa culture
Architectural Style: . NI S le.Listed
Period o€Significancei 1600-1649;1750-1799, 1850-1874, 1875-1899
Owner: Federal
Historic Function: : Defense
Historic Sub-functions portification
Current Function Landsca e ..
Current Sub-function: Natural Feature
Winter Island Historic District and Archeological District
(added 1994- District-##94000335)
Winter Island,Salem
Historic Si ificance: Information Potential,Architecture/En ineerin ,Event
Area of Significance: Prehistoric,Historic-Abori
ginal, Commerce,Military,
Community planning And Development,Education,Social
History Cultural Affiliation:
ative American;
Architect,builder, or en ineez: All Euro can
mer can Mi
Architectural S le; culture
Other
Period of Significance: 7000-8999 BC,5000-6999 BC,3000-=}999 BC, 10Q0-2999 BC,
1000 AD-999 BC, 1499-1000 AD, 1749-1500 AD, 1900-1750
AD, 1900-1924, 1925-1949
O�vnez: Local Gov't, Private
H�.Storic Function: Defense, Domestic,Indus — ^�Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions.Assessenent,Cultural Resources SLIM- ,Y,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
119
Transportation
Historic Sub-function: Camp, Coast Guard Facility, Fortification, Institutional
Housing,Single
Dwelling,Water-Related.
Current Functions Domestic,Landsca e,Trans ortatian
Current Sub-function: Institutional Housing,Park,Single Dwelling,Water-Related
Salem Willows Historic District
(added 1994-District-#94000265)
Roughly,Columbus,Bay View,Beach and Fort Aves.,Salem
Architecture/Engineering
Historic Significances Event, -
Architect,builder,or engineer:
Area of Significance: Community Planning Artd Development,Architecture,'
Entertainment/Recreation,Social History
Architect,builder, or en ineer: : .American MrUka culture
Multi le Architectural 5 le: Other
Period of Significance: 1850-1874, 1875-1899,1900-1924, 1925-1949
pier: Local Gov't,State',Private
Historic Function:' Domestic,Landscape,Recreation And Culture
Historic Sub-function: Fair, Outdoor Recreation, Park, Secondary Structure, Single
Dwelling
d Culture
Current Function: Domestic,Landscape,Recreation An
Current Sub-function: Pair, Outdoor Recreation, Paris, Secondary Structure, Single
Dwelling
on Plan
Fort Lce and Fort Pickering Canditi=5 Assessment,cultural Rjources Survey,and Maintenance and Restorati
120 .
ppedtdlx
EROSION CONTROL PRODUCTS
f Temporary Erosion Control Products, (until the vegetation fills in).
r S1: 100%straw fibers stitch-bonded to a photodegradable net on the to side.Suitable
moderate flow run-off conditions. p unable for law flow to
S2: 100%straw fibers stitch-bonded to a photodegradable net on top and bottom sides. Suitable for
moderate flow run-off conditions.
CS2O:70%straw 30%coconut fiber,netting on two sides.For use on 2:1 - 1:1 slopes with heavy run off
conditions.Handles steep slide rehabilitation, drought area revegetation,Iong slope cut and fill,mine
land and landfill reclamation. Bridge abutments,ski runs,and channel shoulders. *Also available wit
100%biode radabI nettin .
C20: 100%coconut fiber,netting on two sides. For use as a channel liner with high velocity intermittent
flows,center runs on grassed waterways,drainage ditch lining and stream bank rehabilitation.Also used
as an erosion control blanket on extreme slopes and very harsh sites. *Also available with 100%
Lio—degradable nettin .
*ECONET:CS2 and C2 blankets are also available with high strength,
for use on environmentally sensitive areas. We strongly recommend he use o his 100%%organic iode stitching
netting adjacent to all wetland sites. biodegradable
Coir Mats:These long-lived,high strength,woven 100%coconut grids have numerous bioen eerie
and erosion control applications.They are particularly effective on sites where they can hold extreme
slopes that are susceptible to slumping or frost shear. They are available in three weights:400 gms/sq
: rn,
700 gms/sq m,and 900 gms/sq m,
ne
f Coir Fiber Logs These 20'long 100%coconut"logs"with biodegradable netting
the most efficient and cost-effective methods to immediately stabilize the banks of ponds, treams, s,
�ive�
and coastal banks.They can be easily installed with either earth anchors or with wander stakes.They are
generally planted with wetland plants (2"plugs)which root through the coir logs into the bank and
substrate. They are available in 12"or 16"diameters. The effective life is 4-8 years,after which the planted
vegetation stabilizes the banks and slope.
Permanent Erosion Control Products
PYRAMATO:An ecologically sensitive,cost-saving alternative to rock rip-rap lining for channels this
three-dimensional,vegetated erosion reinforcement matrix offers equal structural stability to 12-18"rock
at approximately half the cost. PYRANIATO is a woven heavy weight LTV stabilized monofilament yarn
product with an effective lifespan of 50 years. PYRAMATO can be used to line drainage swales to treat
stormwater runoff, and has been named as a Best Management Practice by the EPA. Added benefits over
rip-rap include:permeability,decreased thermal pollution,increased species diversity,pollution
attenuation and improved wildlife habitat.
Foat"ee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
121 #
{I
LANDLOK TWO. 435/450/1060/1061B:These permanent,synthetic turf reinforcement mats are
designed to resist high flow velocities down steep slopes and channels. 1061B is backed with a
lightweight non-woven geotextile.
Dormant Live Material for Bioengineering
Dormant woody Willow and Dogwood species for use as brush layers,brush fascines,and stakes.
Fascines are usually 6-12 feet long and 4-S" in diameter,brush cuttings are 3.5' long and stakes are 2-T
eason(November 15-March 15).
long.Brush is available only in the dormant s
Tubelings for Bank Stabilization and Soil Bioengineering M
Rooted cutting in 5"long soil filled tubes to be used as an inexpensive method for revegetating and
stabilizing slopes,banks and soil bioengineering projects.Because tubelings have established root
systems,successful planting is not limited to the period sail b o bioch a plant is engineering tea ly spring through but extends into the
growing season.This allows for the installation of gmeerrn projects from
the summer and fall,freeing projects from the time constraints of dormant plant materials.Tubelings may
be used in place of dormant stakes,and have the advantage of being easier to install(using a dibble stick)
and produce soil stabilizing roots upon planting during the growing season.Stems typically measure
between 6" and 24" in height.
Species Available in Tubelings
Pussy Willow(Salix discolor and Salix spp.)
Black Willow(Salix nigra)
Sand Bar Willow (Salix exigua) Salix u urea)
Purple-osier(Streamco Willow) { p rp
Dwarf Bankers Willow(Salix x cotteti)
Fart Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cuttural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
122 .
� pPer .dix
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRESERVING THE ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Identi ,retain,and reserve
Recommended
Not Recommended
Identifying,retaining, and preserving pre-historic, Removing or radicallyal
prehistory, and historic archeological resources altering archeological
g resources prior to thorough survey and
such as graves,campsites,mounds,founds#ions,
and artifacts that have yielder[or are likely to yield documentation.
information about the past.
Failing to conduct appropriate survey and
Surveying and documenting areas that are likely to documentation of archeological resources.
contain archeological resources.
Disturbing terrain likely to contain archeological
-
Minimizing disturbance of terrain, thus reducing resources prior to thorough survey and
f potential impact on archeological resources. documentation
Protect and maintain
Recommended
Preserving in situ important archeological Not Recommended
resources. g Leaving archeological resources unprotected so
that they are damaged during rehabilitation work
Planning and executing necessary investigations by or are susceptible to vandalism.
qualified professional archeologists when Failing to perform necessary investigations
preserving the resources in situ is not feasible. permitting unqualified personnel to perform°r
recovery. P m data
Discovering Resources during Rehabilitation
�.
