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FORT LEE AND FORT PICKERING CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT, CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY, MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION PLANS - pages 1-88 1 r - ,, F ffial Nor i�er k r 7 �Pa!9 i E y vg z " ��,`7'Iry�-.�� iG( i7C ►7 rix�ii�il . a i�'� �� E�.y fz F)-.: � x 57.�,E�,rb �r�� `��:t ��■�■y /�' � x �r x r"� ]r v �mmin x s•. y r s• � �� { r 5,5 `ff �JwiillVi �, � l � -V. f, +v h �w `�aya 04 L bl r't aY r3 iY+lKj '" 1-scf �s r'- w z a .F'a�r cy Ij, x�� P ! } $C ha Ci je^)14 k�)€ �YY� u Z 'Ji h.F4"4 A'�}�5';"Y,��4'9��i��i d�"4 -Z �k a�'�,=A..�&.�h m��,�3',�bu��'$7L aµ �.�h �r,4i� •'�( tVS• 1O - �,,,y - 'c "J�'r�1 q' 1 - �!r k'. ➢` T. *5 s 7? �4. . "} ¢k., r�>r. a Ks• �£ pJ. z A a_ e s,� r h }+"` F r guW'r .rr r{ "' �y, �, 7"N a xr-`' t- f j- y P +4 1v a�' .#' i t - + € am 1 yjd^Cri h �Hk d ?[ti- rAa c -.T fCI 1�4rr - ,s0,,,, d -,�� 2� ✓ r4z '" - 1 4c .f....... t § �Aiy �Cq z�ae.4 a 4 i Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment, Cultural Resources Survey,Survey, and 1 Maintenance and Restoration Plan ` City of Salem j Massachusetts Historic Commission 2003 �.' F TABLE O .,� CONTENTS I. Executive Summary............ Study Presentation Study Conclusions Importance of Preserving the Forts Recommendations ' II. Project Objectives and Method ology ......................................... Background of Study Project Objectives III. Summar y Historic Overview................ f Prehistoric and Historic Context ............................... .....................................................9 Natural Landscape, Early Settlements and Uses Fortifications j Fort Lee Fort Pickering Twentieth Century Uses Recent History IV. Restoration Master Plan.................. Introduction .............................................................................................................11 Planning Principles Restoration Goals The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation TreatrrFent Levels Archeological Sensitivity V. Fort Lee Conditions and Recommendations............. Existing Site Conditions Vegetation and Landforms Access and Viewing Areas Interpretation Curt t.ee and Fart Picl<erind Conditions Assessment,Cldittral ReSoUrFUS SLIeVey,and it'faintenanct and Restoration Plan 1 N, VI. Fort Pickering Conditions and Recommendations...................... ................................. Existing Site Conditions Vegetation and Landforms Access and Viewing Areas Interpretation Masonry Conditions and Recommendations VII.Management, Implementation and Preliminary Cost Estimates :......... —87 Listof Figures........................................................................... .........98 Bibliography............................. ........................................................ Sensitivity Maps................. ................. ......................................... Photographsand Maps........ ...................................................... ........ Acknowledgements............ ................. ..................... ......,..............:...... 129 Appendices A. Listing of the National Register of Historic Places, Essex County, ............. 119 Massachusetts........................................................................................................................ Control Products .................................................. 121 B. Erosion C ............................................ C. Recommendations for Preserving the Archaeological Resources, Recommendations for Preserving the Site Character Defining Elements, Discovering Resources during . . Rehabilitation..................................................................... ....................................... 123 ...127 D. GIossary of Terms used in Military Architecture............. E. Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act...........................................:.:................... E F. Fort Lee Summary of Maintenance and Restoration Recommendations.........:...............................139 i G. Fort Pickering Summary of Maintenance and Restoration Recommendations............................................. ...................................... H. Additional Research and Preservation Issues................... ..................149 I. Historical Timeline........................................................... i I ' i ort Lee.and Fort Pickering ConctitSons Assessment,CultUral Resofirces Sur ey, and Maintenance and Restoration Plan ii. l f EXECUTIVE f I This study was commissioned by history of the land and of the the City of Salem and the from settlement to nationhood.American evolution Massachusetts Historical Commission to develop a STUpY PRESENTATION Maintenance and Restoration Plan The study is assembled into two separate docu- ments. This document presents project objectives,Pickering and a summary e 1 ) coves, � of the historic overview, existing con- their historic landscape settings ditions, recommendations for restoration, mainte-Fort Lee and Fort Pickering are nance and management, designs for public access, interpretation, implementation recommendations important examples of Salem's earl � y and budget estimates for restoration. The com- coastal military fortifications and panion document,prepared by Pamela Crane and Peter Morrison of Crane and Morrison are both listed on the National Archaeology, Leslie Shah, Native American spe_ Register of Historic Places and in cialist and Anne Wilder archaeologist assistant, the Inventory of Historic aild presents the full historical overview, the detailed depicting' ts f the archaeological investigations, maps Archaeological Assets of the mown and probable historic and prehis- Commonwealth, toric archaeological resources, archaeological sen- sitivity reaps and recommendations for additional guide research in high sensitivity areas that have not yet This Maintenance and Restoration Plan is a for management,planning, and design decis ons. been tested. The Plan was developed through a team of archi- tects, archaeologist, planners and designers with This document first presents the study back_the guidance of the City of Salem Department of ground,listing me objectives and discussing the Planning and Community Development, the research and methodology for the cultural and Massachusetts Historic Commission, the Salem archaeological resources survey and the mainte- Historic Commission, the Winter Island staff and nance and restoration plan. Secondly, a summary local residents and historians. of the historic overview of Salem Neck and Winter Island is presented,highlighting significant his- T he Plant aims to inform and assist in the mobiIiza_ toric facts revealed through the Crane and tion of broader public support to facilitate its Morrison Archaeology research. The Restoration implementation in the upcoming years. With con- Master Plants are then presented. These plans are struckive public participation, efforts to revitalize developed by using the survey of the cultural and the forts will succeed.A concerted effort to raise archeological resources, maps of historically sensi- public understanding of the forts and their ove areas and the design tearns'site analysis. The value is central to the implementation strategy. Master Plans are presented in study section four and are based on six guiding principles recom- The forts and their landscape settings are historic mended by the study team and summarized remnants of the past. They are "landscapes of his_ below: . Eony" through which one can come to understand the evolution, changes and uses of.this land and The forts be restored, maintained and interpret- how historic events have shaped its use.Through ed together and as part of the Salem Neck and study of the fortifications and the surrounding g W enter Island landscape for enhanced public landscape one is reminded of the pre-history and i"ort Lee and Fort Pickering CQaditionr Asse;stnent,Cultural Resources Survey—, nd 1Vfainteriance and Restora tion Pian 1 • r� ,5hrei 11 „y - �.:-•'} - -f„Y,..J V p ANC C,�.. _ 4., .��.1 i ,?" �,� ., 77777 Xi A 'fly < ,sa,y 1� � '1✓� t �a2 � �y i r P� ary � �C-�r '� 41 4' J 5i yy .�T s IV (� d a,aerr 1L 0 C-. w.,s=iv Yys�rw,ns(s@,fi ,c.a,;l;r Al:�rrr�.•.:i" +yr. - ... . : -- Fig.1:Defense of Salem 1 82 2 Plan of Salem Neck showing topographic and plan depictions..RG77 Or18 Sh 11.National Archives and Records Administration. • Complete and thorough interpretation of the ed through photographs, plans, diagrams and nar- fortifications will require further archaeological ratives. They are organized into short,mid, and . long-term recommendations. Finally in section investigation. seven, implementation strategies and cost esti- • Convincing fort interpretation can best be mates are presented. achieved by restoration of parts of each fort. STUDY CONCLUSIONS • A visitor information center should be consid- ered at either fort for the display of artifacts, visual Restoration of the forts and the creation of presentations of the Salem Neck and Winter Island improved public access can enhance the enjoy- landscape history, settlement history and fort's his- ment of the scenic beauty and historical and cul- tural features for both Salem residents and visi- � tors.The survey of the conditions of both forts • The remaining landscape settings of each fort, confirms that the remaining historic features are in if visible and reshaped, would enhance the fort's danger of being damaged if restoration is not interpretation. undertaken.In addition, the features that were once recognizable, through which a visitor could jo A complete interpretation of the Fort Pickering attain some understanding of the plan of the forts historic fortifications and the Winter Island site and their landscape settings, are obscured through history would include the remaining features and un-maintained and overgrown vegetation. It is the buildings of the World War 11 era. opinion of the study team that the forts sites, if left un-maintained, could be in danger of losing the Study sections five and six present the forts condi- features that qualified them as National Register tions assessment and maintenance and restoration Historic Sites. recommendations. These assessments are present- Fort tee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration.Plan 2 IMPORTANCE OF PRESERVING THE PORTS removal of Memorial Drive that now bisects Fort he The forts are historically and culturally important. walks site and per Od lighting Field the Salem Willows extension and the This study confirms the historical and cultural sen- Park to a new parking lot off Fort Avenue an d a the reasons:of bath sites. They should be preserved for e possible visitor center. At Fort Pickering the reori- entation following of the access drive to create an entry' pldza and parking are suggested to create a transi- • 'They are significant as examples of develop- tion area before entering the immediate fort site. ments in military seacoast fortification engineering Accurate restoration of part of the Fort Pickering from before the Revolutionary War to the Second rifle gallery and Fort Lee's ramparts are recom- World War_ mended for effective interpretation. To accomplish these• They have associative links with major events in he following management ent implementationions the tasuggests our Nations history. strate- gY . •They are located in areas of land that are visited e Establish a Friend's of Salem Forts Society. This by thousands of tourists and Salem residents each society would be composed of citizens in the com- year. munity with an interest in Salem's historic sites to assist in• dng Fort Lee is one of a few remaining earth fortifi- raise fundse for rthe restoration effortts preservation s. and to cations in the North East. Create a • The sites were used as a military fortification,for that both sites be placed wiservation thin a preservation zone, over two centuries. with defined boundaries so these historic zone, resources can be managed and used for public • The visible remains of both forts and related enjoyment, understanding, and appreciation of archaeological resources are substantial and have their historic values. This would also ensure that great potential for historic and architectural inter- their site environments and remaining structures pretation: are protected from influences and uses that could • The settings have natural beauty and restora- cause deterioration. tion of the forts would enhance these settings. • Implement this study's short-term recommendations RECOMMENDATIONSand maintenance tasks. This study recommends vegetation clearing and temporary repairs in the ' short-term to allow full.understanding of all con- A number of restoration recommendations are ditions. presented in the study and include treatments spe- cific to each fort site. They address the sites land • � scope and masonry remains-and resent immedi- Increase maintenance budget. A proportional ate and longterm restoration work. Additionally, and es as imporrase inrtant asc capital spendingbudgets mustall clreatindg options for visitor access and interpretation are a healthy and beautiful historic and recreational presented,.suggesting locations for parking, walks, setting. wheelchair access, viewing areas, seating and interpretive signage. Methods of comfortably . Appoint a Forts manager. Appoint a Forts manag- combining the other site uses found on Winter er or superintendent to head a dedicated mainte- fsland and Salem Neck with these historic sites is nance crew, to be accessible and accountable to addressed. Suggestions for Fort Lee include the Fort users, and to organize the efforts of staff, and Fort 1,0e atld Fort Pickering Conditions As essment,CuIlural 12esourccs Survey,alld EIaintenance and Restoration Plan 3 4 E volunteers. Complete a ftnaI maintenance work plan and scked- ttIe. Following the restoration of each fort complete a final maintenance work plan and schedule that addresses all maintenance needs. 0 1 Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions A50es51nent,Cultural Resources Survey,acid Y3aintwance and Restoration Plan 4 lf. i7it ) T c r' C) 13J CT TES AJNJ Nfl: rFir3r� r� i � cs r BACKGROUND OF STUDY essary improvements for stabilization and In 1998 the City of Salem, with the assistance of preservation, landscape conservation, landscape he Massachusetts Historic Commission,took the rehabilitation,pedestrian circulation, and the initial steps toward developing a restoration plan provision of public information." for Fort Lee and Fort Pickering. em Historic Preservation Maintenance plan,,, complet- PRo�c�r OBJECTMes ed in 1998, and funded through a grant from the This study is intended to identify Prehistoric and historic sites; ss possible t deterl mine the boundaries and integrity of those sites; to determine their significance in terms of National�} Register criteria, to establish methods of historic preservation,community interest,budgetary issues, long-term maintenance,conservation and d Archaeological Report Past card of Fort Lee from Salem willow unknown The Hugh C.Leighton Co.,Portland,ME. The companion document prepared by Crane and Morrison Archaeology addresses th Massachusetts Historic Commission Survey and objectives: a following. Planning Grant Program,provided a prelimin assessment of Fort Pickering and the Li ary 1• To develop an historical overview.As stated in the request for proposal for the se. rent study: 2.To conduct archaeological investigations (including a professional archaeological "ThJ grant, intended for all city-owned historic intensive survey report) properties,provided only a preliminary set of recommendations and guidelines for Fort 3. To identify(mown and potential Pickering.Although the report was significant historic period archaeological resourcestot�and the in determininboundaries of each fort. determining future objectives for the project it was not able to provide the depth of informa- tion needed to document and preserve the exisf- 4.To place known and potential resources and fea- JJ archaeological and cultural resources fir tyre tares the context of the historyand e volu- fort. This project is intended to build on our tiOn of each site to the present, with Particular existing infirmation and produce maintenance emphasis on the context of the histo and construction plans that will lead to the suc- tion of each fort. ry and evolu- cessful restoration and rehabilitation of bath Fort. Lee and Fort Pickering, .This study is essential 5' To determine whether there are signifi_ due to extensive erosion and landscape over- cant contributing features of each National growth that are threatening the stability of the Register listed fort and/or the Winter existing structures and resources at both forts. Island Historic and Archaeological District With this project, the City can plan for the nec- when possible. Fart Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Nfaintenanceand, 5 Restoration Plan 6.To develop a series of maps: tribute to the growth of the town of Salem, are there any non-military historic sites on the proper- ties, such as.farmsteads, wharves, or shoreline a. Map depictions of known and probable his prehistoric archaeological resources wrecks, where is the greatest potential for prehis- toric and tori with each fort. tonic and historic archaeological remains,how do associated they contribute to the history of the forts and what b. Prehistoric and historic archaeological sensi- specific activities are represented at these sites. tivity map for each fart. Field investigation 7.To provide recommendations for addi- Following the literature investigation, field investi- tional research in high sensitivity areas � that have not yet been tested. gations were conducted by the archeological team, the landscape and architectural preservation con- Me odola sultants documented existing conditions and established recommendations for archaeological Literature Revtew testing. For two months archaeological tests were conducted in the field at both fort sites uncovering 1 The Crane and Morrison Archaeology research historic artifacts and establishing archaeological began with a literature review seeking to find and sensitivity maps to guide management and restoration plans. This work focused on identify- confirm confirm written factual descriptions and accounts hist of Salem Neck,Winter Island and the Forts. Local ing what structures and/or prehistoric and ori- histories, articles, pamphlets and archaeological cal features are visible and assessing their condi- reports were identified and reviewed. In addition, tion, identifying areas of deterioration and do interviews were conducted with local historians,- menting, through photographs and earlier members of the Salem Planning Department,the research, their locations and uses. National Park Service,Winter Island staff and the Maintenance and Restoration Ilan Historic Salem Incorporated. The geology and environmental setting of the area was researched Mariament.Maintenanc and for ti to understand the opportunities and limitations these areas had for use and development. The Ob— jecL area's prehistory,history and the history of the This study document addresses the following Forts was examined, gathering all known informa- tion about prehistoric sites, tracing the develop- 1 ment of this area from eight thousand years ago, I. To survey the existing conditions of all historic to 1626 when the area was first settled by structures and landscape features. Europeans, and into the twenty first century. al studies sought to find the answers These initi to 2. To provide a guidance document that outlines appropriate steps to be followed by contractors or questions such as;what is known about the pre' history of the landforms where the historic forts grantees for the City of Salem in the event.that are located,what was the nature of the historic unexpected historic or archaeological discoveries development of the town, when were the forts are made. built and how do these structures fit in the evolu- tion of fort systems in the United States, what was . and artici anon in the development of the the role of the community in the construction and p p outfitting of the forts, in what ways did the tower restoration plans. benefit from their construction,how did they con- tion Plan Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Aesessmeilt,Cultural Resources survey,and Nlaintenance and.restora 6 q q 1 } OR am". 