Recommended
If archeological resources are discovered during Not Recommended
the .Failing to contort appropriate authorities if
rehabilitation or new construction,contacting archeological resources are discovered during
State Historic Preservation O
Consulting Archeologist,Assistance Division; rehabilitation or new construction.
National Park Service,to determine the significance Failing to protect arrheolo i
of the resource, g cal resources prior to
determination of significance and mitigation.
Halting Further work in the area of the resource
until a determination of its significance can be
made.
Fort Lee.and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Sun ey,eind htarrttenance and Rcstora
i
tzan i'lenn
123
t
RECONSNIENDATION FOR PRESERVING THE SITE CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS
Iden ' ,'retain,and preserve
Not Recommended
Recommended Reznovin or radically changing the historic plan or
Identifying,retaining, and p reserving character its.chara ter-defining elements so that,as a result,
defining elements and features of sites.These may the character is diminished.
include circulation systems such as streets,
sidewalks,parking areas,vegetation such as trees, Removing or relocating buildings,structures or
shrubs,herbaceous plantings,and grounds;
landforms such as hills,terraces or berms;street imphistoric
istori rela onship among buildings,structures,
res of the plan,thus destroying e
furniture such as lamp posts,street and"building it
signs,and.flagpoles;monuments;and water otherlimgortant elements.
landforms,and �
features.
Retaining the historic relationships among Failing to provide adequate foundation drainage so
buildings,circulation systems,vegetation,
that historic materials are damaged,
landforms,street furniture,monuments,and other
historic elements of the plan. i
Radically altering the grade level so that water
Providing proper drainage to assure that water drains toward structures or destroys the landscape. i
does not erode foundation walls,drain toward
buildings,or damage or destroy the landscape.
Protect and maintain Not Recommended
Recommended Failin to provide adequate maintenance for
Preserving and maintaining historic circulation historic circulation systems,street furniture,
systems,street furniture,monuments,and other monuments,and other man-made elements.
man-made elements of the plan.
Preserving historic landscape features including Allowing important landscape features and plant
P g
an-going maintenance of historic plant material. material
ee lost or damaged due to lack of
Evaluating the overall condition of man-made and Failingto evaluate the overall condition of znan-
landscape elements and features to determine if made and landscape elements of the site prior to
repair or replacement is necessary. undertaking repair or replacement.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cuiturai Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
124
i
DISCOVERING RESOURCES DURING REHABILITATION
I Re air
� f Recommended
Repairing man-made features in kind based nn Not Recommended
Replacing entire site features and elements in their
existing prototypes and materials. entirety when,repo Or limited replacement is
Repairing man-made features using compatible appropriate.
substitute materials that have the same visual
� appearance as the existing and that are physically Using a substitute material that does not convey
and chemically compatible with surraundin y the visual appearance of the surviving parts of the
materials g man-made element,or that is physically or
chemically incompatible with surrounding
materials
Re lace
Recommended Not Recommended
Replacing in kind an entire element or feature that Removing a man-made feature of the site or an
is too deteriorated to repair based on surviving
materials. important landscape element and not replacing it,
or replacing it with a new feature or element that
Replacing an entire element or feature that is too historicfeaturey the same visual appearance as the
deteriorated to repair using a substitute material
when using the same material is not technically or Replacing elements or features with
economically feasible. ones that
convey a false sense of history or are historically
Replacing deteriorated or damaged landscape inappropriate
features in kind.
Design for Missing Features
and Elements
Recommended
Not Recommended
Designing and constructing or installing anew
a element
that is Designing a missing element or feature based on
man-made feature or landscape insufficient physical,documentary or pictorial
completely missing,based On physical,
documentary or pictorial evidence. evidence or on conjecture.
Installing anew feature or element that is designed ture that significant) alters ele e hi t or landscape
feature toric base
to be compatible with the base plan,its elements, plan,detracts from historic man-made elements,is
and Iandscape features,
out of scale,uses incompatible.materials,or is
otherwise of an inappropriate design,
Alterations/Additions to the Ease Plan
and the Historic Landsca es
Recommended
Not Recommended
[.Ocatin and desi in new buildin s,structures, Locatizta new bu.ildin sand man-made elements
Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions Assessment,cuitural 2csources siervey,and Maintenance and Restoration P a
125
f �
circulation systems,street furniture,monuments, where important landscape features will be
other man-made elements, and landscape features damaged or destroyed.
so that they are compatible with the historic plan, Introducing new construction in historic districts
are as unobtrusive as possible, and assure the g
preservation of the historic relationship among which is visually incompatible in size,scale,
base buildings and elements and features of the site design,materials,color or texture to the character-
and landscape. defining elements of the district;which destroys
historic relationships among district elements; or
Removing noncontributing buildings,structures, which damages or destroys important landscape
and man-made and landscape elements and features.
features that are no longer functional. '
Installing new landscape materials or features that
are visually incompatible with the district,or
significantly alter or destroy historic vistas and
base plans.
Removing a historic building,structure or
contributing man-made element or landscape
feature which is important in defining the character
of the site. r
1
1
3
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Culturat Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration PIan
126
;` ? pendix D
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
ABATTIS,ABATIS,a continuous thick line Of felled trees and shrubs driven into the round with bows
pointing outwards to form an.impenetrable obstacle.It was also constructed in shallow water to impede
the movements of boats towards the shore, p
ABUTMENT,an end wall supporting a row of casemates.
ACROPOLIS,an elevated stronghold of a Greek city, usually containing the temple of the patron
divinity within its walls. p n
ADVANCED WORKS,ouvrages avancde-f., defensive
enough to be covered from the main defences. still Placed beyond the glacis but stiII near
AIR-HOLE,a ventilating hole,usually above a musketry loophole or ernbrasure,to extract smo
especially from inside casemates or musketry galleries. ke,
ALBARRA,detached wall tower designed to allow for better flanking fire and also to be easil isoalte
from the main defences if taken by the enemy,a peculiarity of Iberian castles. y d
ALCAZAR,a Moorish or Spanish castle or fortress.
AZURE,a gallery or passage along the parapet of a castle.
ANTEMURAL,a wall or outerwork surrounding and protecting a documents the word barbican was used to denote an antemurale, castle;in some late medieval
ARCH,a curved construction spanning an opening.
f ARRIS, the sharp edge produced when to surfaces meet together as at the salients of bastions or spurs.
ASHLAR,squared building masonry used in the construction of walls and other structures.
AVANCEt,a place-of-arms placed where the road leaves the covertway after passing� P g through the gate.
AVANS MUR,see anternural.
BAILEY,the open area or courtyard within a medieval castle. (see matte-and-bailey).
BALISTRARIA,a loophole or aperture in medieval battlements through which crossbowmen fired their
weapon.
BANQUETTE,a raised walkway,sometimes stepped,behind a high parapet to enable troops weapons over the parapet, to fire their
BARREL VAULT,a continuous arched roof of stone,of semicircular section,supported PP by parallel avails.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cuiturai Resources Survey,and Nfaintenance arc[,2estorjtion P[a n
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BARRETTE,a Barba- i., en barbette-f=, a platform on which guns are mounted to fire over a parapet.
CAN an outer work defending the gate of a castle or citadel, frequently a fortified
BARBICAN,BARSA �
gate house.
BARRACK BLOCK,building,sometimes bombproof and fortified,designed to house the garrison of a
fort.
BARTIZAN,a battlemented turret projecting outwards from the corner of atower or wall.
BASCULE,a counterbalanced drawbridge of which there are two main.types, the drawbridge levered by
pole-arms or a counter-balanced gangway.
BASTI
ON,Bastione,beluardo-i., a work pro ecting outwards from the main wal—s of a defensive
he ad.jacent perimeter together with the
enceinte,designed to enable the garrison be€oundin both cylindrical and polygonal
in front of the ramparts.In its embryonic form, the bastion can
form.The polygonal form was perfected by the.ltalian engineers of the late 15C and early 16C into a
pentagonal work.composed of two faces,two flanks and a gorge. i
BASTIONETTE,a small bastion added to the salient of a bastion to provide enfilading fire along the two
faces of the latter.
moat or ditch,built with a sharp ridge to prevent enemy troops
BATARDEAU,a dam or wall across a
as an additional
from crossing the place;sometimes fitted with a turret
BAULKS,the beams on which the planks of a bridge spanning
Bitch rest,B BArisesTTER,the inward
inclination of the face of a wall from the vertical;a battered
wall GATT a pl
atform,latform,usually protected by a parapet,for cannon and mortars;orillion battery, a battery
placed in the flank of a bastion and sheltered by the orillian,coastal battery,a work,sometimes fortified �
against direct assault,designed to engage enemy ships close to the shore.
BATTLEMENT,a fortified parapet with merlons and crenels,.or embrasures.
BAYOU,a trench in the rear of a battery designed to allow communication with a magazine;a branch of
a trench.
BERM,a ridge below a parapet.
BLOCKHOUSE,a small fortified work consisting of one or more rooms fitted with loopholes in its sides
to permit defensive fire in various directions:
BONNET,a small counterguard in front of the salient angle of'a ravelin.
BONNETTE,an increase in height given to a parapet due to the upward prolongation of its exterior and
interior slope.
BONNET DE PRETRE,a defensive work resembling a tenaille.
I opt Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and maintenance and Restoration Plan
�t23
BOULEVARD,Boulevart - f., a substantial defensive work,usually polygonal oI onal in
outwards from the train enceinte;an early bastion-Eke structure. plan,projecting
BRATTICE,a temporary breastwork,parapet or gallery of wood used during a siege.
BRAYS, Braga -i.,a continuous outerwork protecting the main enceinte,placed inside the ditch and
separated from both the scarp and counterscarp walls.
BREACH, Breccia-L,a gap blown open in the wails of a fortress by a mine or artillery fire.
BREASTWORK,a fieldwork thrown up breast-high for defence;a.parapet.
1
BRISURE,a break in the line of a curtain wall in order to increase the area for guns in the flank of a
bastion and to allow for a wider view and field of fire from the same.
. BULWARK, Bollwerk-g., Bolverk-s,meaning a log-work,a substantial defensive referring also to early bastion-like works of polygonal or semicircular plan(Boulevard,eluardo),usually
detached from the main enceinte.
BUTTRESS,a mass of masonry built against a wall to give additional
di
counteract the lateral thrust of a roof,vault or arch. tional lateral strength; usually to
CAPANATTO,a masonry loopholed room for defenders,usually with a triangular front and opened
towards the interior of the fort.
I
CAPITAL OF THE BASTION an imaginary line bisecting the salient angle
CAPONIER,a sheltered defensible passage across the ditch of a fort or cut through the glacis,linking the
outerworks to the main enceinte;sometimes used to provide additional flanking fire along the ditch.
CASEMATE,cassamatta-i.,a vaulted chamber built in the thickness of the ramparts an
barrack or gun position (firing through embrasures), p d used as a
CASEMATED RETRENCHMENT,a retrenchment Fitted with guns firing through embrasures from.
within vaulted casemates and placed behind the mainline of fortification.
CASTLE,a stronghold or fortified post, more specifically the fortified residence of a prince or feudal lord.
CASTRUM,a term.originally used to refer to a Roman military camp but later also used to refer to earl
medieval castles, y
CAVALIER,a raised earth platform,built on a bastion or curtain wall,design to mount artillery command the surrounding ground. e y and to
CHEMIN DE RONDE,a continuous passage or walkway on a rampart,protected by a parapet,designed
to allow the defenders access to the various works along the defensive trace.
CITADEL,Cittadella- L, a fortress or castle built to dominate or protect a town. COPING,a sloped or
bevelled stone cap placed on top of a parapet or wall so as to.protect the masonry and infil below from
the penetration of water from above.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Pesources Sun,ey,and ttifai_ntenanc:e and Restoration Plan
129
1
i
CORBEL,a small projecting stone designed to support a beam or other horizontal member such as a
machicolation.
CORDON, a rounded stone moulding or string-course,below the parapet of the revetment of a rampart,
usually going all round the fort.
CORNICE MOULDING, a moulded projection forming the exterior trim of a wall.
COUNTERFORT, abuttress built behind a scarp wall for the purpose of strengthening the latter.
COUNTERGUARD,large outwerworks,open at the gorge,designed to protect the faces of bastions and
ravelins.
COUNTERMINE, a tunnel excavated beneath the glacis through the counterscarp wall,terminating in a
small shallow pit designed to house an explosive charge which was fired by the defenders when the
enemy occupied by the ground directly above the mine.
COUNTERMUNE,a wall raised behind another to take its place when a breach is made;a form of ,
retrenchment. COUNTERSCARP,contrascarpa- i.,the outer wall of the ditch facing the ramparts.
COUNTERSCARP GALLERY,a casemate within the counterscarp fitted with musketry loopholes to
defend the ditch and scarp.wail.
COUPURE,a cut in the parapet and walkway of a rampart designed to prevent an enemy from turning
the salient of the work.
LOUVRE PORTE,a work designed to cover approaches to the main fortress.
COVERED WAY, COVERTWAY,chemin convert -f.,strada coperta-I.,a path on top of the counterscarp,
protected by a parapet.formed from the crest of the glacis.
CRENELLATION, the gap in a parapet;an embrasure.
CROCHET,a narrow passage between the head of a traverse and the parapet of the covertway to allow
for movement of troops along tha latter
CROWNWORK,opera coronata-i., a powerful outerwork,projecting ahead of the main enceinte to
cover a vulnerable area,consisting of a central bastion supported by two demi-bastions.
CROWNED-HORNWORK,opera coronata- i.,a horn work protected further by a crownwork.
CURTAIN,cortina -i., the main wall of a defensive work,usually the length of a rampart between two
bastions.
CUTTING; a narrow opening in the parapet of the covered way,cut through the crest of the glacis,to
allow for the passage of troops onto the glacis designed to facilitate counterattaclrw and are therefore
usually found on the parapets of places-of-arms.
DEAD GROUND, an area of ground in the vicinity of a fortified work not covered by the defenders'
guns and thus creating a vulnerable spot in the defences.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions 5essment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenan`.e and Restoration Plan
A
130
. DEMI-BASTION,a half-bastion with one face and one or two flanks.
DEMI-CAPOMER,a caponier having only one protected flank,
DEIIVII-LUNE,mezzaluna-i., a small detached outerwork simiI
a curtain, ar to a raveIin but smaller,placed before
DETACHED LUNETTE,an advanced work in the form,of a lunette connected to the covered way y b y a
DISCHARGING ARCH, an arch built to relieve the weight of the wall above a weak area.
DITCH,fossa -i.,fosse- f.,a dry trench outside a fortified work,usually rock-hewn, to obstruct direct
assault on the main walls.
DONJON,the keep or strongest part of a castle.
DRAWBRIDGE,abridge spanning a moat or a ditch him
ged mechanism so as to hinder or enable passage into.a castle or a fortress,
dvided with a raising and Towering
�. DRUM,one of the cylinders of stone which form a column,sometimes used in the walls of a fortress,
especially if the latter was built in the vicinity of the ruins of a classical site,from where such material
was eagerly quarried as building material.
EGLISE-DONJON,a church-keep or fortified chapel.
EMBRASURE, an opening cut in the parapet through which a gun could be fire
the
guncrew,normally wider at the front than at the rear;in caseznates an enlargement of aowindur ow opening
by means of splayed sides. g
f ENFILADING FIRE,fire from the flank of a bastion alongthe faces
of the adjacent works.