05-il _ t� a .a T � Y H* Fig,3.Aerial photograph of Winter Island.Fort Pickering lower right,Fort L e upper[eft before 1943.Courtesy,Winter �. Marine Park,City of S alem, Island r� 4. To develop Comprehensive restoration plans that can be completed in phases 5. To produce schematic plans and specifications Maintenance and Restoration Plans For rehabilitation and restoration, To successfully create a maintenance and restora- 6. To develop management recommendations for tiOn PlanPlan, it was should first be developed elieved atRestoration Master the protection of identified resources andthat then sensitive areas. these plans could be used as guides for the overall forts restoration.In developing these masker plans, Trial2lementation Obiectivesthe adjacent land uses were analyzed. Questions such as; what are the exact boundaries of the forts, how should the This study provides information for maintenance relate o these sites, what loctonsadjacent land uses and implementation and attempts to address the for visitor parking, locations are appropriate following management goals: P $, pedestrian approaches and access through and around the sites, given the 1. To develop an implementation p b�ro azrt that can remaining Features what is the potential for inter- pretation,how should the remaining Features be be accomplished with current city personnel, Protected, what existing structures or restored structures could allow better interpretation, would 2• To develop recommendations to assist the city personnel in the necessary and appropriate main.. a visitor center be necessary and integral the to son el these sites. plans, and haw do the short, mid and long terra maintenance needs affect creation of these plans? Integration of Archaeological Research The archaeological team provided maps and pho- Fort Lee anti Fort Pickcring Ccznciitions Assessment,Cultural ResoErrces Survey, and Maintenance anti Restoration flan 7 tographs illustrating the various stages of the fort Assessment of Remaining Features and d development, the location of remaining historic Recommendations features and the remaining landscape and archi- tectural structures.Through their research, poss1 at require s stabilization, ep visible and airor�resto restoration features ble sites used by the Native Americans were di.�s rh qf the covered at the Forts. Also confirmed. were them were evaluated itithe context.0 Master Plan.. Their: x sting conditions were door- locations.of three.other defensive,sites on Sale . Neck,that one of the defensive functions o#Port merited through field investigations and photo- � Lee was to.protect the rear of the coastal.fortifica= graphs,Recommended treatment was Identified tions thus'illustrating the defensive relationship addressing ation.These recommendations ne da ions were organized between all of these fortificrns a ations. The research pret also revealed the evolution of both forts, their ini- into short, raid and long-term restoration. To tial desi their siting and their construction. establish levels of funding, estimated casts for This documentation formed the framework for each treatment were developed. � conceptualizing and developing the Restoration Master Plans. t r Fo, t Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Culturat Resourees survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Nan Ii ;a T" 'l ",I A R Y � 3t PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC CONTgXT q� mg this Ind to the Neck.Winter Island, as it Archaeological grid historical evidence indicate became known, allowed sea access when the have waters further up the harbor froze over and it was that Native Americans camped and may fished and gathered the shellfish on Salem Neck and eighteenths entury f Salem's fishing trade until the mid Winter Island from approximately 8,000 years B.P. (Before Present) through to the arrival of European FoRTlrrrcA�IONs settlers in 1626.The high deceit,of prehistoric sites on the Neck and island had a lot to do with Salem Neck and Winter Island provided land for the ecological diversity found along the north boat buildin&f coast of Massachusetts.Tidal flats Protected coves wharves and fish fisherman's cottages, 'p drying.In addition, because of its undulating shoreline and proximity to the mouths of both the North and South Rivers,it offered sites for the defense of these waterways, r , protecting the inner harbors and the settlements beyond. Over time,five fortified sites were creat- ed on the peninsula.Three were on points of land at the north of Salem Neck known today as the Salem Willows Park and a residential neighbor- hood called juniper Point. 1 FORT LEE d� �r �� +} • In the center of Salem Neck,on a high outcrop i .�w` some fifty-five feet above sea level, a fourth fort was sited.With good visibility to the sea and coastline it was an excellent defensive site.This sk+ l ``` Fig A: Plan of Salem US.Geological Survey 1593,reprinted r ' 1940 F and open ocean were all rich sources of fish and shellfish. Evidence from known sites indicates that - •: by 4500 B.P. this part of the coast was a desirable - place for Occupation, y ` - even if only seasonally. � NATURAL LAND scAYs, EARLY SSPI'I.EMENTS AND U58s r, Salem Neck and Winter Island Form a peninsula of approximately three hundred acres with close to -� E .� �'��`��•� ' 4.6.miles of coastline that features natural beaches, i elevated promontories,open fields and wood- "" N Iands. fn the early seventeenth century European :. settlers built fish stages on the island to the east of Fig 5: Part flan of Fort Lee 182d.RG 77 or 18 Sh 12.National f Salem Neck and constructed a causeway connect- Archives and Records Administration. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 9 : i fort would command the high ground and secured TWOTISTH CE10MRx USES the rear of the coastal fortifications.The heights ere_ might have been fortified as early as ib9tl,but no t eo sit gh the Civil War but within a few ye�Qs ' confirming evidence exists until 177fi. because of advances in weaponry and re-evaltia- tion of coastal defensive strategies,they,became Four J 1CKEMG obsolete and were left to deco y.` In about h�y 77777777R- Fort Pickering,the fifth fortification,was sited on � at a natural 9` tG _ Winter Island'on the southeast, s isolated from the main- � f � '� �vs" " 2 headland.The island was f alted Narkh< � -land but was situated into Salezzr Harbor and was harbor �the bestbestlocatioan to defend 5a1em's inner � k , vesselswhere Salem's trading ,Wharves, storage were located.It houses and residential settlements 3x�y 5 ,, r is believed that this site was first fortified in 1643 , ow as Fort Ann.in 1794 i was wa and the Fort was lot �`S L § ceded to the United States Government and rebuilt , r the desi of I,t.Colonel Stephen unde gn Co s 4 Rochefontaine of the United State �of h g.?: Plan of Fort Pickering 1864.RG77 Dr IS 5h 30.4Vational called North �t—"'V •{ Archie and Recnrda A dminiseration. `� ,.: '�,• �r4'i ! Not to Sad! .' V?4 's rifle alle had collapsed+ ,,a� , ,� �' + ,�* \ year. Fort Picicerin$ g iY ` �.. Y .. The:U.S.Coast Guard establisYed an Air Station Y �4; on Winter;Island in 1934 and used the fort area for munitiorns and vehicle storage until the station was de-commissioned in 1969.The'fort was then used p -' as a recreational historic site for leisure enjoyment- :`_ X Fort Lee melded into the park like setting of Salem Willows.Park and was used as a wonderful view- _, * #� ing and picnicking area. Fig be Stephen Rochfontaine's plan of Fort William;now Fort RBC8IVT HISTORY Plcfce&g,dated 1794.Courtesy Peabody 8ss"Hussain, salero,MA, In 1976,The Salem Bicentennial Commis com_ Engineers.In l$b3,in the nudst of pleted a restoration project on the forts: This Artillerists and Engirt included installing interpretive plaques and clear the American Civil Wax' the United State away overgrown vegetation. The restoration Department of War redesigned and enlarged the a ng lso called for the removal'of fill that separates:the )fart creating, among other,features,a wood framed rifle gallery c the land side and a wet north and west arms o the Fort Pickering wet ditch. The final construction before the turn of the ditch at reson, howevere it to r, was he original co pThis ted. century was the lighthouse built to the south restoration, ho , ca.1890. Fart Lee and Part Pickering Conditions Assessment,Culturtti Resources Survey,and D,iaiatenance and Restoration Plan 10 INTRODUCTION 5. That the remaining landscape settings of fort, visible and p g each 1V ajor study goals were to "develop comprehen- fort'szinterpret tioneshaped, would enhance the sive restoration plans that.can be completed in phases" and "produce schematic plans and specifi- 6. That a complete interpretation of the Fort cations for rehabilitation and restoration." The Pickering historic study team recommends that the restoration and Island site history fw uld include the reortifications and theams maintenance of the forts be guided by a master features plan that address site design, and buildings of the World War II erag Irian access and increased sit°r�use�aa well ades- rehabilitation and maintenance. As art of that The Proposed Restoration Plans.are shown in plan, design considerations such as parking loca- are presentedres 11 dto illu 13 at strate an oe end f proa h this to tion. These restora- tions, walks, signage and interpretation must also tion, interpretation and site access d they re- be considered. Within a comprehensive plan Y p treatment of the individual fort features can then sent a response to the planning principles and the restoration goals presented below. These plans are addressed. This section presents a proposed used to guide the detailed treatment recommenda- Restoration Master Plan, the planning principles, Lion in sections five and six. plans,restoration goals, standards for historic treatment and the archaeological site sensitivity of the sites. . RESTORATION GOALS PLANNING PRINCIPLESEach fort contains a unique setting and different design challenges. For example,Fort Lee is isolat- ed and surrounded by roads. It is barely noti - The Restoration Plans are based on the following able from those visiting Salem Neck. Fort ce planning principals that were developed from the Pickering is really part of the Winter Island recre- teams site analysis and the Crane Morrison ation area and has both active and passive recre- research: ational uses. Eight restoration goals common to 1. That the interpretation of both forts be consid- both forts were established by the study team. ered together and as part of the Salem Neck and 1. Develop a comprehensive program for the sta- Winter Island landscape to appropriately integrate bilization and maintenance of the forts. the various land uses of this area of Salem. 2. That complete and thorou g hinter xetation of 2. Develop a plan to make the fort features more p visible. the fortifications will require further archaeologi- cal investigation 3. Create a plan that facilitates a visitors under- 3. That restoration of parts of Fort Pickering and desig nding of the stages of fort construction and n. Fort Lee be considered, to achieve convincing interpretation. 4. Develop ways to encourage visitors to experi- 4. That a.visitor information center be considered ence the forts. at either fort for the display of artifacts, visual pre_ 5. Enhance the passive recreational featur sentations of the Salem Neck and Winter Island the fort, es of landscape history, settlement history and fort's his- tory and as an orientation site for visitors. 6 Better integrate the historic fort site uses with there surrounding site uses. Fort Lee af1d Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultwral Resources Survey, and Maintenance and Restoration['fan TX 7. Encourage eivic'par#icipation in the manage- replaced. Where the severihJ of deterioration requires replace- rnent and protection of Fort.l Lee. ment of a distinctive feature, the new feature shall match the old in design,color,texture,and other visual qualities and, . where possible,.materials. Replacement of missing features 8. Create unobtrusive vehicular and pedestrian shall be substantiated.b7y documentary,physical;or pictorial access to and within.the fort sites. evidence.. THE SECRETARY OF THE IN-rERFOR'9 STANDARDS FOR 7.Chemical or physical tieatm"exits,such as sandblasting, that- hat I REHABILITATION cause damage to historic materials shall not be used. The,sur- face cleaning-of structures,,if appropriate,shall be undertaken The underlying basis for treatment of these prop- using the gentlest means possible. erties is the The Secretary,of the Interior's � Si �i� cant archeological resources affected by a project . Standards for Rehabilitation There are ten basic g h shall be.protected and preserved if such resources must be: . principles:created to help:.preserve the,dis,tinctive disturbed, mitigation measures shall be undertaken. character of.a historic building and its site, while allowing for reasonable,change to meet new g New additions,exterior alterations,or related new con- t destroy historic materials that characterize needs. struction steall no the property..The new work shall be differentiated from the old The Standards(36 CpR Part 67) apply to historic and shall be compatible with the massing,size,scale,and architectural feahcres to.protect the historic integrity of the buildings of all periods; styles, types,.-materials," and sizes.They apply to both the exterior and the property and its environment. l'P y � interior of historic buildings.The,Standards.also 10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction encompass related landscape features and the shall be undertaken in such a manner that if removed in the building's site and environment as well as future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property " attached, adjacent, or related new:eonstruction, and its environment would be unimpaired. 1.A property shall..be used for its historic purpose or be TREATMENT LEVELS' placed in.a new use,that requires minimal change to the.def n- ing characteristics of the building and its site and envirort- These standards set forth appropriate treatment ment.. for historic'buildings and structures.As a general 2. The historic character of a property shall be retained and ideline for treatment, the standards limit treat.-" , preserved.'The remoual of historic materials or alteration of merrt in order to retain original historic fabric,: features and spaces that characterize o property steall be avoid- character-defining features, and integrity. ed. Architectural treatment, whether interim stabiliza-. 3. Each property shall be recognized as a physical record of its Lion; preservation,or full.repair and restoration, is time,place,and use. Changes that create a false sense of his- dependent on.what treatment is appropriate for a torical development,;such as adding'conjectural features or particular period in order to express original.con- architectural elsments frart otlter.btiaildmgs,shall not be structian and use:.'�ther.factors affecting"treat- undertaken:: nnerit include eral treat funding and interpretation. the'gen- 4.Most"properties change over time,those changes that have . rrient levels available.aril that:allow flexi- bill planning, funding, and interpretation and acquired historic signifconce in their own,tht shalt be that in have been used in this study are as.follows retained And preserved. der to 5:lishnctive feahires,finishes;and construction techniques Sta it ation.Control deterioration in or or examples.of craftsmanship that characterize a historic prop- retain historic configurations and materials. erl�shall be preserved.. Stabilization may involve-using`temporary, intru� sive, .non-historic means that are reversible. 