ENCEINTE, the fortified perimeter of a densive work,and the area enclosed by it.
ENTRENCHMENT,trincieramento-i.,an inner,second line of defence sometimes accom anied b
trench;coastal entrenchment,a entrenchment built along the shoreline to impede an enemy y a
disembarkation.
ENTRENCHED BASTION,a large bastion with an entrenchment built into its gorge.
ESCARPE,scarp,the wall of a fortified work which forms the side of the ditch facing outwards t
the counterscarp. towards
ESCARPMENT,a steep slope in front of a fortification to impede an enemy's approach.
ESCUTCHEON,a shield,usually of stone or marble,fixed to a fortress wall or above a atewa
are depicted coats-of-arms and other heraldic insignias. g y on which
ESPLANADE,an open, levelled space between a citadel and the buildings of a town, to ensure
view of the immediate approaches to the fortress. re a clear
Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions Assess.vent,Cultural resources Survey,and cwfaintenance and Restoration Plan
131 j
FACE WALL the front,exposed retaining wall of abastion or other defensive work; the wall of a bastion
between the salient angle and the shoulder of a flank.
FAUSSE-BRAYE,falsa Braga-i.;an outer rampart,or vans mur, added to the walls of a fortress,but lower
in height than the main walls and preceded by a ditch.The proteiciiisrata of Greek and Byzantine
fortifications.
FLAT-ARCH,an arch with a horizontal intrados,having little or no convexity.
FLANK,that section of a fortified work designed to defend an adjoining work and to provide enfilading
fire.
FLEUR-DE-LYS,French royal lily,conventionalized as an ornament and frequently found decorating the '
roof of echaugettes.
FRONT OF FORTIFICATION,the distance between the salient points of two adjacent bastions.
FOOT OF GLACIS; the line were the sloping glacis meets the level ground of open country.
FOUGASSE,a rock-hewn mortar.
FURROW OF GLACIS,the line where two stretches of glacis meet together at the re. -entrant angle of the
place-of-arias and covertway.
FORT,a fortified military establislunent,a fortress without a city.
FORTRESS,a fortified city or other major defensive work.
FLECHE, a arrowp sha ed work,similar to a redan;a lunette attached to the main works by.a long
�
caponier.
GABION, a cylindrical earth-filled wicker basket used as a temporary parapet to shield bath guns and
men in filed positions or in makeshift countermures.
GATE,MAIN,Porta Reale- i., the principal entrance into a fortress,protected by a drawbridge and a
ditch,internally containing one or more guardrooms which may be fitted with loopholes to cover the
approaches to the doorway; the exterior facade usually of neoclassical design,embellished,especially in
the 17C and 18C,with Baroque and Rococo decorations.
GATE COURT,the courtyard between two successive gates of a castle.
GATEHOUSE, a building accompanying a gateway of a castle or a fortress.
d together,containing the gate of a fortress or castle
GATE-TOWER,a tower,sometimes two tower joine
and usually housing the mechanism for the drawbridge.
GLACIS,spalto-i.,the sloping ground in front of a fortress spanning from the top of the parapet of the
en country,cleared of all obstacles to bring art advancing enemy
covertway dawn until it reaches the op
into the direct.line of fire.
Fort Lee and Fart Picker ng Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and NlaWenance and Restoration Plan
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GIBBS SURROUND, the surround of a doorway consisting of alternating
stone. g g large and small blocks of
GORGE, the interior side,or neck,of a bastion, outerwork or other defensive work protected b a
parapet. y
GUN-LOOP, GUN-PORT,a circular loophole with accompanying vision-slit through which early
medieval guns and cannon could be fired from behind a parapet or from within a casemate.
GUN-TOWER,a hollow or casemated tower fitted with embrasures for cannon.
HOARD,HOARDING, a covered wooden gallery projecting from the top or a wa
to enable the defenders to shower missiles on.attackers at the foot of the wall; ll or parapet of a castle
HORNWORK,opera a corna -i.,an outerwork consisting of a front of two demi-bastions joined b a short
curtain wall. y t
KASR,an Islamic castle in North Africa.
KEEP,the last defensible stronghold of a fo
rtress orrress or castle.
LINE OF DEFENCE, the line of fire from the flank of a bastion along the face of the adjacent bastion.
LINTEL,a horizontal stone placed over an opening to carry the weight of the wall above it.
LODGEMENT,a temporary defensive work erected by the enemy on a captured section of a besieged
fortress.
LOOPHOLE,a tong and narrow opening in a wall to provide for vision
and f ms fire;
window or arrow slit;a loophole for crossbows;gun loop, a loophole for small arly caannon;loop
LUNETTE, a Iarge outerwork in the shape of a detached bastion;similar to a ravelin.
MAGAZINE,gunpowder magazine,polverista,a storage place for gunpowder and other munitions.
MAGISTRAL LINE, the highest point of the scarp of a rampart or any other fortification which,w
shown on a plan,is drawn thicker than the other lines. hen
MAIDEN TOWER, the keep,donjon or principal tower of a castle.
.MARBLE THROUGH-COLUMN, antique marble columns used in thearts to
strengthen the walls. Building of ramparts
MASONRY, the stonework or brickwork of a building or wall.
MASTIO, a keep or donjon;a stronghold.
MERLON, the solid part of a parapet between two embrasures or crenels.
Port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Culturai fZesotiErc�s Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
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€ I
I
h which offensive materials could be dropped on I
MEURTRIERES,holes in the ceiling or vault through j
attackers inside the passage of a gateway,also known as murder holes-
attackers
a demi-tune.
r castle,usually filled with water.
MO
AT,a wide and.deep trench surrounding the walls of a fortress o
castle was built.
hIOTTE,the mound of earth on which the keep or donjon of an filth or 12th century
dy in the 11C and
MOTTE-AND-BAILEY,an early form of castle which appeared in France and hiff s god a all wooden tower overlooking he bailey, I
12C,consisting of a motte,a mound of earth on which
a larger palisaded courtyard. I
MUD BRICK FORTS,fortified works built of any type of sun-dried clay brick.
MURUS,a defensive wall of stone or brick built around a Roman town.
m fortifications,a marhicolated balcony,sometimes with embattled parapet,
MUSHRABIYA; in Mosle
projecting over a gate or entrance. I
NECK OF BASTION,the gorge of the bastion.
OPENWORK,any work not protected by a parapet at the gorge.
RK a defensive structure placed outside the main enceinte of a fortified work
OUTWORK,OUTERWO ,
PALISADE,a series of wooden poles with pointed times,sometimes fortified with iron tips(punt e di
erro),driven into the earth and used as a fence or fortification;wooden palisaded gates were placed in
front of the drawbridges leading into the main gateways.
PARAPET,parap etto i.,a breastwork on top of a rampart intended to provide shelter for troops behind
it..
PAS.
-DE-SOURIS,a staircase giving access from the ditch to the covertway and places-of-arms.
fortifications erected
OPERE DA SOLDATO,also Arcbitettura Soidatesca i.,earthworks and other
field
by the troops themselves,such as redoubts,palisades,breastworks
bino tardanaso-i.,a projecting shoulder of a bastion designed to cover the flank.
ORILLION,orecc ,gt
ard inside a fortress,a parade ground.
PIAZZA,a large open space or courty
PIAZZ
A BASSA,a low platform in the flank of a bastion,'a casemated battery in the flank of a bastion. .
PLINTH, a square or rectangular base so designed to give the appearance of a platform.
POLVERISTA,a specially built magazine used for the storage.of gunpowder.
Fort Lee and fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Mauttenarice and restoration i'lan
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POMERIO, the open areas between the walls of a fortress and the urban fa
to assemble. brie,to allow space for troops
PORTCULLIS,a large iron or wooden grating,used to block a passage when released tical]
retaining grooves cut in the jabs of a fortified gateway. ver y in
POSTERN,a sally port; a vaulted stone tunnel under the arts rare leading
used for sorties in war;a small door near a Iarger one. p ding to an inconspicuous rear gate
QUOIN,a hard stone used to reinforce an external corner or edge of wall.
RAMPART,a thick wall of earth or masonry forming the main defence of a fortress us
ually reinforced
from the rear with terreplein.
RAVELIN,a triangular outerwork placed in front of a curtain to defend it.
RERAN TRACE,a fortification consisting redans forming a serrated system of of a series of
REDOUBT,ridotto-i., a small fortified work designed as an infantry bastion or ravelin as a retrenchment,or in the field as a defence against cavalry attack ro stab edoubt,an
infantry stronghold placed on the shoreline against a sea-borne invasion.
REVETMENT, a retaining wall of a fortress.
RUBBLE WALL,a wall of uncoursed stones of irregular shapes and sizes.
SALLY PORT,ports false-L,a concealed gate or underground passage leadin fro
rn, g m inside the fortress
into the ditch;a poste
SALIENT OF BASTION,corner of a bastion.
SALIENT OF BASTION, the projecting front angle of a bastion.
f
SHELL-KEEP,a stone keep with an internal courtyard and dwellings placed against its
develop into the inner ward of a castle: g tuner side. Late to
SHOULDER OF BASTION, the angle between the face and the flank of a bastion.
SPUR,an arrow-shaped work;spur of a bastion,sharp-edged buttress placed at foot of a r
of bastion. TALUS,an outward sloping wall,commonly used in medieval defences. ounded salient
TENAILLON,an outerwork designed to protect a ravelin.
TERRA,term used in medieval times to denote a walled town or city.
TERRAPLEIN, the packing of earth forming the body of a rampart;the gent] sloping
parapet, formed from packed earth. y p g ground behind a
TRACE, the perimeter or ground plan of a fortified work.
Foct Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions:Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and h llint�nance 111d I2estoratian
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133
ht-ang
es to the
.TRAVERSE,a defensive barrier,consisting of a parapet or pile all firet placedcommo at r gourd oln covert ays
mai
line of defence and in order to protect the defenders from g
(18C)but also on the main ramparts themselves.
TENAILLE, tenagtia-i.,a small outerwork placed inside the ditch,between two adjoining bastions,and t
designed to protect the curtain wall;usually detached but sometimes linked to the flanks or shoulders of
adjoining bastions.
TROPHIES,in baroque fortifications,carved or sculptured features representing the trophies of war- t
cannon,shields, flags etc.,used for decorative purposes.
TURRET, a small and slender tower,sometimes projecting from the main rampart.
VOUSSOIR,wedge-shaped stones used in an arch or vault.
VENTILATION SHAFT,openings in the ceilings of casemates used as cannon or musketry galleries
which are designed to channel the escape of toxic fumes generated by burnt gunpowder.
WALL-TOWER,a tower built as part of a rampart of a castle,usually projecting outwards from the main
curtain wall.
WARD,an outerwork of.a castle•
WATCH-TOWER,a small tower,lightly fortified and used as a lookout post.
WICKET,a small door forming part of a larger one. .
WING,a long and narrow rampart protecting the exposed sides of a horned or crowned work.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cult"
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136
Appejj5Iix E
MASSACHUSETTS WETLANDS PROTECTION ACT
Authorities:M.G.L. c. 131,§40:Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act;3I0 CNIR 10.00: Wetlands
Regulations.
Jurisdiction: Any wetland,including:
• Any bank,freshwater wetland,coastal wetland,beach, dune,tidal marsh or
bordering on the ocean,any estuary,creek, river,stream,pond, lake,orlcertt ed swamp
Land under any of the water bodies listed; vernal pool;
• Land subject to tidal action,coastal storm flowage, or flooding;and
• Riverfront areas in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
In addition,a 100-Foot buffer zone aroun
d any fresh water or coastal resource listed above is subject to
jurisdiction.
Applicability:Any construction in or near a wetland resource,including intertidal and s
is subject to the provisions of the Wetlands Protection Act(WPA), ubtidal habitat,
Regulatory Summary:Local Conservation Commissions and the Department of Environmental
Protection(DEP),Wetlands Program administer the WPA(310 CMR 10:00:Wetlands Regulations).
e The
functions of these resources are maintained.The resources identified are protected benefi iabecause t
public interest to protect public and private water su 1es, hey fulfill the
provide flood control,protect land containing shellfish,prevent storm dam e,pro per groundwater supply,
otect and prevent pollution. These interests are protected by a"no net loss of wetl ands"policy.wildlife habitat;
that�
affect wetlands are required to avoid impacts where possible,minimize unavoidable impacts,
mitigate for unavoidable impacts. Performance standards define the levels of environmealim acts that
cannot be exceeded. p t
Projects proposed in wetlands resource areas or in the buffer zone Of Conditions. Wetland resources include land under the ocean,coastal banks coastal bed h and tidal
local Order
flats,coastal dunes,barrier beaches,rocky intertidal,salt marshes,land under salt ponds, Designated Port
Areas,land containing shellfish,and land on the banks of fish runs.
Review Process:Proponents of projects in wetlands or in the buffer zone around them must appl for an
requirements of
Order of Conditions from the municipal Conservation Commission. In addition to the re y
the WPA,project proponents should check with Conservation Commission officials to determine if they
are any local wetlands by-laws applicable to the project. Applicants roust also obtain a list of abutters
from the Assessors Office so that the abutters can be notified of the proposed project. e
The application,called the Notice of Intent(NOI),which describes the type and boundaries of resource
areas and the type of work proposed,is submitted by the applicant to the Conservation Commission
along with supporting plans.A professional engineer generally must stamp plans.A copy of the NOI is
also submitted to the regional office of DEP,which issues a project number for the proposed activity.
legal notice is.published in a local newspaper. Upon completion of these steps, the Conservation A
Commission opens the public hearing of the proposal
Fort Les and Fart Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and MlLitenance aid Restoration plan
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137
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pp
If the project is approved or approved with conditions,the Commission has up to 21 days to issue an
Order of Conditions{OOC}. Abutters,a group of 10 citizens,or the applicant have 10 days to appeal an
approval to DEP.If the proposal is denied,the applicant can appeal the decision to DEP.if the project is
appealed,DEP will issue a Superceding Order of Conditions (SOOC),either confiinning or altering the
original Order.
Forms:WPA Form 3 Notice of Intent at www state.rna.usL_detzZa kits/forms.htm.
Fees:Based on the category of the proposed activity and resources affected (310 CMR 10.03). .
Website:www.state.ma.us de br ww ab utww.htm.
Contact:DEP Wetlands Program(617)292-5695.
Fort Lee and Fork Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural 2esources Survey, 11 -laintenance arid Restoration Plan
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FORT LEE SUMMARY OF MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION RECOMMENDATIONS
-pit t4rT7I1
opals
• Encpuragerivreparttctpiitronrn~thexsnantgementandprotectson:ofFortPckerrngi
• D
eve lopa pror.am forrthe stabtl zatsp)s anti main texanre`afthe fort
• i7eveidPf#.zmplementation program th"atcan be aecptrrp tstred with curreirt"csty"personnel "
• L MY op recomrtzendatraras to assrst the city personnel to t1rQ neressarf"arid itpproprtate nsaintesza' of
)tesa:St es
1. Establish Friends of the Forts Committee and hold public participation meetings.
2. Add selected fill material to eroding areas and compact by hand. .
3. Monitor erosion and replace soil wash.
4. Seed areas that are eroding.
5. Removal of selected surface vegetation for planning and site survey.
6. Contract for a complete topographic survey for use in planning and design.
7. Modify Restorations Master Plan as required with new information with new phases if
appropriate.