6. Deteriorated historic f8atzlres shall be repaired rather than Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Corlditiosis Assessment,Cultural Liesources survey,and 41ainten anca and Restoration Plan 12 Control and arrest deterioration in AxctMo[oolcAr SsNsrrtvrrY order to retain historic configurations and materi- als using appropriate means. Preservation seeks to .The preservation and management o€the maintain existing historic materials with Ord lira- thethe forts archeological ited replacement of missing or deteriorated mate- mentationn..Sensitivity map wee crea d identify- ing docu- rials. hig high,medium and low areas of potential for Control finding both ancient Native American and historic and arrest deterioration while replacng missing or deteriorated materials usingarchaeological resources.These maps should be historically appropriate materials and means. consulted prior to any ground disturbance. Although restoration can be specific to a period,it Preservation issues are also addressed in the may also include modifications that occurred in Crane and Morrison Archaeology study later historical periods.Restoration seeks to replace missing elements and to renew or replace Salem Neck and.Winter Island contain prehistoric P archaeological resources that can yield valuable severely deteriorated elements.Some modem materials and methods may be re information about plants and animals that once Y required due to file existed in the area. The Forts also contain his severity of the conditions encountered. archaeological resources.All of these ar chaeologi- A The historically accurate rebuild- cal resources are important to protect as they can ing of part of the site or structures. be used to more fully understand the development of the area. Other recommended activities consistent with a A restoration program and used in this study are the All prehistoric and historic archaeological following; resources should be identified,surveyed,docu- mented,and protected in compliance with the dendfication of, and treatment National Historic Preservation Act,The Native recommendations for structures and site features American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, that should be preserved for interpretation. The Archaeological Resource Protection Act, and The American Indian Religious Freedom Act. 8e-e31d1-011d TeThe required documentation Prior to implementing and treatment. ctivity that fequires consultation with archaeologists and/or consultants. Maintenance:Work that can be accomplished without research and testing such as,remove trash and debris from the site,trim back vegetation from contact with concrete and masonry materials and remove from the site.Remove dead wood and trees with harmful root growth, remove soil wash from surface drainage paths. Establish adequate surface drainage away from structures,increase site monitoring by appropriate means. Fort Ue and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment culture!Resources Serve 1 y,and Maintenance,.°end Restoration.Plan 13 FoRTs LocATION PLAN im 14 1 l i F il 4 f1pi:Aerial Photo t 1970 W Une indicated approximate boundary of fort areas. port Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Agsess�nent,Cultural ite9ources Surveyr and 4iaintensnee anti Restoration Plan 14 FORT LeE EMSTING BOUNDARY PLAN Z� Wi MY 6.1 S TV 791 y h y:a �S' FV�� :.. 1�� r.�l' Y Xx MiM" � _RI� 9.I�A T y�EL 3 3 � �3 �t'� •"¢ ' �iI'. w�. a 1 't viii I., }r a kk r' P'&,"Aer€at Photo c. 1970 Red(€ne Indicates approximate' r. boundary of Part Lee st�,: � s Port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 15 i Fola LEE AND SALEM WILLOWS EXISTING SrM PLAN Salem Willows Pier Salem Willows Beach 77 Salem Willows Park t� y y F Restaurant Row 4 ` }. TrauLLa Courts Dead Horse Beach Ooilz��f�.'i]j ulLf�l:LkUaT r 1, Richard B"Mike"O'keefe Memorial Field fir. � r��. 4 y,>'F •�� K �, ��"�E � ;� [� r� j �' ' Memorial Drive - Fort Avenueiq i 20 Fort Lee CailedNorth Not to Scale Fig.10: Existing Site context of Fort Lee. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources SurveY,.and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 16 F01cr L89 MAsTm PLAN t _ ii•i r f ' F'�� F .- b � •-� 3 �� 4htt w'117f lot � f J:� a m• /��r�� t � �J 4 fr4'rt, t- r Y t _4 �'(• V s.° ?F... ~ L i F 4 Vim} Ij ea Fig..JL.Fort Lee Master Plan PIan Key 1•Remave'Most of the vegetation that has overgrown the forl;restate earth wall she 2 Remove part of Memorial Drive that separates Fort Lee from the Salem Willow Park and seed to stabilize. 3.Extend new concrete walks from Salem Willows to Fort Lee with period lighting. C Construct a new Forts Visitors Center at the east open area visible from Fort Ave,This Center should house some of the appro_ prime artifacts of the forts area and displays should be developed to convey an understanding of the geology, rehlsto tort'of the Forts and their importance to Salem. 3.Create a vWtnrs parkingaccessible P ry'and his- b..Install new interactive interpretive ki sksat maine parking. to fort 7 WWI new p ng stones, type Interpretive signs at speeffic]ocationa In existi S.Create earth ramp to top of the ramparts to allow wheelchair access. 9.Create formal walks from parking to fort Port Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resources Survey, and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 17 PoRT PICKPRING EXISTING SrM PLAN NY k rc� k s 5 r 4 i 'gyp+ it" 1 R t W 'i , Y'+ . �'Py ;. v ' Y - k sY �-: '�P�*d. to �3a�ri + ly t� •` ty- a -`Lr fi't,„ e E 4 p, A , e Fig 11:Aerial Photo c.1970 Red line lndlcated approximate boundary of fort areas. Fort Tee and Fort Pickering Condlmons Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan �i,a j FORT DICKERING MASTER PLAN r _ r 14, of 131 14 t F I 1 t P. V. f,` ( _fit. 6 L , . `k Fig,13: Port Pickering Master Plan Plan Key I.Remove most.of the vegetation that is over growing the fort. 2 Create new formal paths from parking to viewing areas. 3.Create a viewing platform and stair access to top of Bomb Proof Magazine A and C 4.Clean and repair the wet ditch. 5.Restore the earth fort at one section to allow full understanding of the fort construction. 5.Enlarge the grass entry area by removing the entry drive and creating Fort Pickering accessible and designated parking. 7.Create a main entry plaza with informational klask(7a)Redirect entry drive(7b)Create new accessible parking(7c). 8.Restore all earth ramparts at bunkers. 9.Restore stone and earth to prevent pedestrian access at the Waikiki Beach entry(9a)and at the Winter Island Beach side entry(9b) and eliminate pedestrian access, 10.Provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at main entry to fort I I.Provide new plaque type interpretive signs at specific locations: 12.Remove existing wooden telephone pole and abandoned conduits. 13.Modify grades to create wheelchair access to top Of rampart . 14.Restore igloos. I5.Remove fill between bunkers. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 19 L ? e�:1 31 3J.A g t:E9 2.i�r[ 2 i't $3 .�5 T 1 O N � may be evidence of a cellar hole or barn founda- F,xkSrnvc Srre CQNDrriON$ tion.To the east of the fort is a gravel parking area. Fort Lee is located on"Salem Neck", a peninsula of The site has one identifying plaque that was land bounded by Collins Cove and Beverly Harbor placed there during the 1976 bicentennial clean up to the north and South River and Salem Harbor to of Fort Lee the south.The fort was built on an area of the Fort Lee is heavily overgrown with Staghozrt "neck" that is approximately 55 feet above high Multiflora rose(Rasa multi water mark. The fort is heavily overgrown with sumac(Rhos typ}' ), vegetation that obscures it's current configuration.ev- Rora),Asiatic bittersweet ush h eysuckle(Lonicera sp.}and�her�some One experiences the fort by walking p � eral paths that were installed during the bicenten_ Japanese awn introduced species that is difficult nial in 1976. to eradicate once it takes hold. Overall,Fort Lee is an irregular six-sided polygon Evolution of Fort Lee's Design with two semi-circular extensions on the north and south angles of the ramparts.The landward rampart is the location of the sloping entry ramp When in 820,a plan was made of ort Leem Neck and Winter Island were s along on the southwest,its opposite rampart is nearly Y P square.The remaining pair of ramparts to the with that of Port Pickering. This plan, made b Y � Lieutenant John IL Vinton of the U.S. northwest and.southeast are semi-circular. Lieuteeerie D axtment,is our first graphic rep Parapets, - constructed of earth excavated from Engineering e P ditches located around the circumference, protect resentation of the fort,and shows it as it existed after the repairs of 1814(Figure 15).The plan shows two magazines. The first is a small subter- ranean chamber buried in the ramparts. The sec- and is a larger free standing structure an the sur- face but protected by earth on two sides. The two - parts of the magazine were connected by a pas- . . ,.x sage. Possibly,the buried part of them was for powder,while the free standing portion ~� was for ammunition and other less dangerous stares. The date of these structures is not known Reverend Bentley stated that the magazine was Fig.J& 321b.Bureau of ordinance guR on display at Fort Lee, big repaired so one or both of the structures date unknown.Courtesy,Peabody Essex Museum,Salem,MA. must have predated 1814. Possibly they dated to � the probable original construction of the fort in the inner parade grounds.The ditches around the 1776. ramparts are not continuous because of an out- turned its attention to Fort Lee at cropping of rock ledge.There is a bomb proof The U.S. .Army when the Civil the same time as Fort Pickering, magazine located underground. War was well under way. Proposed Changes to the There are no buildings visible at the fort.There is fort were completed by the end of June,1863 however, evidence of what may be a small house (Figure 14 Fort Lee was to be modified to mount foundation or covered xetreat,in the form of four heavy cannons. The two facing east towards d, to the north of the fort. the entrance of Beverly Harbor would be mounted depressions in the groun There.is also a large depression on the terrace on wooden front pintle carriages firing through I. overlooking the bail field,northeast of the fort that embrasure in the parapet. The two located an the i'ort Ue and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment.Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Dian 20 4 Al C I T ,- \�� ! - S Oxx .� M�.�`�•� `�. .•+� � ._,'err^' 1 r i ; ,&ed NgrEt► N Not to scale �Ynrl"'!i'��i� f:�.'f•�' ry �5->:e .!a �I�loloia!r. ' a� w.kt�r4gAMryir...w07, we .. >tir►nrwtan , Fig.15 plan of Fort Lee 1820.RG 77 Dr 18 8h 12 Nationai Archi ves and Records Administration lobes of the fort facing north towards Beverly Harbor and south towards Winter island would be De updated plan was submitted to the War mounted on center pintle carriages raised hi Department similar one year later(Figure 16}, it was enough to fire en barbette. The trace of the fort broadly similar to the 1863 plan,but had some was to remain essentially unchanged, the changes. First; it showed the position of Parts were to be made much thickerngd,b slightlyaram- a small guard house and larger barracks outside of higher. Anew magazine was to be added to the fort Est of the gate. Inside the fort, it showed replace the old free standing ma that all four heavy cannons were mounted on cen- gazine,but the old ter pintle carriages en barbette: Drainage of the p subterranean magazine under the ram parade surface was to be achi also to remain. The plan is particularlyuseful in eved by a buried Sande stone culvert that exited the fort under the gate that it showed both proposed chap existing condition of the fort. discharged into the ditch south of the fort. Both the 1863 and 1864 plans showed the "old magazine"wilder the south rampart,just as it had Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Pl an 21 J . 4 c r x a __�.• secrn.�r.� �d Lj - ? 1.Ir" �ft- i ON Fes a/I J. SrC>/ a �, t i +y, ,.•J. dnr g a rµ a....c�Affil— YF Called North x ' Not to Scale W Fig 16:Plan and Sections of Fort Lee 1Ei64 itG 77 Dr 18 3h 29 National Atchivea and Records Administration been recorded ir►1820. They also.showed a new Apparently the interior of the stone work was magazine,replacing the freestanding magazine reinforced by some kind of timber work,or possi- lan greatly bly brick work. The floor of the old magazine was that had existed in 1820. The iSti4 p - fire feet lower than the floor of the new magazine, adds to our knowledge of these structures by and the passage into it entered high in the wall; showing cross sections through them. possibly it was little more than a crawlspace. The f the newly The old magazine, possibly dating from�aisde ear d �r parts under.more as whole structure was inside othan 4 meters of earth. 1776,was 5 feet long by perhaps 4 feet feet high. It had stone walls and a stone roof. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 22 i 1J»aoerrxl MAI w{ M � i Td q r � } J, �T sni YCA { m a;rrc , e 71, y 'I I ilk � i f a ''r z �,`� Cfiltd Noitli Not to Seal e Fig 17:17ort Lee showing proposed alterations in 1863.RG 77 Dr 18 Sh 2;,National Archives and Records Administration The new magazine was a 10 Foot b 30 foot struc Y Remair:iag Visible Features tore,nearly 7 feet high inside. Like the old maga- zine,it had stone walls. Interior to the stone work, The remaining visible and historicall si the structure was supported by a thick timber y gnificant framework. The roof was also timber,and unlike ological consultants at have been documented by the archae- the old magazine, did not have a stone roof. The structures floor was at roughly the same grade as 1.The parade the parade outside. The new magazine was cov- 2.The ramparts ered by over 3.5 meters of earth, so that its earthen 3. t of the Two Bomb-proof magazines bombproofing stood well above the height ramparts � �. Ditch adjacent parts at the time it was built. 5. Depression outside of the fort and north of the Photographic evidence indicates that actual con- gate Platform for display gun struction closely followed what was depicted in 7. Two S G S.bronze curve the 1864 plans(Figure 16), y benchmarks 8. Concrete and steel flagpole base Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restaratfon Plan 23 1 N 4.Ditch area both side of L The parade " fort - 2.The ramparts 3.Bomb-proof magazina. I' f bunker `a4$� r�, taes�°•sk '••tk��k�. t 4i� �ryff --v1;�'� Called North �' " Not to Scale Fig.18: Plan showir+g!ora tion of Fort Lee s moat visible remaining Eeaturee. 9.Road that begins at gate 4.Ditch. The ditch is the largest feature of Fort Lee,as it wraps nearly entirely around the fort 1.The parade. The parade is simply the enclosedand is very three meters deep.broad, E to so the ditch is only read- ground � ground inside of the ramparts.it is not particular- it reco blenorth-west side.as a defensive feature on the ly fragile,and may be cleared.No excavations y 8a should take place in it,as there are buried te dr�features somebody that actually ventures into the thick of the fort,and even then,only to under the surface. For instance,a grant dating from 1864 probably lies underBenc parade other ditch and ramparts would together be recognizae and there may be archaeological evidence buildings and features not otherwise documented. ble, and impressive. d north 2.The ramparts... The ramparts are the most vial- 5. A ate.dep This might be a visible fde of the fort eature of the F ble and recognizable feature of Fort.Lee, and are the gate. This essentially intact. However,erosion has"softened" of 4 guhe ard hou roes se, or might rtifacts shallow 1nlight be on what were once crisp angles,and have made the related to the and House are exposed on the terreplein all but indistinguishable from the ' parade. In several places,erosion from foot and and any associatecent eroded d archaeological math. atenaloQ� bicycle traffic and from surface runoff In. cut deep channels. The ramparts are overgrown with contribute to the significance of Fort Lee. trees varying from sapling staghorn sumac to fully 6.Platform for display guy. Two granite blocks mature apple, oak,cherry, and maple. are visible on.the top of the ramparts at the east 3.Two bomb proof magazines under an earthen side of the fort. These were initially noted as pos- covering. The earthen covering rises up inside the sibly.relit the oath n to a gun platfor In fact�they the 32 - fort to the right of the gate upon entering. The appear Dander,and were simply tury he base photograph r it, They do magazines is not known p p y state of the.underlying g fort,as for certain. The earlier(ca.1776?)smaller vault 4 they arenot contribute of related to anyserviceable el plat- might be intact,as it is stone. The later.( ) ey larger vault is believed collapsed,but probably has form dag fromshould be tin left pace Civil ne d no special War or earli �atten- excellent archaeological preservation, should Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan Pnxt Les and port Picketing Conditions 24 tion. noted above apply: no excavation without con- 7: Two U.S.G.S.bronze survey benchmarks (no o sodded,and sing with the MHQ bare soil should be seeded feature numbers)located on the ramparts should applied. Here, it may erosion controls be left in place. They do not contribute to the sig- the eroding surface to place a buffer between feet nificance of the fort, but should none the less be protected. One,on the rampart north of the gate, and any archaeological remains. is adjacent to an eroding path and should have soil Buried f filled in around it. eaturea The archaeological 8.A concrete and steel flagpole base on the crest historic maps and some tes uncovered through of the ditch east of the fort is a 20th century g the following ture. It does not contribute to the significancefea- buried features: the fort,and does not need protectiorL of 1.ca.1776 building(barracks?),and associated 9.The road that begins at the gate, wraps around was d excavations,c during onseannce.of this structure to the south within the ditch line, ending at the old buried features and artifacts. � and included a b parking lot at the bottom of the hill, appears to be ing would have been necessary,While such a build_ � the historic access road to the fort. I#should be it was not other- retained, though it could be modified to meet wise documented and its location was not known. modern requirements,if done sensitively. 2.The 1814 barracks and associated archaeologi- cal Recommended Treatment of Remaining Features 1� 5�remains in ab�Ve t� �ure an�location asgca. this building was d location of a The ramparts,magazine covering,and ditch are b g documented historically, and has massive features that need no fla been also partially confirmed archaeologically ging should be done into them, so rootsof cutg 3. 1864 barracks and trees should be allowed to decay on their own. remains outside of gate.associated testing,archaeologicalno features Closely related to this, any stones or timbers found on or imbedded in the ground surface numerowere found related to this building. However, should be left in place until a qualified archaeolo- structure expo exposed the eroded path surfaceht be related to f gist can consider their possible significance. Bare outside of the gate. soils should be immediately seeded or sodded for long term erosion control. Water diversions taught Recommended Treatment of Buried Features also be necessary. Straw should be put down as temporary erosion control. Clean fill should be Remnants of the ca 1776 and 1814 buildings are � added in deeply eroded gullies. deeply buried in the parade,left of the gate as you Remnants of the 1864 enter. They are safe from any damage incidental guard house can be man- to normal maintenance,such as mowing or tree aged in conjunction with the 1864 barracks(see clearing. A item 3 below). They were both.located near each near the ogain,ne {excavations should arade at 1, made other west of the gate. While the depression north first considering alternatives he pirtconsultation with of the gate might be related to the guard house, the MHC and a h t. the archaeologists did not confirm features related Remnants of the 1864 barracks can be�mana ed in to either. The general area is eroded from bicycle conjunction with the 1864 g and foot traffic, and is littered with.artifacts. guard house (item 5 Clearing may take place here, but the same caveats above). Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural RLesources Survey,and'Maintenance and Restoration Plan 25 i '�► '3 i„ d W 5 a - � ! t a s „r s£ x 4k#fe.A � r•+^++ T k�_- v a -#1`kin-1' �: 1� ��0'{'rF z 8 v 1 ! qw.K y I 777, �Strkr� } Ems" 9 SgtRS .. kSk�,�11R"y Fig.14;part Lee showing praposedValteratians 1863.RG 77 Dr 18 S 21.National Archives an Records A ministration Part of the forts engineering. This feature,assum- and not found in the field Historically documented features,not visible, ing it survives,contributes to the significance of the fort.These features need no special protection 1.The gun platforms 1,2,3&4, as numbered on beyond what has already been noted for the 190 and 1864 and shown in the enlarged plan parade above. (Figure 19)no definite remains have been identi fied of any of them. As the platforms were wood, Coordination Recommendations for all any remains are likely to be archaeological,if they Restoration survived at all These features,if they survived, Contribute t0 the Significance of the fort. 1.Non-intrusive maintenance such as lawn mow- dating from 1864. Historical in& tree and brush removal can be done without drain was placed from further consultation, plans indicate that a granite the parade to the ditch outside the gate to the should be south. This feature probably survives under the _done in consultation with a qualified for construon and g archaeolo- parade,and represents a simple but important and Maintenance and Restoration Flan Fart Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey, 26 gist: 3. Consultation should be initiated with the I.Add selected fill material to eroding areas, seed � and compact by hand. Massachusetts Historical Commission. 4. Before grading or excavations are carried out, maiindar pproved ground cover to bare areas and further archaeological investigations should be completed to determine what specific archaeologi- 3. Monitor erosion and replace soil wash. cal resources will be affected, to assess their signif- icance to Fort Lee, to make recommendations as to 4.Identify and protect existing stone monuments. further investigations, if necessary, and to discuss further adjustments to plans that might limit dam- Nlid Term . age to the historic resources. Preservation I.Selectively remove vegetation to allow site sur- vey to be completed and contract for complete site survey. 2. With complete survey, prepare final Restoration x� Plan with phased development if required. Fig.Museum,Salem,MA.Fort Lee,Sateen Neck 1865. Museu Courtesy,Peabody Essex 3. Prepare plans and technical specification for Proposed restorations. n � x Ln - vt' 1. Fund and implement maintenance program. VEGETATION AND LANDFORMS RECOMMENDATIONS The site has been severely overgrown over the y past thirty years. Original earthen berms as shown in figure 20 have suffered isolated erosion �Y m and settlement. The flat-topped formations that rtAv ` 3.Bl �line contrast with natural terrain have been obscured Fig.22;Photograph of Fort Lee from Fart Ave.2003.Black line shows the approximate location:of the fort rampart walls, and eroded. Larger trees have intruded on the ramparts and surrounding defensive ditch as well as the landscape that forms the setting for the fort 5. When in doubt, consultation should be made to the surrounding streets view of the fort and with archaeologist from the Massachusetts from the fort are blocked. Historical Commission. Short Tartre -r„��on art1 6. Coordinate all earthwork with archaeologist. Testing Archaeologists have determined that the interior Genera! Recommendations of Fort Lee, the ramparts, and the surrounding hillShort e - top contains archaeological deposits that might be t l' a ' sensitive to damage from maintenance and Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Pian 27 restoration activities. These include the possibility earthwork may involve work ranging from interim of Native American deposits, historical period stabilization to full restoration of a section to be sites unrelated to the defensive works, and sites used as an interpretive guide. directly related to construction and use of the fort, buildings such as a three successive quarters and a 3. Perform excavation and soil stabilization as guard house, and visible and hidden engineering required. features of the fortifications, such as the ditch, ramparts, drain, two magazines, and possibly, 4. Backfill with original earthen materials and remnants of wooden gun platforms. compact soils in six-inch lifts. Portions of the maintenance plan can be carried 5. Hand grade sections of the topsoil to achieve ' out without impact to archaeological deposits. original lines and grades. Surface vegetation can and should be cleared and trees cut flush to the ground. However, roots 6.Install vegetative materials. should not be grubbed out, excavated, chipped, or otherwise removed below the existing ground sur- ACCEs5 AND VIEWING AREAS RECOMMENDATIONS face. Any soil that is bared should be stabilized to Random paths have been developed that are not avoid erosion. appropriate for the site.Some existing paths for Beyond such routine non-invasive maintenance, access are still visible.There exists a formal, for the fort unpaved parking area off Port Avenue. specific grading and construction plans should be developed in consultation with archae- rti and Testinz ologist so as to minimize potential impacts to short Termp��— archaeological deposits. if construction plans ulti- mately call for disturbances to the existing ground The hill top,both within and outside of the fort, surface, additional archaeological testing should has been identified as a place where remains asso- be carried out. This should be aimed at determin- ciated with the Revolutionary War,War of 1812, ction d garrisons ing what specific archaeological resources will be anCivil b located. Each of kheseaeou d contribute ar era constru affected, towards.assessing their significance tomight Fort Lee as a historic and cultural resource, and to to our understanding of Fort Lee.Any construc- making recommendations as to further investiga- tion that will entail ground disturbance should be tions, if necessary, and to consult on further alter- preceded by intensive archaeological investiga- tions, to plans that might limit damage to the tions. This will identify the nature of archaeologi- cal materials that will be disturbed and may pro- t resource.. vide guidance as to how designs can be made to estoratiorl minimize disturbance. The area where the pro- Lang Term- posed visitor's parking is sited off Fort Ave. is not 1. Clear vegetation to allow original fort form to be archaeologically asensitive,a and would not require recognizable and to create viewing areas from the additional ramparts.Large trees in specific areas may remain, Lon Term-Re t r n however, the final recommendations must be made after a complete topographic survey is com- Some structured paths exist from earlier restora- piled. Lions.These include the granite steps near the top 2.Where ramparts have been damaged by erosion, of the fort andnd as clearea to the reaed path r fort Forty. These or soil instability,corrective action is required. parking Depending on the.level of treatment prescribed, paths are appropriate ways of approaching the Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assess;Went,Cultural Resources survey,and i airitenance and Restoration Plan 28 r ,., P r'' �r��s9, � i&r. � ` `fir d,��r � � ��+t� �•� r ' 'i � �,„ "�� rrx s, � r�s�.'- E -:; .f - Y •+�r`'� f `4 F Wiwi North s. jiy ,_ r ;z 5 4d NAf E0 SCa1R FIg.xZ;Plan of existing paths spawn in red, Fig.23:Plan of proposed paths.A.Existing entry to granite steps construct padL 9.Rebuild rampart walla for viewing areas.C.Regrade and create wheelchair access to rampart.D. Abandon other paths. fort. Other paths have been created through wooded areas.It's recommended that these be 2.Install vegetative materials to inappropriate abandoned and that with the clearing of the vege- social paths to discourage their use. tation these paths be seeded over.It is also recom- mended that wheelchair access to the top of the 3.Install compacted gravel on formal walks. ramparts should be heated by constructing an earth ramp within the fort with a slope of 5%. 4.Build earth ramp for wheelchair access to top of Handrail should not be installed. A visitor park- ramparts. ing area can be created in the Ievel area off Fort Avenue as recommended above. 'These paths and 5. Build parking area off of Fort Avenue. would lead to the fort enclosure and to the ram Parts for viewing. View corridors should be sited IlvrB> RirrAnON RECOMMENDATIONS from these viewing areas and the vegetation cleared.This work should only commence once In 1976 Fort Lee was partially restored. the final restoration plan is developed following Interpretive la more archeological investigation. plaques were installed,however most of these have been removed or vandalized. These were placed on stones and some of the stones still 1. Hand grade topsoil to achieve original lines and exist grades. area the early twentieth century the fort ea was visible and a flag pole and ardHe ry were Ares- Fort Lee and part Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Ptan 29 ,` `� it is recommended that the remaining stones that :�r s were once used for interpretive plaques be reused r n ,�k with new plaques.The design,images and text t k must be developed to include the historic research from this study and appropriately combined with n = -i�N an overall interpretive plan.This plan may include a visitor's center on this site,which would be best y located off Fort Ave.near the proposed parking ' , area or at the Fort Pickering site,possibly in an building.The landscape a setting of Fort g i`� ,•� r #' Lee has historically been part of the Salem 22 Willows Park. As one viewed the fort from the ark,it was surrounded by grass fields.Removal r of the vegetation and the portion of Memorial Drive that runs between the baseball field and Fort Lee is suggested to restore this dramatic fort set- 0 ling. Fig.24:Plan of existing paths shown in red. ent on the ramparts. What remains,although hid- Archaeological research can be an invaluable addi den by vegetation,is the form of the fort, the tion to the public interpretation of Port Lee. Parade,the Ramparts, a Bomb-proof Magazine Testing has already revealed that important infor- Bunker,the defensive Ditch, and the Terrepleim 51 .4 �` �r+y �` _a.f �� "�1..- '41 •? s'�.� v +" 4 ffF c t�HF+t _"��.,�."° r f 4w all In Xs� a:> Fig.25:Granite stairs installed in 1976.zEw,Dennis Gray Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resources survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 30 a - � ter- r� G.w� R _»s .ter w, x .� � "5 .y -.i`s.. ,y� � 4 , .�� 'Y: 1 I tx p ` S •��f J�FS FIg.2Sa Post Card view from Dort Lee ramparts to Heverty,date unknown.The Hugh C Leighton Co.,Portland ME, oration abort the sequence of construction and opmenf,usage;and historical meaning: usage of the fort is buried in the ground. Furthermore, observation of archaeology in Progress can bean exciting way for the public to 1. Construisitor's Center at the from experience history,historical places,and to con- ct a new Forts V nett with historical peoples. Finally, the material should hour Some pen area visible the Fort Ave.This center recovered from such excavations can be used in aPFropnate artifacts of Permanent exhibits that illustrate the site's devel- convey arteiund and displays should be developed#o g of the geology,prehisto- Y ,��r c k''i�,z<'�• T1:` � r ar t - a s EC: .. -I - 1ka((��,�,,��Lp�Y, 2s r f° ..� � xa .yT� s�Xr -�r f ter.✓� � �' '� , . $fit � ��'r��a ��"7'F�t�� ii`�G� � �• y b � Pig.27:Vdewing arem,Port Lei date unknown. >I Courtesy, 'r. Peabody Essex Museum,Salem,MA. &2&Photograph of stone with plaque removed,Fort Lee. 2003,Dennis Gray. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 31 i t ,t}YrIF SI Fah Hr1ry, - iz 0 :f i '- :, v. -ty�A � 1 e +`��-.�3��4 _w.i•'`, dr 9�f��ac� �' - � i' =.rtn" xyr p ; S,y'•'.f ,!^1Sr .l - . c •� .'. r�e�� Fyn ". I .Phato a h of the oalq re:stalning plaque installed at Port Lee fofc tke 1976 Bicentennial restoratto 20Q3 De Is Gray ry and his of the forts and their importance to Salema , 2.provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at main entry to.fort. . 3.Restore sections of the rampart to the original form• .Provide new plaque type interpretive signs at specific locatioxts in existing stone. 5 remove the portion., of Memorial Drive that runs between the baseball field and Fort Lee 6: Extend new'concrete walks from Salem Willows to Fort Lee with period lighting. oXt L ee and•Fort.Pfckerirtg anditic ns Assessment Etiltural Resources Survey:acid Maintenance and.Restoration Plan P 32 L I E Vfa �� I PIL :'4 ' .' �, ' s Ai c A A w A ,?d�^'�,rtY"°r�cu«uk., "= R -^v �. "�"��„� 7` xy-➢�,� Mnap� `��Y. 44 1 ns p Fig 3(h RuuLs of Fort Fickerin&March 3I,I942-Richard C.Kefse ; . Development,City of Salem Y photograph,on file Offlee of Planning and Community EXIsM.r, SITE CONDirriONS wide area bounded on both sides by the wet ditch. Fort Pickering is Iocated on the eastern and south- As you proceed you come into an open space (the em side of Winter Island. The Fort site has two Features that uch as the entries to the below gradaining emparts defined areas that are referred to as the"fort area" bunkers are discovered as one passes through this west to the south of Waikiki Beach. These sites are ble to visitors. The grade rises up to the broad on the water and the "bastion area" the area to the open area.These bunkers are locked and inaccessi- bisected by a concrete walk Ieading from the ark_ p eastern terreplein dating to 1864.This raised area ing area to Waikiki Beach A 20th century bath- approximately covers the footprint of the smaller house has been placed along the walk. fort that existed prior to that date.Finally you Fort Area arrives at the terreplein behind part of the parapet of a rampart.'There is a break in the wall with a stone step,allowing visitors to move onto the top The most prominent features as one approaches of the rampart where benches have been installed. this area are the earth ramparts and the light- house.The full extent of the ramparts is not dis- Social paths have been created on top of the cernable because of the overgrown condition of remaining ramparts and at various other locations. the vegetation. One experiences the fort remains Over time, these paths have damaged the fort by first viewing the site from the parking area, grounds and in some locations are hazardous. then by walking through an approximately 23' These walks consist of compact earth and follow Fort Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources survey,and maintenance and Restoration Plan 33 the existing grades.The site has several interp re- rS y various historic features F f Live plaques identifying .the 1976 on the site most likely installed during restoration.The fort area is used by visitors for r ,, � viewing Salem Harbor and for passive recreational, a '` a f fF r y , g, 3 k N 3 activities.The entry setting for the fort is a grassy 'N . d from the entry drive with hedges w area screens Ow tree t0 the t Fort Area , 1 and shaded with weep g will x a ' northwest. Bastion Area The"bastion area is defined by pre- st concrete y vaults installed by the US.Coast Guard in they VM 1940's.Also sections of the original earth bastion have been removed at the main entry drive and f,► � E Waikiki Beach walls. These conditions make it dif- pasti4n Area out of the boa- - � ' ficult to understand the original lay „ E 6 2 tion. 7 . T" Adjacent Area " Adjacent Area To the south of the fort site is a large open parking Called North j area used by visitors and boaters.The most promi- Not to Scale nent building on Winter Island is the abandoned seaplane hanger constructed in 193t1's.The closest Fl 31:Plan of existing features visible buildings to the fort are a small office Building and a Ready Ammunition Building both s the locations of the existing ove show constructed by the Coast Guard in the 1930's. FigureatslThe conditions and recommendations or features. 1 the masonry features are presented in a separate Remaining Visible Features section below. This section presents the landscape The remaining visible and historic features that features conditions. The stages of giving appro have been confirmed by the archaeological con maattet are shown in Fig locations of the 1648,1794 and 1864 f rtifi_ sultants are (see Figure 31), cations. Figure 35, the Crane&Morrison Archaeology Existing Survey flan of Basic 1. The parade area Topographic Features shows the present fort plan. 2. Wet Ditch These plans are presented as a reference for under- 3. The ramparts(red dotted line) standing the design evolution of the fort and 4. Gun embrasures approximate locations of remaining features. 5. Three bomb-proof magazines pF 6. Igloos or munitions storage 7. The remains of the bastion(red dotted Restoration Coordination Recommendations far all Line) 8. The lighthouse Maintenance and restoration activities undertaken 9. The terreplein at this site must be preceded by reference to this Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Ntaintenance and Restoration Pluk Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions 34 study and coordinated as outlined below. with an archaeologist. 1.Non-intrusive maintenance such as lawn mow- Wetlands Regulations in& tree and brush removal can be done without further consultation. The restoration of the wet ditches and any ground disturbance within a the 100-foot buff 2.Plans for construction and grading should be be inspected by the Salem Conservation zone must done in consultation with archaeologist. Commission as required under M.G.L. c. 131, §40: 3.Consultation should be initiated with the Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act;310 CM Massachusetts Historical Commission for any 10.00: Wetlands Regulations. intrusive activity. These Regulations apply to any wetland,includ- 4. Before grading or excavations are carried out, utg. further archaeological investigations should be 1.An b ank completed to determine what specific archaeologi- beach,dune, tidal flat freshwater wetland, orris coastal bordering cal resources will be affected, to assess their si g icance to Fort Pickering, to make xecoxnmenda� on the ocean,any estuary, creek, river,stream, r pond,lake,or.tions.as to further investigations,if necessary,andcertified vernal pool; to discuss further adjustments to plans that might 2.Land under any of the water bodies listed; t limit damage to the historic resources,and that Haight enhance the public's understanding of Fort 3. Land subject to tidal action,coastal storm Pickering. . flowage,or flooding;and S.Coordinate all earthwork with an archaeologist. 