&. Prepare technical specifications and working drawings for proposed restoration.
Mtd Vitt
Goals ,
• Develop uays to make the fprt fea, rep more nrst&fie
• Develop zsays tp encourage vssrt- t, experience fort Lee
• nhanavthe passi3e recreitsan (featnresf th?fort
+. . Better iritegrats" prt d eg zutth Salem i i ci.us Park' ss
1. Remove most of the vegetation that is over growing the fort and plant new stabilizing vegetation. .
2. Remove part of Memorial Drive that separates Fort Lee from the Salem Willows Park.
3. Extend new concrete walks from Salem Willows to Fort Lee with period lighting.
• Create tvjteelchasrtacressibittty,
• Enhances the passive recrec tianal:uses pf.the fart urea
1. Modify grades to create wheelchair access to top of rampart.
bong-Tem . .. "
Gaals" "
•" Develop ways to inake the fort feiitures mare vssil�te:
1. Construct a new Forts Visitor's Center at the east open area visible from Fort Ave.This center
should house some of the appropriate artifacts of the fort area and displays should be developed
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Sun ey,acid Maintenance and Restoration Plan
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to convey an understanding of the geology,prehistory and history of the forts and their
importance to Salem.
2. Create visitors parking area with accessible parking.
3. Provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at main entry to fort.
4. Provide new plaque type interpretive signs at specific locations in existing stone.
�Addi#o�tal A�searrh
Recommendations for additional research in high sensitivity areas that have not yet been tested
archaeologically or where potentially significant resources are expected based on archival sources or
other background information.
Recommendations relating to local ordinances and/or review procedures and management strategies
Guidance document that outlines appropriate steps to be followed by contractors or grantees for the city
in the event unexpected historic or archaeological discoveries are made,
Fort Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
140
Appy �� df ; G
FORT PICKERING SUMMARY OF MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATI
ON RECOMMENDATION$
Short-Term
Goal
• Encourage civic parttctpataan to th¢management anal protection of Fort Ptckersn
•
Develop a program far the stabI Mataon a ad maintenance o the ors ` ` , S
• Develop an fplesnettattan°program that can be'accarrzplished�1th current ct
• Develop recotnanendataons tq assist the city personnel in the'nr cessary and a rop risan.: .
'maintenance of these-sites.. ' pp.. p ate
1. Establish Friends of the Forts Co
mmittee and hold ublic 2. Add selected fill material to eroding areas and compact by hand. on meetings.
3. Monitor erosion and replace soil wash.
4. Seed areas that are eroding.
5. Removal of selected surface vegetation for planning and site survey.
® b. Contract for a complete topographic survey for use in planning and design.
7. Modify Restoration Master Plan as required with new information with new phases if
appropriate.
S• Barricade path to prevent further erosion at entry stone rampart,Waikiki Beach and at Winter
Island beach.
9. Barricade path through rampart.
10. Barricade path at bunker B.
11. Prepare technical specifications and working drawings for proposed restoration.
Mid-Term -
Goals
• Develop ways to make the fort features»acre aasable:
1• Remove most of the vegetation that is over growing the fort and plant new
2. Re-grade to create positive drainage where required. p stabilzzutg vegetation.
3. Remove fill between bunker A and B.
4. Remove existing wooden telephone pole and abandoned conduits.
5. Level and construct new paths from parking to viewing area.
Goal:
s Create ivheelchazr accessibility.
r • Enhance tare passive recretitional uses of the fart area..
Modify gra
des to create wheelchair accessible access to top of rampart.
2. Reconstruct stonewall at Waikiki and reconstruct earth rampart wall at Winter Island beach.
Goal:
• Develop ways tlrcat visitors shay tanderstand the stages of fort canstrt�ctaan ora the site
1. Repair rampart stone walls and recreate the earth fort at one section to allow full understanding
the fort construction. long of
2. Drain moat to remove aircraft darts and other refuse and clears an repair the moats.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickeriri,Conditions Assessment,Cultural tZessaurces Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Ilan
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i
I
3. Repair all earth ramparts at bunkers.
Goal
Develop-ways to make the fort�'eal�res»3ore vtst'bie - ,
,. ,.�nlx�nce the, c�sssv_�t�ecrea€soxat uses o t_:e o, area ...... �
1. Create a viewing platform and stair access to top of the Bomb Proof Magazine Bunker. �
2. Re-grade earth rampart to restore original earth form.
3. Enlarge the grass entry area removing the entry drive and create Fort Pickering accessible and
designated parking.
4. Create a main enty plaza with informational kiosk.
5. Provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at main entry to fort.
6. Provide new plaque type interpretive signs at specific locations.
Recommendations.-North Moat Rip Rap
Retain both rip rap and causeway masonry as is.No substantial repairs appear needed.
Recommendations— North Entry Wall
Short term—Stabilization:
• West Face:Chink voids in joints to:match existing chinking, and fill.large void on left side with a
single stone plus chinking.Restore soil cover to parade side flank.Remove graffiti. �
• match character of west face. Restore soil cover to
Moat Face: Rebuild with added chinking to
top.
Recommendations—North Rifle Gallery Rear Wall
Short term—Stabilization:
• Rebuild comers at rifle gallery passage, and at west end as required to stabilize the flanking
walls and retain soil. Rebuild remainder only as required to stabilize erosion and secure random loose
stones. Maintain general existing appearance of wall,but use 1942 photo as guide for rebuilding the rifle
gallery passage.
Recommendations—East End Walls®North Moat
Short Term--Stabilization:
• inking of wall"A" as necessary to support an improved pathway and
Limited rebuilding and ch
reset any loose stone.The extent of repair needed at wall"B"cannot be determined.until the vegetation is
removed.
Mid"Term—Restoration:
• Fully rebuild both walls (A and B)to their original height and character with tight chinking.
Recommendations—West Moat
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resources.Survey,and Maintenance-tnd Restoration Plan
142
j Short term Stabilization:
• Remove existing vegetation along all banks and detertrdne full extent and condition of rip rap.
Assuming moat is to remain as is (i.e., not dug out and re-filled), repair only as necessary to stabilize the
rip rap in its current state.
Long term—Restoration:
• Dredge and restore moat with reconstruction of any missing or badly deteriorated rip p ra to to
match the rip rap at the north moat, including the berm at the south end. Restoration of the moat would
also likely require opening a clear passage for water flow under the causeway from,the north moat.
Recommendations—West rampart and Rifle Gallery
Short Term—Stabilization:
• Remove existing vegetation from walls.
' Rechink to secure any loose stones. Partially rebuild the northern portion where it bulges as
required to stabilize it. g
Mid-Term—Interpretation:
• Provide signage to interpret the archeological features at the southern end of the west
(rear rifle gallery wall,wood beam ends, chimney slot,and rifle gallery front foundation). rampart
Long Term—Reconstruction:
' . Reconstruct the entry end of the west rampart to match the contours documented
drawing, including a section of the rifle alle nted in the 1.864
former passage from the parade.This should be coordinated ewith thngth e restoration on of the West be about 60' moat.terminating at the .
' Consider using the interior of the reconstructed rifle gallery as a visitor center.
Recommendations—South Ramparts
Short Term—Stabilization:
• Remove existing vegetation using care to not disturb any stones including thoseear
pp to be
lying at random. that a
Rechink any loose or missing stones in the areas having organized stone parapet� et walls.p
Mid-Term—Research and Testing:
' Carry out archeological testing at Iocations of farmer embrasures and
evidence of their construction detailing. gun emplacements for
Carry out additional document research at the National Archives and Coast Guard archives for
details original construction and later changes.
Long Term—Restoration:
' Consider restoring more sections of organized stone parapet walls aloe the ram art
research and.physical evidence indicates they were present, g p s if further
Long Term-Reconstruction:
' Consider reconstruction of an embrasure. and
em
the fort, depending on the results of archeological testing d esearch.ent to further the interpretation of
Recommendations Tidal Rip Rap
Fart Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and%l3intenance and i2estoratiori PI an
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Short Term—Maintenance:
Ins eck rip rap every spring for loose or dislodged stone, and soil erosion at its top perimeter;
p
repair any such defects as they occur-
Recommendations—Magazine A
Short Term—Maintenance:
Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off the stairs and the corridor floor below.
Short Term—Stabilization:
Regrade the surface area outside the entry and/or rework the door and threshold t0 direct
surface runoff away from the staircase.
Replace the missing lintel stone at the top of the entry.
Include archeological recovery for any work that will remove existing soil. See text above for
more detailed discussion. '
Mid Term.—.Research and Testingexamples and
Examine existing newel area of stair and relashdo�p u zoud include an engineetring evolution of the the
best to restore the missing newel post. The study
an
sophisticated analysis of the historic mortar to
newel area and the masonry immediately above it, a
design a suitable mortar formula for rebuilding work.
Long Terry►. Restoration:
Restore the missing staircase newel post and. related masonry including any broken or partially
missing stair treads.
Long Term—Interpretation:
Consider opening the interior of this magazine to guided public tours for small sized groups,
assuming safety and liability issues can be resolved.
Long Term—Preservation:
Monitor condition of interior in regardinginmasonry unless siggnificant deep detjoints
€oration is
yearly basis,but do not replace spalled brick or repo
uit m y
detected.
Recommendations—Magazine B
Short Term-Maintenance:
Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off the corridors,stags and the magazine floor.
Short-Long Term—Research and Testing: after after
Monitor;magazine ceiling for any substantial increase in seepage (check yearly ins ring
• thaw and after periods of prolonged heavy rain). Actively investigate roofing conditions from
winter
institute rep
o an extent threaten that the integrity of the
airs only if leakage develops t
above and p
magazine.
Mid-Term—Preservation: at base of stone stair to provide a sound landing
place framing and sagging plywood floor
Re
platform.
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
144
• Replaces missing lintel in doorwayto magazine
lintel. Use rot resistant wood such as white oak or bl ck locust instead of modem p essu e treated original
or common pine.
� lumber.
Mid-Term—Restoration:
• In magazine vault Restore 2 ventilation slots where the brick is missing using matching water
adjastruck brick and a 1:1:6 mortar mix (Type S hydrated li.me:white Portland cement:sand) tinted to match
cent mortar.
• At exterior entry cut and repoint capstone joints and open wall joints usin 1:1:6 mortar.
• At exterior sidewall fill in areas of missing stone with new stone similar
and finish to the existing,and rechink entire wall without using mortar.
in general size, shape,
Long-Term_Restoration:
' If the magazine is to be opened for limited public tours, consider restoring the wood floc
magazine vault to match the existing 2" plank floor, applying whitewash to the masonry, and redoing
the electric lighting. r in the
�
Recommendations—Magazine C
Short Term—Maintenance:
' Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off the corridors,stairs and the magazine
Short Term—Stabilization: g floor.
' Restore the soil cover over the exposed vault masonry above the entry corridor.
• Take steps to discourage people from climbing tip the mound at this location.
Short-Long Term—Research and Testing:
Monitor spalIed brick in magazine wall for any substantial increase in seepage (check yearlyin
spring after winter thaw,and after periods of prolonged heavy rain). ActiveI
institute repairs onl if leakage develops to an extent threaten that the inte ri Y of the gate conditions and
Y g p
g ty of the magazine.
Mid-Term—Preservation:
' Replace missing brick over current metal entry door.
` Replaces missing lintel in doorway to .magazine vault sized to match the void of the
lintel. Use rot resistant wood such as white oak or black locust instead of modern pressure treat
or common original
I
pine. treated lumber
Mid-Term-Restoration:
° At exterior entry cut and repaint capstone joints and open wall joints using 1:1:6 morta
' At exterior sidewalll fill in limited areas of missing stone and open mortar joints with new stone
similar in r•
general size,shape,and finish to the existing,using 1:1:6 mortar mix.
Long-Term Restoration:
' Lf the magazine is to be opened for limited public tours, consider restoring magazine vault match the existing WWII flooring, a I in whitewash #a the masonooc{ floor in the
the electric lighting, PP Y $
ry, and redoing
Recommendations—North Bastion Masonry(Igloos)
Short Term- Stabilization:
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources SIrvey,aria Yfaintenance and
Restoration Plan
145
i
I
1, Fully excavate the rear side of a vertical panel under the joint direction of an archeologist and an
architectural conservator in order to determine:
a.
The construction detailing of the rear side of. the panels and assess the feasibility of replacing
severely spalled vertical panels,
placement of individual vertical panels would impact potential remaining
b. The extent that re
archeological features of the bastion.
2.
Clear all woody vegetation from the top of the bastions. At a minimum the area within 4' of the
concrete panels should be cleared. Woody roots should
ill not damagely removed .acent he panels, anda to the that
els
assuming their.removal will not affect archeological features,w
the soil surface will be immediately treated to prevent further erosion.
3. Provide fill to bring the soil surface level to the top of the panels.
4. Remove and store for future reinstallation any of the top igloo panels that are in danger of falling,
or reset them to make them.secure. �.
5, Remove graffiti(leaving it in place is an open in for more extensive graffiti).
6; Clean out drainage Swale on the inner side of the concrete roadway.
Medium-Long Term--Preservation: (in prioritized order)
with
Re placement of the 16 missing or severely spalled 4' panels othv srcthe are severely, alng
7. minor
ppdislodged)
patching and realignment of the remaining 14 sound units (many
Note that this will require 3 distinct casting patterns, ? t at the tops and 1 at he lower sides).*ill also require the fabrication of at
40
bronze retaining clips in at least two different configurations
i
spalls at the igloos(14 individual repairs)*
g. Plastic.patching repair of edge
g, Plastic repair to shallow surface spalls at the igloos(12 locations)*
10, Replacement of severely spalled vertical panels(9 panels total,5 being on the south wall)*
11, plastic patching repair and/or replacement of vertical panels having moderate spalls, together
rely dislodged vertical units.
with realignment of severe
Incipient spalls, postpone repair until spalling becomes more fully developed, at which time
12. p p
carry out plastic patching.
13. At the roadway carry out.plastic patching repairs to any areas where the surface spalling has
deepened to become a hazard to pedestrian usage; treat the patched surface to reproduce the original
brushed surface texture.
tes of cur-rent
* tions
The number of repairs listed in the.above recommendations andarepla replacement of deteriorated•units
based on a very brief survey. The execution of plasticrepairs
should be preceded by a resurveying the units on a detailed riixVel, and the preparation of detailed.
technical sple
ecifications based on the literature cited in thepp
Fort l-ee and Fort 4'&ering conditions Asses5inent,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration flan
146
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND PRESERVATION IssuES
Recommendations for additional research in high sensitivity archaeologically or where potentially significant resources are expected based on archival e Sourceste r
other background information.
® s or
Recommendations relating to local ordinances and/or review procedures and management
� Guidance document that outlines appropriate steps t strategies
in the event unexpected historic or archaeological dis overies are made.
Preservation or grantees for the city
Preservation Issues Both Forts
+� I• Social Paths:Barricades placed to discourage traffic in at-risk locations deeply eroded paths
should be filled and planted with sod or appropriate ground cover to consolidate the earthwork
surface;appropriate paths should be marked to encourage their use
further erosion. Improvements could include surfacing with gravel or mulch,placement v a
and improved to prevent
on gentle slopes,construction of stairs or ramps where paths ascend steep slopes, paths
construction of water diversions. P pes, and
® Z. Mature Trees:Mature trees should
trees may detract from the historical al setting of he fort they cbe selectively cut. Care ontribute to he be taken cause, though Large
recent historic park setting, feeling of the more
3. Bicycles and Motor Bikes:Bicycles and motor bikes should be banned. Barricades should
at the path entrances. Educational signs should be posted explainin res be Placed
pamphlets made available. The site should be monitored b g the preservation issues,and
y park personnel.