4.Riverfront areas in the Commonwealth of b.An archaeologist should be on hand for any Massachusetts. activities involving draining and cleaning of the 5.In addition, a 100-foot buffer zone around an wet ditch, other than vegetation removal. fresh water or coastal resource listed above is sub- 7.An archaeologist should consult and coordinate . 3informatioction. (see appendix for additional artifact recovery from the wet ditch with a conser- vator experienced with waterlogged artifacts. General Recommendations 8. When in doubt,consultation should be made Short re= with an archaeologist from the Massachusetts Historical Commission. 1.Add selected fill material to eroding areas and 9.Archaeological excavations would be essential compact by hand. to properly interpreting and repairing the ram_ 2.Monitor erosion and replace soil wash. parts and magazines,and would be necessary to insure that no critical information was lost. Any 3.Add temporary barricades at selected paths to plans to repair or restore these features should be prevent further erosion. preceded by intensive archaeological excavations. IQ.Plans for construction of viewing Iatforms 4.Add approved ground cover to bare areas and stairs, and grading should be done in consultation maintain. Fort Ue and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resoeirces Surrey,and afaintenance,and Restoration Place 33 �b J KV 7V, f Y g k h 7 k Fig 33:Appm�dmate location of tho Rochefontaine designed Fort William of 1794 and the outline of the earlier fort from.1648.' over aerial photograph e 1970(not to scale) LowN x . J _ 'lam 1 I .�t' ! a, �. r+•� gy af' :��"k !' [3,. � 4'+'' �l �� CanedNOiui Not to Scale Pig 33s plan of Fort Pickering 1936.Engineer's office,City of Salem. Port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration plan 36 7 �+ F rK-'- 4 Y . $ < z # 3 ' - 1 F!g 2%Approximate outline of the Drafted Plan 1864Vof Fort Pickerin °t &ramparts In green. K ° 9 � k � 1 � t * Mas s f t } Fig 35:Approximate outline of Crane&Morrison I� r , Archaeology's plan of, basic topographic teaturm Fort C ee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 37 went.The wet ditches a overgrown and have re f � E accumulated debris. The landscape setting is rt � thus conceals the shape and design ° obscure , of the fort and ultimately one s understanding of 3 �� :• � s b, . < . thishistoric`site. >Y ' g The overgrown areas surrounding Fort Pickering . tq� f j,.. € si ,F��, � have been found to be sensitive"for contairtutg significant archaeological resources. the vide lt,Erom Winter Island parking ores,Mawr}► historical features in their own right, ramparts are Pigs ifs Phatagrap �� on Sle o£goe aE. dating from the 1860's:Evidence of earlier incama 3I 194ti Rici+ard K P.piing and Gommurti�►Developoent:City of safem.: lions of the fart may be buried within them,par- ocularly at the east end of the fort Th. 'evidence could provide insights into the nature a€the fort at smaller' Over wth a tune when it was amuck small Sm between Magazines A and B covers the expected barracks building, later,a storehouse, location of a t have g that stood::as late as 1820►but which atiigh. dated from the first half of the 1700'8:The oyez = grown raixiparts of the North Bastion and its ditch k date francs the late 1860's.In addition to containing tire,and the aircraft parts, d other modem debris. pig.37:PhotagrePh£roe►Wfc►ter island Parking lot Wet ditches may.Contain significant artifacts dating 2003.De<u►is ors ` frann the Civil War:through the Spanish American 5:Monitor erosion and plant:growth and.replace WaT soil wash Portions of the maintenance plain can be carried . . out without impact to archaeological deposits. Surface vegetation can and should be cleared and e gr 1.Selectivel remove vegetation to allow site sun- trees cut flush r bbedd out,excavated,d. �chipped or Y vey to be completed and contract Ear,complete site should wxsere ed below the existing ground sur- e face.Any.,soil`that is bared should be stabilized to 2 With complete survey prepare final Restoration avoid erasion., Flart with phased development if required. Beyond such routine non-invasive maintenance, and conston plans fo 3.Pre and technical specihcatlan for specific grading 'r the fart... proposed restorations. should be developed in ca tatiort with archae' ologists so as to minirfuze potential impacts to surer naoi loss RBco i�DATCONa face features and buried archaeologicalisdepo sits.If. tvirbances Vsoso��xn construction plants ultimately call fO Vegetation liar been allowed to grow without to the existing.grod surface, additional archaeo- gsh maintenance for several years and has ► should be aimed atldeteericarried n ng what ssppe testing fic much of the.remaining fort I ted erosion m o. .ramparts have suffered isolated erasion and settle- archaeological resources will be affected;what ns Assesimenk Cultural ReBources 5urvep.and Maintenance and Restoration Plea Po rt i e,and Port Pickering Conditio 38 } } their significance is to Fort Pickering and cultural resource as a historic -> and to making �� h� ;> s — } reco =F �3 E4 � �,� dations further investigationg mmen- � � �� _ � � � as to s,if necessary, ; and to consult on further alterations to plans that might limit damage to the resource. �.:` I.Rem G } Remove vegetation as required by the final restorationtip+ plans. Olt .Re grade 1 ' �to conform with approved fatal } restoration ; 12 3 n" x \ Excavate to stabilize soil materials and make x } repairs m terorials structures,foundations,and waterproof A. ' required. , , } 4.Install new drainage systems or repair existing �tw `` y systems. `. S•Install vegetative materials for ground cover tl and stab' `ilizatton Called North 1" ; r Not to seal! f Accass AND VIBWIIrlO�gAs Raco Pig•39;Platt of ro MMBNDATIONs tetaporary bar era�sed vegetation and landforms.A.Install form with restoration plan �t Renerosion.8 Kesrade area to rort- rertsaining featurra PO ve$etatlort to expose topped formations that contrast with the natural } ;. terrain}have lost their identi#ying shape. . Treatment includes cuttlxtg,fillin gm &and reshaping._ t existing ramparts ultimately ab donin the and q an- $ existing paths and creating stable paths leading to the viewin new more g areas and other .. l accessible areas. A small viewing area exists on the Salem Harbor side with four benches. This area gives excellent views and should be main- tained. twi Paved r Via` parking for Winter Island and Fort Fig,3&Photograph of parade and bunkers"2003.pQ gray Pickering exis s to designated south of the fort although for the fort. parking Provided Walking paths have been created through visitor's use of the site, The paths do not have ground cover and are causing earth erosion. In some loca- Access routes and proposed viewing areas may be loons the grade has eroded because of surface located in places that archaeologists runoff and the original earthen ramparts chaeologists have identi- P (the flat- fled as "sensitive"for containing significant Port Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Assessrnent Cultural Resources 5rtrvey,and Maintenan ce and Restoration Clan 39 a ra h ac eroded path with fence guard at Waikiki Fig.4I:Photograph at woad steps to beach ztieac lighehouse, Fig40:1?hotog p 2003 DenniaGray. Beach 2003:Dennia,Gray _r7WAN +, 4 r 't'' praaw .y3�t r �"j�{� �.r � - � 4m 4�� ._i C�• �� rn�e�-� ,, t. � "N • Irv - %`; �r#-L' _�• t� A'• i� f' '#. G ,r� �y r ' it '\L 1s.)III _ p { X- i r ..... - t, J '.: R•�f ,t { t� • � i4 � .� .yA =I � �."r•, j3� i5'��t J. _� )�a�. ...'9 t"F - c � • 4 i . ,, Pia„lt _ - �� Y 1��c�'� '7 � ACalled North = CaJ led Nortft "Not to Scale to scale • ursanctioned and unimproved paths Fig 43.Plan of proposed paths. Fig.42:Plan of existing shown in red archaeological resources. In particular,import et outside und relat detoofort onstructiort proper, n activities as wrell structural remnants and artifacts dating from th eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are buried in as to the military occupation of the forts. Evidence of significant non-military occupations might also the parade ground. Additionally, the ramparts be resent,including Native American sites,fish g might hold evidence of a succession of construc- rocessin stations, and shipyards. tion episodes dating from as early as the seven- p g teenth century and possibly as.late as the 1890s. . uiturai Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan Fort tee and Fort i'icketir+g Conditions Assessment,C •10 } .`�4.6WA Wat_44: '- d. d. ed from the parking area through the parade and ..�� to the viewing area. Formalize the viewing area with new benches located in all...._--• gnment with the - rampart stonewall. Abandon other paths and j -4-4, restore ground cover; Reconstruct original walls at Waikiki Beach to prevent access to the ramparts r near the beach. Regrade rampart at the Winter island Beach and restricted entry. r ` - 1. Construct formal paths and reconstruct original walls and ramparts at Waikiki Beach and Winter - ` — Island Beach 2.Install wheelchair access from parade to top of r i .ramp. �{� w � ,- 3.Install geotextile fabric reinforcement sheets at ts.. ... _ steep slopes for arability. 4. Install vegetative materials. Pig.ft ltochefontainell Blockhouse l?levatian,1794.Courtesy IIVTBRPItHTATION RBCUMMBNDA7TpN3 of the Peabody Essex Museum salen,,MA. Specific construction deal for aths and view Fort Pickering has visible remnants from two.peri- ing platforms should be rye ared in consultation ods of use.Of the 1794 construction,only the With an archaeologist. If the ultimate construction blockhouse cellar/magazine survives. The 1864 Plans call for disturbances to the existingground rebuilding dominates the remains. The remnants are obscured by vegetation and have deteriorated surface, additional archaeological testing should over time. Like Dort Lee,interpretive plaques exist be carried out. This should be aimed at determin- ing what specific archaeological resources will be in various locations on the site. affected, towards assessing their significance to the 5bort _ historic fort, and to making recommendations as to further investigations,if necessary.To To d Archaeological research can be an invaluable addi- archaeoIogical testing has been inadequate to guide planning of restoration to the ramparts. If flan to the public interpretation of Fort Pickering.such restoration is to be Testing has already revealed that important in#or- clone,an intensive archae- mation about the sequence of constru ological excavation should be carried out. ction and Excavation results could clarify successive build- usage of the fart is buried in the ground. ing episodes. That information would lend itself Furthermore,observation of archaeology in to providing guidance to a sensitive restoration,as e progress can be an exciting way for the public to en well as to providing additional information for experience history,historical places, and to con- public interpretation. nect with historical peoples. Finally, the material recovered from such excavations can be used in Permanent exhibits that illustrate the site's devel- opment, usage,and historical meaning. It is recommended that formal paths be construct- Further, the area where the information kiosk is Fort L:ae and For Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey and Maintenance and Restoration flan 41 r y - h date of Faciatit paved Area of Existing raved Ayer! .� 1 7, , �17I fkk. - i[�..�j 7 h h of Feet Pi ring c 1970 Fig.46.Restoration Master Plan,Port Pickering . Fig.4ah Aeda phatograrp proposed has been identified by archaeologist as a with waterlogged artifacts in advance of these location where buried remains associated with the operations.as to how specific material classes Civil War era garrison, should be stabilized and treated for long term Civil.War era construction, Spanish-American War era garrison, and Coast study and preservation. Guard, t be located. Each of these could con tribute t Pickering.might of For tribute to our understanding and distur- construction of the kiosk entails gm .should be An interpretive master plan for Fort Pickering bance,final design and construction bons. This will identify the nature of archaeologpreceded by intensive archaeological investiga- should be developed in conjunction with Fort Lee. i An approach to this fort's interpretation should cal materials that will be disturbed and may pro- include some level of restoration of the 1794 maga- vide guidance as to how designs can be added to zine interior and some of the 1864 features.A minimize disturbance. broad approach would include the other military Winter Island, In addition to containing aircraft parts, tire,and buildings and features thro ghout use of these sites from other modem debris,the wet ditches may contain thus exhibiting the military the Civil War 1794 to 1969. The scope of this study however,is significant artifacts dating from tions through the Spanish American War. Testing prior limited to Fort Pickering. Stha es wouldf omple- to draining and cleaning is impractical However, pretation of Fort Pickering, an archaeologist should be on hand for these oper- went the restoration recommendations, would ations and arrangements include;new interpretive plaques,re-creation of ations. Further,consultconservator experienced the wet ditch, north wall passage,wall at end of should be made with and Maintenance and Restoration Plan Fort ue and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey, 42 r: s .JU iY ra a y Fig 47:Fort Pickering gate in collapse,date unknown Courtesy,Peabody Essex Museum,Sale m,MA, wet ditch and flanking wall entry. If the interpre- tive concepts for Fort Pickering includes signage, 4. Create a main entry plaza with informational the design, images and text must be developed to kiosk. include the historic research from this study and combined with an overall interpretive plan for 5. Provide new interactive interpretive kiosks at both forts. This plan may include a visitor's center maim entry to fort. on this site, possibly in an existing building or as part of the restored rifle gallery. 6. Provide new plaque la p q type interpretive signs at L Create a viewing platform and stair access to specific locations. top of the Bomb Proof Magazine bunker. 7. Repair rampart stone walls and recreate the 2. Re-grade earth rampart to restore original earth ing earth fort at one fart construction.tallow full understand- form. the 8. ditch to remove I Enlarge the grass entry area removing the entry others efusetand clean and reaairrthe aft arts and drive and create Fort Pickering accessible and P oats. designated parking. 9. Repair all earth ramparts at bunkers_ Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment;C,1itural Resou roes survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 43 MASONRY CoNDFRONs.NO RECOmlyIENDATIONs the following order: Introduction North Ramnar a d North W� �h -Rip Rap on south side of wet ditch This section presents the basic history, construc- - Entry wall on west end of rampart tion materials, current conditions, and treatment -North Rampart Rifle Gallery Rear Wall recommendations for the various extant masonry Walls at east end of vet ditch features at Fort Pickering, Fort Lee does not have a 32art and West Wet dit any visible historic masonry features, and is there- -West Wet ditch fore not discussed in this section of the Report. -West Rampart and Rifle Gallery William Finch of Finch&Rose carried out the field South and Eag2ampAl±a examination of the masonry features and drafted South Ramparts this section during July,August and September of -East Ramparts 2003.All non-historic photographs in this section -Tidal Rip Rap were.taken by William Finch in 2003.Additional Magazines A_B, and_C historical background for the masonry features -Magazine A together with the overall history of the fort is pro- -Magazine B vided in the Archeological Report prepared by -Magazine C Crane and Morrison.The Archeological Report N=tllw ti also provides scaled floor plans of the three maga- zine structures in the fort.The axcheological work -Storage Igloos and Panels directly relevant to the features discussed in this -Access Roadway section was limited to visual surface reconnais- Summaryof Treatment Recomendations sane on-site, review of historical plans and photo- graphs,a subsurface test pit in the parade several The treatment recommendations for the masonry feet in front of the entry to.magazine A and anoth- features can be summarized in the following Cate- er on the top of.he south rampart.Other test sites Aries and general guidelines. within the parade were not relevant to the mason- & ry features in this section. V et ti l ra a d 1 t iz ti This section is organized to first present the fea- As.discussed in the section an landforms, this tures associated with the main ramparts of Fort treatment is essential to make the earthworks and Pickering constructed during the late 1960s, and related masonry features clearly visible to the pub- then reviews World War II vintage concrete lic, and to prevent further deterioration by inva- masonry located within the northwest earthwork sive root systems and soil erosion.It is also needed bastions that were initially constructed c. 1870. to enable a full topographic survey of the site and f Recommended treatments are discussed in detail allow a more detailed examination of conditions in in the text, and then summarized as a list at the re aration for any rebuilding and restoration f end of each subsection.The drawing titled work.The goal of this treatment should be to "Masonry Features" at the end of this section is return the fart to the general appearance docu- annotated to locate the various types of masonry mented in the 1930s-40s photos of the site with an features, their general condition and construction herbaceous ground cover that can be controlled by type, and to show the locations of representative routine mowing The basic clearance and replanti- photographs.A thumbnail orientation drawing of n work could be done by City of Salem staff pro- Fort Pickering accompanies each sub-section with vrded they receive.preparatory training from qual- the location of-the subject features indicated by if professionals rofessionals in the proper procedures