�. Inappropriate Plantings:More appropriate locations for gardens should b offered,possibly within
the park. e
5.
Inappropriate Activities:Clearly.worded guidelines developed with an eye t
preservation of he fort's fabric. Signs and pamphlets may be useful for disseminatingthis
' y towards long term
information. Park staff should be educated as to the issues involved,and should enforce the
guidelines.
Preservation Issues Fart Pickering
I. Shore Line Erosion:The situation should be monitored and appropriate steps
of the fort as necessary, taken to slow the loss
.Preservation Issues Forts Lee
i• Looting:Signs should be posted to educate the public concerning the law and good stewardship.
This information could also be disseminated through pamphlets.Park personnel should be
trained as to the issues involved, and should monitor the site.
- General Erosion of Earthworks:Shade tolerant ground cover should be
rampart surface.Removal of shade trees should be considere .r planted
d totree consolidate bove the
d (see
)
Fort Lee and Fort i'ickering Conditions ikssessment,Cultural Resources Survey,artcl N'Ia4ntenance a nd Restoration plan
1.47
n at
Barricades should be placed to discouragetraffic iwikhlsod or appropriate ground cover
Deeply eroded paths should be filled planted
to consolidate the earthwork surface
re Appropriate paths should be markd include surfac gew thir �gravellorprnukh, placement
further erosion. Improvements
of paths on gentle slopes,
Construction of stairs or ramps where paths ascend steep slopes
Construction of water diversions.
• Brush should be removed hdeatensato become rampant,sed with sod or hould be removed Species
Vegetation that is rampant, r
phina), Mulkiflora Rose (Rosa rrtultiflora), Japanese
include Staghom Sumac {Rhos ty
Knotwood or "bamboo,, (Fallopia japonica); sycamore Maple {Ater pseu
y doplantinus);
Asiatic Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata);honeysuckle (l onicera sp•)
be taken because,Mature trees should be though large trees
re
may distract from selectively
calsetting of the fort they contribute to the feeling of the
. ze the hististo
more recent historic park setting.
More appropriate locations for gardens should be offered,possibly within the park.
Bicycles and motorbikes should be banned.
Barricades should be placed at the path entrances.
Educational signs should be posted explaining the preservation issues, and pamphlets
made available.
The site should be monitored by park personnel.
Signs should be posted to educate the public concerning Park personnel onnel should
pamphlets.
This information could also be disseminated �
be trained as to the issues involved,and should monitor the site.
Shade tolerant ground cover should be planted ature treesto , e rampa
considered(sert surface.
Removal of shade trees should be c
Id be developed with. an eye towards long-term
Clearly, worded guidelines shou �
preservation of the fort's fabric.
may be useful for disseminating this information to the public.
Signs and pamphlets
as to the issues involved, and should enforce the
Park staff should be educated
guidelines.
Management Recommendations For Fort Lee and Fart Pickering
General Suggestiol's
e under that of Winter Island to simplify management
Place the administration of Fort I e
of these two closely related historic sites.
Clarify land ownership and legal rights and responsibilities for the two sites.
Fork Pickering may require archaeological testing
s a on
the
*Build an ADA compliant path to the parade and ramp tob e observation
vatio platform
east water front with signs to explain features that are vis
Assessment,Culturai Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
Fort Lee and Fort Pickrlrig Conditions
148
• *Assess earth-covered magazines as to their structures and maintenance (floors removed
n replaced,protected
repofrting, rewiring. Open magazines to the public if they can be made safe
and be protected from vandalism..
• Construction of an information kiosk at the entrance to the fort.
• *Creation of a formal Visitor's Center for the Forts to be placed in an existing buildin
(current office,barracks,portion of hangar). g
• No mortar pointing of dry laid walls.
• *Interpretive signs
* The existing paths are ok, but barricades should be placed on deeply eroded rampart on
the south side of the fort and also on the earth covered magazines
® Park employees should be trained on preservation issues and responsibilities: obtainin
clearance from the MHC before performing maintenance that requires excavation. g
Fort.Lee *may require archaeological testing
*To be ADA compliant, installation of one Wheelchair accessible path that goes from
the
road level to the fort's parade and ramp to observation deck on the platform. Install signs
to explain features visible from the platform. Path should be of an appropriate surface
material and will probably need switchbacks due to the slopes,
• Regular patrols of the site by a Park Ranger:
• Construction of a bathroom facility in space previously graded for parking lot to avoid
archaeological issues.
• *Construct a Formal entrance with an information kiosk.
` Clearly mark the boundaries of the fort.
• Place picnic tables on the terraces below the fort.
• *Placement of interpretive signs.
• Park employees should be trained on preservation issues and res on ' '
clearance from IVIHC before performing maintenance that requires excavation,ioities' obtain
• Barricades should be placed to block ina ro riate paths ie
steep ends of ramparts and faces of earth-cove ed ma ( pathway filled with brush,
bazines).
` Bicycles and dirt bikes should be banned and bike racks should be installed at the foot
the hill. . of
Port Lee and Fort t'ickering Cot'ditions.Assessment,Culh3rat Resources Survey,and,�Iaintunirtce and Rest or.stion Plan
149
c' -p
Fort Pickering(William) Fort Lee
1600-1700 1643-earliest known date fort was in existence
1690-The heights were first fortified with breastworks.
1699-Fort named for King William III
1701-1500 1704-Fort renamed for Queen Anne but was still
known locally as Fort William
1706-Fort Anne was ordered to be repaired by the
Governor of Massachusetts but the town of Salem
declined to make the repairs because of the cost
1735-General Court ordered that Fort Anne should
be repaired so that 15 cannon could be mounted.600
pounds was granted to fund this repair.
1760-barbecues at the fort
1742-Fort Lee was improved with platforms for sixteen
guns and ramparts close.to seventy feet above sea level,
1774-Fort served as a garrison for the 59` British
Regiment under the command of Colonel Hamilton
1775-August-British Ship"Falcon"chased Salem
schooners into Cape Ann Harbor and captured one of the
ships.British sloop-of-war Nautilus chased a Beverly
privateer into the harbor and grounded on the flats-men E
of Salem and Beverly shot at the Nautilus.These attacks
prompted the Town of Salem to vote on October 23 d 1775
to block the harbor channel with hulks and to put the-
forts in order-including building Fort Lee.
1776-Fort sten enthend 1776-constructed to improve defenses of Salem Harbor t
1776-1780-Revolutionary War,Fort was garrisoned 1
and protected the large fleet of privateers operating
out of Salem Harbor
1790-Richard Gridley,the American Army's first Chief
Engineer,directed the forts rebuilding.
1794-Fort ceded to the United States by Salem-
new fort constructed under the direction of S.
Rochefontaine
1799-Fort was repaired and renamed Fort
Pickering
1801-1900 1812-Fort was repaired and remodeled during War of
1812
1861-United States Government allocated monies
to re pa it and rebuild
1863-present structures were built by the 1863-Alterations made to accommodate four heavy
Department of War guns
1898-Fort was garrisoned during the Spanish
American War and then later abandoned
1901-2000 -1934-U.S.Coast Guard Facility created on Winter
Island
1969-Winter Island Coast Guard Facility
decommissioned.
1976-Restorations by the Salem Bicentennial 1976-Restorations by the Salem Bicentennial
Commission Commission
1998-Preliminary Restoration study completed for
Fort Pickering and Light House. A.
2001.-2003 2003-Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources 2003-Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources
Survey,and Maintenance and restoration Plan Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan
i
I
i
Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Ulan
150