and shading.The masonry features are discussed in Fort Lee-and Fort Pickering Coa;d"ations Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey, and ivlaintenance and Restora.hon Plan 44 standards to protect archeological and mas features,and prevent erosion.Archeolo onry cal _ Professional masons experienced with dry ing is not required as long as the soil below grade Essential d stone � wall work and historic preservation standards. will not be disturbed by the work. Essential elutes Include the following. guidelines for this work includes the following: Use the existing intact portion of the north • Cut back undesirable woody species to just rampart entry wall(hie 8) as a model of above the soil line(or as otherwise directed visual character for chinking and rebuild- by training Program),but do not attempt t to ing visible stone walls,.along with any rele- remove roots. vant historic photographs, • Mow existing herbaceous plant cover in a Fully record any sections of wall to be par- manner that allows rapid regeneration to tially or fully taken down for rebuilding Prevent erosion. using scaled and rectified photographs Reseed an bare and/or scaled drawings.Devise a number- clearance ground immediately after ing and orientation marking clearance with appropriate herbaceous g system and species to prevent erosion apply to stones and record on photographs • Do not disturb or move random stones on • prior to disassembly of wall, f the soil surface as well as the stones within Precede any rebuilding with archeological stone walls. testing,measures to limit damage to • The application of substantial amounts of archeological resourcesand/or recovery fill must be documented on plans,and wherever the soil below grade is likely to should also include placing non-biode ad- be disturbed by 8r testing is not required as long as the soil the work.Archeological � able netting on the existing surface prior,to below grade will not be disturbed by the filling as an indicator of the current grade work. for future archeologists. Deb This work is.limited to the removal of modern All concrete repairs must be done by skilled pro- trash(bottles cans wrappers, etc.)from the fessional masons experienced with concrete repair, and new precast units should be fabricated only f enclosed portions of the magazines and areas of b woody brush.The work can be done b citya chats that specialize In precast concrete work. Salem staff as part of routine maintenance with Basic stabilization work to remove vegetation, is the following limitations.Archeological testing remove dangerously deteriorated panels above not required as long as the soil below ade w igloos,and apply fill can be done by city of Salem not be disturbed by the work. staff provided they follow guidelines established • by archeological testing to determine the extent of The soil accumulation on the magazine soil behind the concrete panels that can be dis- floors should only be removed by qualified turbed without affecting archeological resources. archeologists unless otherwise directed by the archeologists. $ � Random stones,bricks and remnants of wood flooring should be left in place. All work in this category(primly reconstruction of a section of the missing west rampart and asso- czated rifle gallery,restoration of the west wet All work in this category mus ditch, and restoration of a typical gun embrasure) t be done by skilled requires additional document research, archeological investigation, on-site g n,and preparatory plan_ Fort Lae and Fort Pickering Conditions AssessinNnt,Cuiturat Resources Survey,and�Vatntenance and Restorati on Pian 43 riod due to �by historic preservation design professionals fort as nano o rampant d in the Civil vegetation and physical prior to execution by professional contractors:The a combination CivilP archeological work performed under this e y at woad deterior frame rifle s g��Y'aer fawn 8 the war fort et ditch that did not include any On-site below'gra g be affected the has now ants the specific locations that Ind r constructiony likely buried underythe soil collapsed eetween the maining recommended restoration and reconstruction rampart and the wet ditch.The dry laid stone wall work. . currently visible along the north edge of the ram- North Rampart and North Wet ditch part is actually the top of the stone.wall that origi- nally formed the rear of the rifle gallery(Fig.49). The rest of the wall lies buried beneath the surface. This wall was never intended as a visible exterior w rt=th feature of the original fort.Figures 50-53 on the following page provide a graphic explanation of the evolution of the original Civil War period con- struction to its current appearance: Condition is sound and largely original.The cur- rent water level is several feet higher than the level in historical photographs.The portion under the causeway leading into the fortis a jumble of stone Gengzal and soil fill that is a 1940's alteration that replaced features as vis- the original bridge.The original rip rap bank e of the appears The north rampart and its masonry ears to remain beneath it.The causeway ible today convey little of the appearanc Fig.48: Current appearance of north ri`': s �• '` " p try �f) a rain art,north moat:and en to fort (extreme right).The dry laid atone rip a iA x & rap on the edge of the mast and the r stone wall visible at the end of the moat.are largely intact to their origi. s � �9 nal>appearance and are in serviceable 3 .„ condition.The north rampart is corn pletely obscured by vegetation,but has also.lost ail its.detailing except Its yP general mass,See Fig..49 below for a Eldtl'a appearance of this view. . Fig.49:"G IWIS photo of north ram- , ': P showing rifle gallery with prdoE soil root combined with c.19W i • 4 photo of moat Both.photos.courtesy fir' „aA- of Peabody-Essex Museum(1'Elvi). J` pf Port Lee and Pact Pickering conditions Asseserrtent,Guttural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 16 i' r Fig.50: Current typical appearance of dry laid stone wa11 that r3 originally served as the back of the rifle gallery,The top of the rampart lies just above and behind the stone wall,The wall is s� dishevelled with substantial soil erosion above and below it s _ 3310-114 OWN Top of rMpat Fig 51: Can)ectural section of original rampart with wood (twod fxavm f`r frame rifle gallery overlooking l -xr: .,r Pat moat(based ode an 1830 drawing Rampat ° by West Point Cadet Thomas ]. l' + Lee from manuscript collection s �'"Stxx31 of Finch&Rose).The rifle Rip zap ,. t gallery was covered with soil to W 9r _ Y��A ,.. ' tsdc of rifle 9alIQy make it bomb proof r bap rampat i Vi9 a sttiM are tine trp ditio 52.n of northo rampartn of ewith nt n- r®r van of r ifle cgumy I _ remains of collapsed rifle anxe�p _ _ gallery buried by the soil that was originally an€ts roof. i •. '4 -�: �. Height of rampart has likely Fdp P k =- been reduced b erosion .; F �; ,. ti y lion(red W ,.., � - tine indicates original height) . t Abt to= s IMaM pft.13t 4. 3 r�. � S , } ♦ Sr'�C.a3+ .14 71� -'Kt ��'� •'Y Fib S3:; C.1860 s photo of north rampart showing rifle gallery with bombproof sot!roof,AlLyo note stone wall visible thru gate. his Is at the base of a defensive rampart within the parade,and Illustrates the original neat finish.of the stone walls associated with the ramparts.Photo is a composite Picture combining a c.1900 photo an the left with the c.1860's fort photo.Both photos courtesy of PEM.C. Fort Lee and Fort l lcker#ng Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resources Survey,and&fafnteriance and Restoration Plan 47 r Ys r, fig,, .Y. �, h •� 4-. 3r> .fig �rr,� � ��, �` 3�� -t •� x a ; s a ' ' a 77 pig,yg C.1900 photo of west rampart slowing rifle gallery in ay partial Of col apse Wi� he roof having caved in.Note uneven surface and erosion to top and face of remaining rampart apparently blocks the flow of water into the west moat.The causeway is functionally sound and not visually obtrusive. Restoration of the original bridge would be expensive and is not essential to. understanding the fort. Retain both rip rap and causeway masonry as is. No substantial.repairs appear needed. port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and.Restoration plan 48 1 Entiry wall on BM raml2art for#.It should be used as a model for rebuilding and repair of the other dry stone walls at the fort. Soil erosion at the wars margin at the parade side it of the rampart threatens to undermine the cap rnrth stones.Some graffiti is present.The wall turns the left corner to face the wet ditch where its condition becomes more disheveled.It then makes another turn and becomes largely buried in the soil of the collapsed rifle gallery roof. Recommendations- North Rampart Enhy Wall jShort 1p= This dry laid wall of roughly dressed massive • stones with tight West Face:Chink voids in joints to match g dUnking remains stable and rea- existing ddl*ffi&and fill age void on left side sonably plumb,but is missing some chinking and with a single stone plug chinking.Restore soil a few smaller stones.The right hand section of it cover to parade side flank.Remove graffiti. in Figure 54 is the most intact example of the origi. 0 Wet ditch Face: uild with added chink- nal dry stone wall construction remaining at the ing to match character of west face.Restore soil cover to top. Fig.55e Main entry wall at north Rampart(west face voids to.be chinked,especially on left side. showing should be used as a model for the The right aide repair,rethinking and . p p rebuilding of other dry stonewalls �- G •- py� id J • `3 Fig.56; Parade side flank of entry wadi Fig.57: Entry wall becomes more disheveled an Its wet ditch side face showing soil erosion.Soil should be needs peal rebuilding and chinking. . and restored to cover to the red line. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Flan 49 FI&A Rifle:gallery wall 6 •" at entry corner-current view.Rock marked."A"has fallen or be pushed off en the Wallys.1nce 1998(Arrow aF marks 1998 posltiofl)..Soil behind comer with entry flank wall is-also deepfy , eroded and•will eventually undermine the cornier of the entry wall.At mint mum this section of wall should be rebuilt and the 1 grade b6tLld it restored to - the top of the walls in order to stabilize this car- �A� ner.Gap.atB may be-for- mer chimney and should V tw maintained in rebuild- k Ing f 7777777. a 1'. Fig,59. 'Rifle gallery wail at entry comer-1998 view showing Rock marked"A" r in:position.Note that the other voids in the wall in ` Figure 55 were also pres- ent in 1998,indimating that the disintegratloh of this wall is a relatively slow ^� process. � 44•� .:fir' f: h Fott Lee and.fort Pickering Conditlo.ns Asseasment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance:and.RestorationPlan so 1 No the passage from the gallery Parade(fig.60),its generally disheveled appearance and continued deterioration does not does not threaten the over- w Et all stability of the ramparts.Rebuilding can be lim- Zb th ed to work needed to stabilize erosion and any obviously loose stones.As the historic appearance of the wall is likely preserved below the soil, we do not see an imperative to precisely maintain its j current appearance as long as its general character preserved.The appearance of the wall the 1942 photo in fig.61 is a reasonable standard to match in minor rebuilding and stabilization work. Careful comparison of that photo with the same area currently at the parade passage reveals specif The typical condition of this wall is shown in is stones that have tumbled off and now lie at the fig.50.Its appearance in 1942 is documented in fi foot of the wall.As with the other masonry fea- 61.The wall currently appears as an informal g lures embedded in vegetation, the full extent of fieldstone wail without a uniform to and with work needed cannot be determined unt#1 the vege- occasional dislodged stones at the foot of the wall. tatiort is removed. It was not a visible part of the Civil War ramparts, but could be considered significant to the forts 20th century appearance as a ruin.Other than its _ condition near the entry flank(Fig.58 and 59)and • Rebuild comers at rifle. 8a Very passage,and at u. west end as reed to stabilize the flanking fu " walls and retain soil.Rebuild remainder only as ¢' required to stabilize erosion and secure random i loose stones.Maintain general existing appearance Of wail,using � g 1942 photo as guide for rebuiIdin ��,4. e rifle g�ery passage.Archeological testing is not required as long as the soil below grade will not be disturbed by the work. Fig.6M Passage from parade through rampart Into north rifle gallery,looking from parade. This was a bomb a timber roof covered with soli.The roof collapsed and is presumably buried beneath the surface of the out The large -ens the wall remainingbelow proof passage with ground to decay naturally. Theerredls stubs�tialssoilerosion�occurring to the rampart on each side of the cut lta roots left in the tree threat- FIX 6L-.C 1942 photo looking a= over remains north ram 1ns of no part rear rifle gallery-walltomega- y tine 8(9)and remains o€west .; t •�, «�„��;, rampart Arrow points to pas- sage from parade to rifle gallery. Short term work to rifle gallery wall should alm to stabilize the wall to takenthis condition.Photo was from position of'B"in rx � Fig.63. Photo,Salem Community Development Dept (CD) Fort Lee and Fort Pickering conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and aestorati an Plan 53 f the historic photo,and may have already been partially rebuilt using the remaining original stone.It is currently threatened by the deep ero- sion of the path up the rampart.This is a very w r=th heavily traveled path, as it is the main link between the picnic area and the east rampart. Wall"B" is completely hidden by vegetation except the upper face of the top stones.The wall at the end of the wet ditch remains sound and appears to be as originally constructed. Recommendations -East End Walls®North Wet ditch The walls retaining the end of the main rampart as Linnited rebuilding and chinking of wall"A"fig. it drops down to the spit of land between the wet ditch and the beach are illustrated in Figmuch of repair needed at wall B"scannot be d extent� They have lost considerable height and their original chinking.Based on Fig.63 their orig- until the vegetation is removed. final character was similar to the entry flank wall of Reptorati the north rampart with moderately uniform but roughly dressed stone and much tight chinking.currently looks much less regular than , Full rebuild both walls(A and 13)to their origi- Wall"A" y 4 E 3 - _ ch(vi nt is ma Fig.62- Looking,south from low rampart between east errand is threatened by(j oj wet ditch and eero on from l path.its rrreetturn flank(B n FigF63)IIss)� Walt eked"A"has lost height,.its uniform appearance, concealed by vegetation,but likely is in similar poor condition. Fig.64, Erosion from path f' C behind wall"A"threatens to A "M undermine the wall Fig.63: C.1900 photo of east end of wet ditcht showing intact appearance of wall'A:'in Fig.62 and its return section"H"• These walls were well chinked like the main entry flank wall in og.3s.Photo courtesy PEM. Fort Lee.and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey.and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 52 nal height and character with tight chinking. ��OL�rm-=Stahili7aFi..�,. West Rampart and West Wet ditch • Remove existing vege#anon along all banks and determine full extent and condition of rip p. Assuming wet ditch is to remain as is(Le.,not dug w Et T out and re-filled with water),repair only as neces- l3�rth sary to stabilize the riprap in its P current.state.. • Dredge and restore wet ditch with reconstruc- tion of any missing or badly deteriorated rip rap to match the rip rap at the north wet ditch, includ- ing the berm(I.e:,seawall)at the south end. Restoration of the wet ditch would also likely require opening a clear passage for water to flow under the causeway from the north wet ditch. This portion of the fort was originally identical to West tampartand the north rampart with a rifle gallery overlooking a wet ditch accessed by a passage through the rampart from the parade,but has been subjectedate area between the rear rifle gallery stone wall and the wet to more extensive alterations during the 20th cen- the grade of ditch has been entry acedcaus ou down to The 1864 fort plan drawing includes a sec- southern end appears to be a:few feet higher , the lion through the west rampart and rifle gallery.. sou the causewaygher than grade).The northern half of the west rampart,including associated stone walls,has been cut down to a height of a few feet above filled in and is currently causeway grade,while the southern half.remains This feature is partially covered with dense marsh vegetation.It was on - ct to the top of the rifle gallery rear wall.Both pally identical to the existing north wet ditch with actions likely occurred in the early'20th century a rip rap stone bank on the fort side.It was sepa-. prior to the 1942 photographs. rated from the beach by a rip rap berm.- Whether fillip The dry laid stone wall that originally formed the its current condition is a result of conscious {perhaps with spoil from the former west rifle g right side of the main entry passage is currently . gallery}; or a natural result of its water supply an informal wallabout 3'high that has none of the I being cut off by the construction of the modem character of the existing original wall forming the entry causeway and/or beach erosion is not right side of the passage.Probably this low wall known. The rip rap bank was found to rem was crudely rebuilt when the rampart was cut dense vegetation �,but down. ge currently prevents a precise eval- uation of its hall extent and condition. The rip rap The Former rear wall of the rifle galleryslop berm at the southern end has disappeared and northern half of the west rampart mns as a e beach sand has filled in the south end of the wet loose jumble of stone abut 2'high. ditch. Recommendations -West Wet ditch The rear stone wall of the rifle gallery along the southern half of the west.rampart is largely intact and presents a reasonable sense of the the original Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cukural Resources Survey,and_Maintenance and Restoration Plan 53 ` r nY ` •�taa 1.�. ., �. �'.�°"�`'4 ,' to Y, qyy .. F• - 4 t 4.,; t•., t k�'� 4 eT, rIT i '•�� s'S Y .�;'. ,xt—a"'. � � �f k � 7•° �r ��,�'1!y!��•V'�7�.'`�,��S+„?`��i 77' �� ?i+✓"4+a;A�..�i: 14, err iff �r4Y{ ;f � r-A ;' �' Y `•x.a, T �~� . fy^ /�'C�e,„':,r� f;_r S[r r •c. , i. M ASkp t yip. + � :.f� +r.}' - ,10 1 ,�' - k. .� ,•�_ r r �� ♦r �. yr� i .� 'f.� .,fit,„ � �' .as,r�`• ;,a > `� ..,��®,ea�� _�/ i�• ,iay f.n ' #F.. - ar 'M..�.� ',j.�.-� : � r •�� liFr _��f��„yFy � '"T J'A -- �. .Y,. ,y r y..�J �� -d rr" �f ` 'y��,r r _ _._�$e. ;�k + • . ' lk W-l� ' „k l ' f;.6P„ �`4-� ►`'i�°'tr'�, -41�` r:' K ,� hoc, P'll� �i�° •r# �' ' ...:.« rxfi NIP tip: 3a. r • h � fi Aa: Yr wall that was enclosed by the file gallery. Wood beam ends from the original rifle gallery construc- tion remain imbedded in the wall at irregular *Provide signage to interpret the archeological intervals about 4--5'above the current grade. The features at the southern end of the west rampart current character of the masonry is substantiall rifle gallery wal, wood beam end looser than the entry flank of the north rampart it slot,(tearand rifle galleryl frontfoundation)s, ctimney is not clear if this difference stems from the col- lapse of the rifle gallery, or if the wall was less art- L T fully constructed.A vertical slot in the wall has - o ru i been identified in the.archeological report as the • location of a former chimney.serving the rifle Reconstruct the entry end of the west y g rampart to match the contours documented in the gallery. The archeological survey noted a fine of 1864 drawing, including a section of the rifle stones at grade about 15'west of the wall (i.e., gallery. The total length should be about 60' termi ,midway between the wall and the wet ditch), nating at the former passage from the parade. This These are probably the remains of the foundation should be coordinated with the restoration of the for the outer wall of the rifle gallery. west wet ditch. The entire wall should be rechinked to secure any rifle gallery a agerior e sites tcente�f e reconstructed loose stones. The northernmost portion of it bulges slightly and could potentially collapse. It warrants partial rebuilding to stabilize it. The wall is currently heavily obscured by vegetation. Because the west rampart does not currently pres- ent an entry flank wall matching the one at the north rampart the historic entry to the fort is not well defined. This presents a confusing image to visitors.Reconstruction of the entry end of the west rampart to match the contours documented in the 1864 drawing, including a section of the rifle gallery would improve the entry and provide a full scale vignette of what the fort actually looked like. The southern end of the rampart would be retained as is as an archeological site to help the visitor understand how archeology informed the reconstructed segment. ReCommendations-West rampart and Rifle Gallert� Short T - t i ' t' • Remove existing vegetation from walls. • Rechink to secure any loose stones (do not dis- turb remnants of wood beams). • Partially rebuild the northern portion where it bulges as required to stabilize it. Fort t-ee and Fort Pickering Conditiuits Assesstnent,Cultural Resources Survey,and iMaintenance and Restoration Plan 55 1864 plan shows an abrupt 4'drop in the height of the rampart about 35'from the corner of the west South and East Ramparts T rrosrn w NorthDi En Err rampart.This is.visible in the background of one Cene-r—al of the historic photographs,but is no longer These earthwork ramparts form the seaward apparent. perimeter of the fort from the south end of the west rampart around to the east end of the north of a haphazard row of large to e s just inside consists rampart at Wakiki beach.Visible masonry features are limited to low dry stone retaining walls (i.e• crest of the parapet. parapets)along the interior side of the south ram- agazine C the stone wall becomes part,and rip rap forming the seaward base of the Store o gan arti at n ed and forms a low parapet wall , entire rampart length. even with the top of the rampart.This turns the s: the lighthouse d runs about feet According to the 1864 plan these ramparts a loca- easterlyer tat which point its arts to peter out,di ap- ed 11 embrasures for gun emplacements.Th ly tions of at least 5 of these are indicated by the cur the ramaring part has a very ber oroad and lelvel tap with a rent erosion patterns in the east rampart, and 7 arep and several. apparent in the 1930's-40s aerial photographs. be des.fined is ms°rrtall e of wed stone stairs set in There is no remaining visual evidence of the other embrasures. the wall in the midst of this section.The 1864 plan shows several embrasures in this section,but there The original configuration of the south rampart is is currently pitmie areaio f the benches(Arrchlogical sub-surface shown in section on the 1864 fork plan drawing. test pit Report}, pp. 125-6 and figure 5.5} did not further clarify the history of this area. One wonders whether this area was reworked to a uniform South Ramp a to height in the late 19th or early 20th century, per- From the comer of the west rampart to Magazine haps in conjunction with the installation of.the B, the presence of some masonry is indicated by a lighthouse. few stones poking through the foliage,but its con- dition and extent is completely obscured by ram- pant,nearly impenetrable vegetation.One of the c. 1900 photographs shows a scattering of large . stones a little below the crest of the parapet.The Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources survey, and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 56 East Ramparts: the National Archives and Coast Guard archives for details original construction and later changes. W0: Nxth •Consider restoring more sections of organized Eh stone parapet Smalls along the ramparts if further research and physical evidence indicates they were present. •Consider reconstruction of an embrasure and gun emplacement to further the interpretation of i The next section exhibits considerable erosion,is the fort, depending on the results of archeological obscured by vegetation,and lacks.the well defined testing and research. parapet of the previous.section.At several loca- tions clumps of stone are present a few feet below the crest of the parapet..Whether these are the remains of a deteriorated parapet stone wall or The rip rap forming the seaward base of the ram- some other feature such as an embrasure is not p�remains in sound condition..It should be evident. inspected on a yearly basis in the spring for any loose or dislodged stones, and any substantial soil The last section of the east rampart shows no visi- erosion that might undermine the stones at its ble evidence of stone walls or parapets.It is more )unction to the base of the ramparts. heavily eroded and obscured by vegetation than the other sections.In this and the previous section Recommendations— Tidal Rip Rap the deepest patterns of erosion running at right Naar Ik angles to the rampart roughly align to the embra- — sures on the 1864 plan. *Inspect rip rap every spring for loose or dis- Recommendations—South and East Ramparts lodged stone,and soil erosion at its top perimeter, 20 repair any such defects as they occur: • Remove existing vegetation using care to not disturb any stones including those that appear to be lying at random. Rechink any loose or missing stones in the areas having well organized stone parapet walls. ' Carry out archeological testing at Iocations of former embrasures and gun emplacements for evidence of their construction detailing,. • Carry out additional document research at Fort Lee and Fort Pickering COnditions Assessment,Cultural Resource9 survey;and Maintenance and Restoration plan 37 ,a `t ara wall at south rampart requlree minor chinking. It is not clear whether similar walls existed at the Pig.fief Well organized p pet top of the terraplein behind all the rampart.Although the 18fr4 plane show an embrasure at this location,there is currently no sign of it,Perhaps the rampart top was reworked e.190Q ro i tle of ane tos, Pig,f9t Candnuatian of parapet wall eastward from fig.68.The stonewall rapidly dwindles to a dis-organized p and then stops.A few random groups of stone occur further to the east of this section. Fig.7� 1942 aerial photo shows a series of deep ,f gullies sc row the east ramparts that correspond to the embrasures shown in the 1864 plan in fig.71. lies.Photo from City of Arrows marks typical gullies. '�" f -' ►� 'r Salem office of Planning and Community " X. Development Fig.71e Portion of 1864 plan of fort with east ram arts on top.Arrow's marks typical embrasures that can be rorrelated to guileys visible in fig.70.Plan .Refer to Archeological rt _ from National Archive . Report for 1830 drawing of typical gun embrasure similar to ones on this Plan. •�1 i Fort Lee and Port Pickering Conditions Assessments Cultural Resources Surve},And Maintestartc7e and Restoration Plan 58 All tl L _ _ * I : f I> rki7 SSr #�+ I � Y rx Fig.72: 133d drawing by West Point Cadet Thomas j. Lee showing two ways of constructing embra A long term interpretive goat is to reconstruct a typical embrasure,but more archeological and document research is nsures and gun eeded emplacements, order to determine the consruction details used at Port Pickering to design and carry out a reconstruction.Drawing is from a port- folio of original drawings in Finch&Rose collection. port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Nfaintenance and Restoration Plan 59 Rifle Gallery ,' �� West Rampart West Moat Southwest Rampart f s _=-- Tidal Rip Rap r. Parade 5-2*C TZON on A.. B, (#1) � 16. Magazine 8 � South Rampart ms �a at embrasure (#2) : ' - - - Tidal Rip Rap ! g A•. 'f>; Magazine A II e .S EC 77/ON o;,z 0 H. (#4) Terraplein East Rampart Jt4 Magazine B tab ,t,a :,T FC F/DN O'.Pi F: .(#3) '7ON psi .x: 4, Fig.73: Sections through magazines,rifle gallery,and ramparts from 1864 plan drawing(note;the sections have been rearranged from the original drawing)..Original drawing from National Archives. i �\ } r , � V J Y \\1 #1 t #3 is u #2 •1 � Fig.74: 1,864 plan of Fort Pickering with section lines locating details in 24a above.Scale as reproduced is 4:100.original drawing from National Archives. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditiort Assessment,Cultural tZesources`purvey"ind Maintenance and Restoration Plan 60 Magazines A, B, and C 1860's when back sizes usually are closer to 2 1/8" -2 1/4"high. The 1794 Rochfontain fort reportedl �( had brick walls,and it seems reasonable to specuY D. North late that the 1860's magazines may have been con- structed with brick salvaged from the 1794 fort. The original mortar used to construct all three magazines has survived in remarkably good con- dltion given the chronically damp conditions of the underground construction.Samples were ."s taken from magazine A for very basic physical examination, but have not been subjected to any sophisticated chemical or petrographic analysis to General identify the mortar constituents(such testing is .; expensive and well beyond the scope of this study).A conventional pure lime mortar would be There are three intact semi-underground powder unlikely to survive in sound condition in this magazines in the fort parade adjacent to the damp southerly ramparts, each utilizing a combination and leached out the lime)rbut modem Portlandd of stone and brick vault construction, and covered cement mortars were unknown in 1794 by a deep Iayer of earth to make them "bomb just be , and were Proof." With their earthworks protection, the beginning to become available in the Civil form large mounds rising to about the height of War period. iod. the adjacent ramparts. One of these magazines, Most likes the p e oes known as designated as "Magazine A" in the archeological "hydraulic" lime andf"natural" cements were report, was constructed in 1794 as part of the cel- used instead of conventional lime. Unlike conven- lar Rochforttain blockhouse. The other two, tional es and natural Magazines B and C, were constructed daring the have thie the ability to setrup under water. cements Civil War period, Magazine C is located next to Naturally hydraulic limes were identified by magazine A, and they are jointly covered by a sift- empirical experience,and sometimes created or gle earth mound that currently rises several feet further enhanced by the addition of puzzolanos (a above the adjacent south ramparts, from which it volcanic as h material from Italy) to natural is physically separated by a narrow terraplein. The earliest well documented English inv st g lime. Magazine B is located in a separate mound mid- tion into the characteristics and chemical nature i way between C and the the west rampart. its p "hydraulic" limes occurred in 1756 with the con- earthen top is physically connected to the adjacent struction of the Eddystone Lighthouse by civil south rampart and is at the same elevation...The engineer John Smeaton. Some research was also one plans and generalized sections of all three are being d by French engineers in the late 18th shown on the 1864 plan of the fart. century.However, it was not until the early 19th century that these matrials The brick utilized in all three magazines are small stood and widely publicized through the work of waterstruck brick measuring about 2/3/4-2 7/8" the French Engineer Vicat(first published in 1819). high,31/2" wide and 71/2" wide.The bricks used Thus the apparent use of hydraulic lime in the in B and C tend to be on the larger side of this 1794 construction of Magazine A indicates a very range, and those in A are at the smaller end. sophisticated understandin of constructi Waterstruck brick of this dimension are typical of nology.for the period. g on tech- late 18th century construction, but unusual for the The use of either hydraulic lime or a natural Port f ee and Fart Pic[cerino Conditions Assessment;Cultural Resources Survey, and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 61 I v cement in the Civil War period construction is debris should be cleaned out. more routine. The civil engineering textbook used Scaled laps of all three magazines are provided OW throughout the 2nd third of the 19th century-at 1? West Point describes the use of both hydraulic in the Archeological report. limes and natural cements from Ulster County NY (known as Rosendale cement) for use in fortifica- M zine A—D ri tiot tions (An Elementary Course of Civil Engineering for the use of the Cadets of the United States Military � Academy,by D. H. Mahan, Prof. of Military and � North Civil Engineering at the Academy, first published in 1837). The army engineers who constructed Fort lb, Pickering would undoubtedly have taken Prof. Ivlahan's courses.at West Point. Mahan also describes the use of bituminous tars to waterproof the tops of brick vault construction that was to be covered by earthworks:Remnants of tar water- proofing were observed on the portion of the brick entry vault to magazine C that is currently exposed due to soil erosion. This magazine was constructed as part of the 1794 The magazines share a number of features and Rochfontain fort as the part of the cellar for the alterations in Common.All three have ventilation blockhouse.The civil War period construction systems utilizing areas of double wall construction to create a plenum to bring in outside air without having any openings that communicate directly between the magazine interior and the outside. The actual construction details of the system are . only partially evident.All three are secured byC iron bar doors that date to WWII or later, and area ;,, f _• locked by modern chains and padlocks.The locks 4 on all three have been breached often enough in recent years to generate substantial amounts of C trash in the vaults. Early 20th century photo- graphs show solid doors at the entries,but do not F show enough detail to enable accurate reconstruc- tion.All three also once had doors at the vault levels that are now missing. Magazines B and C r were used for storage during WWII, at which time metal conduit and electric tights were installed in . . there, the conduit is no severely rusted. C All three magazines are moderately littered with modern cans,bottles,and other debris left by per- k sons that have broken into them,or simply tossed the debris between the bars of the doors. All three also have an accumulation of silt on the floors and Fig.75: Entry to Magazine"N' stairs. Both the accumulated silt and the modern sessment,CUItUral Resources Survey,and Mi aintenance and Restoration Plan Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditians As 62 r n "!i Co� A-A d AF v i + wo • ''. .}'r ' _" y, qr � �, �J3.t'�+1t�1.b6Jtlho` }� .. se fa it a f o qa r Rf m4" dt + 3 OPOJI Mk .a'r Fig.76a Southerly vault of magazine A looking towards r From water draining down the stalrs(prrow spired stair.Note missing newel at stair and adjacent brick that i,dark r removed the blockhouse but retained the cellar vault.The magazine is reached b a blockhouse,as evidenced by three pie shaped r Y circular stone stair accessed from the south side of the mound stones remaining as the current ceiling of the stair.covering both magazine A and The magazine consists of two brick vaulted rooms, r C.This stair origi- one an each side of the stair that descends into the Wally also rose to the second Hoar of the 17'94 center of the cellar space.The rooms are linked by �' "` ,�' FIg,M Vest€glad stair treads'left in • r �.w ; �M1��., „�,�� , �; �,�„ ^. place from , •.""�"'.�t ' .• '�.� * w �„P., is r +�w ,�+` ',r when ails stair led U p to "�,r; �w" = y' ,,+ r f • ti, the second floor of the :.#; � "�' :r^' ✓,,, �.+.�,''M',..!!'M`�.'w. r # if"' 1794 blockh0use.7� ilVn dt top left Is hardware in �•�' v;x ,,, Jamb for current door. Fig.M Outer end of vault in magazine A with single ventilation slot in wai. Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Nfaintenance and Restoration Pran 63 Laws `1 h j II l Fig,79s Lower portion of spiral stair in magazine A showing ��l�u°p° spiral remaining brick.tair where stone mares"�"is only Pat- broken brick at missing newel.Note debris on stair:- Y pP° . �'. p r " s S d"A►"in Fig.SU Top of spiral stair showing I hreshold stone"W with Fig.81 Looking up at the underside of stone marke partially supported stone"A"utinie difficulty ofus using this stair..ing portion fig.so. Stone and is supported byytthe brick perimete'V extends r walls This Over atone forms stone tread at"C"that adds to the entry landing of the spiral stair. Also note green algae on brick from chronic dampness due to rY g surface runoff draining into the stair pieces of stone strewn around the floor.Each room a short corridor that wraps around one side of the was once closed off from the corridor with a door brick masonry enclosing the stair.The set on iron.pintels in the brick masonry that formed the door jambs,The doors are now miss- combination of the circular stair and vaulted ing. roorss.makes for some very unusual circular geometry in.the brick masonry.Each room con- gists of low vertical sides in mortared rubble stone topped by a brick vault.The outer end walls are The condition of the masonry and mortar joints in stone tapped by brick masonry with a single ven- the vaults was very good.The underside of the tilation opening in the center of the wall.The vault bricks still retained the original mortar that inner ends are brick masonry curved to reflect the was caught between the wood centering used to geometry of the circular stair.The floors appear to support the arch during constriction and the be dirt, as probing down several inches did not brick.The dirt forming the floors of the vaults was reveal any masonry. Each room had a few random noticeably damp. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment cultural Resources survey.and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 64 yh 1 4 a wxa r t } ! i'i. I..��jy •' ��`N,.M � i,�.ryy jam, �� M .e: a Art•- GYP r, {�' ; ,,1 Pig.83; typical minor spalling and Joint erosion in staircase #' 'f. ,� F,Y brick joints in upper section have been poorly repointed many Fig.SC- Top entry to magazine A showing missing stone lintel years ago, that further exacerbates the drainage problem at the stair. constructed. The brickwork surrounding the circular stair did have some problems. The original newel post that There are some areas of moderately spalled brick would have risen up the center of the stair is miss- in the outer walls of the staircase,especially in the ing with the adjacent brickwork broken out.it is lower portions just above the stone stair treads. not known whether this newel was formed of The mortar joints in these areas is also eroded stone or brick.The remaining brickwork and the back about 1/4".A heavy growth of moss on some stair treads do not show any obvious structural of the brick is indicative of chronic excessive mois- distress from this damage.There is,however,a ture.The extent of spalling and eroded mortar is . large stone in the ceiling of the circular stair that too shallow to warrant replacement of individual has lost half of its brick underpinnings on the cen- spalled brick or repointin&but steps should be ter side due to the missing newel. The stone taken to reduce the chronic moisture affecting the immediately over the one with questionable stair. underpinnings is a very large unit that functions as the entry threshold.It spans clear across the full The source of the moisture is surface runoff from width of the stair and therefore does not rely on the exterior area around the en the stone under it for support. This is probably the the doorway leads this runoff dirrectl into��op reason there is no visible distress related to this of the staircase, at which point it cascades down condition. The first tread below the threshold the stair saturating the adjacent masonry. The stone is broken off near the newel and presents a problem is that 1860's construction raised the sur- � hazard. face grade in this part of the fort at least a foot above elevation of the 1794 threshold to create a The newel post and related masonry including the broad terraplein.The problem is further exacerbat brickwork under the partially supported ceiling ed by the fact that the outer lintel for the stair stone,and any broken treads, should eventually entry is missing. this allows runoff from the earth be restored following further study of this stair mound directly over the vault to drop directly and other similar stairs in order to determine as onto the stone stait closely as possible how the original newel was Treatment of this issue should include regrading Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,cultural Resources survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 65 the ground around the door to direct runoff away *Include professional archeological planning and from the entry,and replacing the missing stone recovery for any work that will remove existing lintel Detailing the lintel to direct water conning soil.See text above and Unit N53 E470,pp.122-3 down the mound to drain over to the sides of the in the Archeological Report for more detailed dis- jamb rather than directly into the opening below cussion. the lintel would also be desirable.The regrading problem is complicated by the fact that the current door swings outward.This creates a large level area below the grade of the adjacent terraplein to •Examine existing newel area of stair and related d literat collect water.Shortening the door.and adding period examples anure to determine how another step at the entry threshold to allow the best to restore the missing newel past.The study outside grade to be filled enough to direct water should include an engineering evolution a#the the away from the entry is probably the least disrup- newel area and the masonry immediately above it, tive way to improve the situation, assuming the and sophisticated analysis of the historic mortar to new door would not be too short for comfortable design a suitable mortar formula for rebuilding entry.Reworking the door to swing inward is work. another possibility,but the geometry of the stair may preclude this.Note that any solution that - requires removing soil to regrade will require archeological recovery work as a prelude to the *Restore the missing staircase newel post and construction and should be coordinated with the related masonry including any broken or partially findings of sub-surface test pit(Unit N53 E470, missing stair treads. pp.122-3 in the Archeological Report)excavated a few feet outside of the d= y. A test pit exca- Long Term- vated a few feet outside of the doorway indicated the area is rich in historical artifacts. ;yd]ed sider opening the interior of this magazine to public tours for small sized groups,assum- Because of its curved geometry and and its age, ing safety and liability issues can be resolved. this would be the most interesting of the three magazines to open up for limited public tours. I ong Ig unfortunately, the steep circular stair poses sigrdf- icant liability and code issues for such tours, •Monitor condition of interior masonry regarding spalled brick and eroded mortar joints on a yearly Recommendations-Magazine A basis,but do not replace spalled brick or repaint masonry unless significant deep deterioration is detected. Shod Term-Maintma=. -Clean modern debris and accumulated silt off the stairs and the corridor floor below. •Regrade the surface area outside the entry and/or rework the door and threshold to direct surface runoff away from the staircase: *Replace the missing lintel stone at the top of the entry. Port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and,Aestvrat:on Plan 66 In about ten feet to a brick framed doorway entering directly into the magazine storage vault.The door and its wood frame are Wising except for a frag- Et went of the wood lintel at the top. N=th The magazine vault consists of a brick floor now covered with dirt and vertical brick walls rising about 8'to the spring of the vaulted brick ceiling for a total height of about 13.35.The Walls and .ceiling have the remnants of many past layers of whitewash paint.The side walls have a brick ledge about V wide set on the floor.The remains of a wood floor system are present at the far end of the vault. The floor system consists of wood This magazine is located in a separate mound sleepers set on top of the brick ledge with 2 thick wood plank flooring nailed to the sleepers.The midway between Magazine A and the the west visible nailing is a combination of wire nails and rampart.Its earthen top is physically connected to tut nails,making it difficult to determine whether the adjacent south rampart and is at the same ele- vation.Externally,its entrance is framed by and this is an original raised floor system or a later "L"shaped rubble stone wall with mortared replacement. Joints,The wall is is finished with roughly dressed There are regularlys rectangular cap stones both on its to side and aced ventilation slots in the and its sloping sides.The west flank of the earthen end walls. p The brick floor ledge has peri- mound covering the vault is finished with a odic slots in its vertical face that apparently were intended to drain the brick floor and/or provide roughly dressed dry-laid stone wall topped by ventilation for the area below the wood floor. The rectangular capstones.This wall is clearly shown side wall construction is a double wall that in several historic photographs,but is now ve eta- appears to consist of a single inner wythe of brick, Obscured by nearly impenetrable wood tion. y a 2"cavity for ventilation bridged by occasional header bonding bricks,and an outer brick wall of Beyond the current entry door, there is straight 10, at thown thickness. ck spring of Presumably ubly th cavity termi- nateslong corridor having mortared rubble stone walls tions on the 1864 construction plan indicate hthat with a vaulted brick ceiling leading to a solid iron the vertical brick walls are linings for outer stone door in the end of the left hand wail.A large open- walls. ing in the left hand wall just before the.door apparently supplys part of the external air for the . There are three horizontal pieces of wood about 2" vault ventilation system.The door leads immedi- x 12"set at re ately into a straight stair of 7 stone steps down to wa1Ls and one u the end walls-into the brick side the floor level of the vault.The stair runs at a right were only used as part of the ra��ri�g fother rhthe angle to the entry corridor,and terminates in a wood centering used to construct the vaulted cell- landing currently topped with a piece of sagging in&or were also used as nailers for a wood lining Plywood.The stair has brick walls and a brick and/or shelving system.is not lmown.We have vaulted ceiling sloping downward to match the seen wood linings used in small brick powder pitch of the stairs.There are several ventilation a es to minimize the chance of accidental Openings in the wall at the foot of the stairs.At the sparkas'Ihe facts that there are no paint shadows lower landing the corridor turns right and runs from former woodwork within the remnants of Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment.Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 67 i . 5 t^ A 4 4 �a 1, pp�.� gay y 7 ".Et per "` y5'71FP rk et rfy�. F �� .,r.. � yy, ,•t^, �,e,.�.-: . F.[ �'�� fy 1 x r rw 4x 4�/ �:s�kf ge•�. - NEW - y.. F + - +, , � .._• } �� ,:,+i '-`6 x+�F x •A� .iq a -� _ �1- ;, 3 'i.,� w ,y�;�.i.�p .� _ � �� .. _ � S t� rr. � Fx� f'�•'�+ '� ifs L -�.J y4 r n r�!i!y -. F '��t_, &'• '%f��,,``¢ t5 e n. O ye fi. ' c a �y} �Y -w y nFR' � �,•i #�#1�F ��`ah4�t�,h•x��. ,Ts ��. s !-��S y k�x�{,i t,t�3�� t � �f� p-� �4 r^ri. "�sa,v ! yy f.}�+s•i*ty'' ','.' a magazine 0s wing remains of wood floor set on brick Ledge,and broken out brick at onr of the Fig.B�t hear end wall of vault in ventilation slot@(arrow) r � r 4 h`. A R 41 ji T. wall of vault in magazine 13 showing cocci FJ&86: Front end - � F dor at base of staircase with wood landing that needs to be q B Dark rebuilt(A)and ventilation slot with broken out brick( )• t marked"D"may indicate dampness spots at edge of ceiling t '• from roof seepage.Avows mark some of the typical original at may have been for centering to k. . .. construct the arch Fig.87: Looking up stalls of Magazine B to iron door to entry wood Hailers set in brick th . level corridor beyond. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resource®Survey,and Maintenance and Restaration Plan 59 t�'s Y �' •-,.:s s. - �.� } "i��"�i Y�! ��u �r r`z.�.�'^,��y ��`sp�r�-. .r`". ,�'" --1 �� 7 r•r•$rt �-`�1 6r� �i � A�'; '�r �`4' !�^.� S/f a iP i �S 1 i`�t� r�§��£ � •. - i= s.�•� ��t+i�l�•i+��A�g a�,�'I {, ��:��}r.aC�e 5�,. r1 �S�r_x 7 �r ,�H ^;.''�{' s�yS++�~4-' �{ +�f; } ' I ... e +* ��prt� J;P4��sv ,f'�j,� 1 d` "y �►,��yr�.. —.!�.N Yi�+'�!" 'P^� �'• � Ili , , r � F ,�P e.r r I I�" •� �,s�. > .0 ...,,1�{` ° .vre !s#�F�h%'.�,�i��; �,�Gs�l7� +fit a�i`.;•d t �-• ."• ,• + .. I 46 w t�. YyY �-{ I�.Se *� 4 • G' j �. a' whitewash on the brick suggests they were used The wood platform at the base of the stairs is only for the centering. unstable and should be completely replaced with Y new wood pressure treated framing topped with a Plank floor(presuming the framing under the ply- a az' $-Con iti wood is modern—it was not examined).If the B ld,it should be ined and The condition of the masonry within the entry cor- ed by an architectural framing is ochitectu al conservator before record- The any ridor,stairs,and the magazine vault is remarkably shoul good.The most.significant defects occur at t of work is done. the ventilation slots where a substantial are f the be saved or replicated,land new se e, the old framing o d ry frarztd- finish wall brick have been removed.One occurs ing added as needed to support the floor, at the far end wall of the magazine vault, and the The exterior wall stone masonry at the entry is in other.in the wall at the base of the entry stairs. enerally sound, serviceable condition with only a Q These do not threaten the stability of the walls,but g w random open mortar joints.It appears to have should eventually be restored to their former been repainted a number of times with mortars C dimensions matching the adjacent slots using that do not visually match each other.The joints snatching reproductionwater struck brick and a between the capstones are largely void of mortar.. 1:1:6 mortar mix (Type S hydrated lime:white with remnants of previous pointing in some of Portland cement:sand). masonry pigments should be-used to torte the mortar to match the color of them•The capstone joints and open wall joints � should be be cut and repainted as maintenance adjacent old mortar. activity with mid-term priority.The 1:1.6 mortar Some patches of dark coloration were noted in the indicated above for the brick should also be used C ceiling vault adjacent to the end walls.These may far repainting the stone.The soil that has eroded g away from.the back side of the entry walls should indicate areas of damp masonry resulting from be replaced. seepage through the vault roof.This situation war- p rants routine monitoring,but not active interven- Based on examination that was severely limited by tion. If the seepage becomes substantially more the rampant vegetation,the side wall masonry is widespread or develops into an sizeable active largely intact including the capstones,but has leaks that threaten the integrity of the magazine, some sizeable areas of missing stone.There was investigation into the condition of the vault roof. no evidence of any original setting mortar,which from the top of the mound should be considered, is surprising because the exterior sidewall of mag- followed up by appropriate repairs.Based on frag- azine C is clearly set in mortar.Although not ments of the entry.ceiling vault top visible at mag- located in this survey, the wall likely has a ventil:a azxne C,the roof likely consists of bituminous tar Lion port to provide make-up air for the vault vent- over the brick topped by a layer of rubble stone tilation system similar to the one at magazine C. set in natural cement mortar. Such systems are After clearing the vegetation, the wall should be very difficult to repair effectively, and disturbing it reinspected followed by repairs to fill in areas of . 1 may make it worse rather than better; the vault missing stone with new stone similar in general roof should not be disturbed from the top unless size,shape, and finish to the existing, and rechink- leakage problems threaten the integrity of the ing It should be retained as a dry laid stone wall magazine. unless clear evidence is found that it was set in Despite and has deteriorated to its current state. the missing wood lintel the brick masonry over the vault door opening remains sound. Recommendations—Magazine B Replacement of the wood lintel would prevent . . potential future settlement of the brink over the Short e -Iota' nat.�c : door,but is not critical. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan. 70 *Clean modern debris and silt off the corridors, stairs and magazine floor. Short-Lo hand e t' *Monitor magazine ceiling for any substantial increase in seepage (check yearly in spring after winter thaw, and after periods of prolonged heavy rain).Actively investigate roofing conditions from above and institute repairs only if leakage deveI- ops to an extent threaten that the integrity of the magazine. *Replace framingand sagging gging plywood floor at base of stone stair to provide a sound landing plat- form. *Replaces missing lintel in doorway to magazine vault sized to match the void of the original lintel. Use rot resistant wood such as white oak or black locust instead of modern pressure treated lumber or common pine. r r *In magazine vault Restore 2 ventilation slots where the brick is missing using matching water struck brick and a 1:1:6 mortar mix (Type S hydrated lime:white Portland cement:sand) tinted to match adjacent mortar. sAt exterior entry cut and repoint capstone joints and open wall joints using 1:1:6 mortar. *At exterior sidewall fill in areas of missing stone with new stone similar in general size, shape, and finish to the existing, and rechink entire wall with out using mortar. Lang-Tprrn_�,,..�atiD -If the magazine is to be opened for limited public tours, consider restoring the wood floor in the magazine vault to match the existing 2" plank floor, applying whitewash to the masonry, and redoing the electric lighting. fort Lee and Fort Pickarin Canditiiins assessment,Culttlra#Resources Survey,and Nfaintenance and izestoratipn plan 71 R a C— e ri o whitewash in the main.vault is somewhat more intact that in magazine B, and the ceiling appeared generally dry.Portions of the sidewall brick had extensive shallow surface spalling that had popped off the whitewash.This is probably due to thrth some seepage of moisture into these portions of the wall.The damage to the brick is not currently sufficient to warrant intervention.As with the ceil- ing at magazine B, this situation should be rou- tinely monitored, and with further investigation and repair only if the condition significantly wors- This magazine is located in the same bomb-proof mound as magazine A.Its layout, size, and detail- ing are similar to magazine B except for the entry *� r corridor.At this magazine the current entry door is located inside the initial entry corridor at the head of the stairs.The existing fragmentary wood g floor system is different from Magazine B and likely dates to WWII. Its sleepers rest directly on L ti the masonry floor,.with the 1" tongue and groove flooring sitting on the top of the masonry side �^t wall ledge.The primary floor of the vault below the wood sleepers appears to be covered with some type of mortar and has a depression running down the center that may have been to facilitate drainage.Perhaps this is also a WWII improve- ment of the original floor.It is now totally Fig:91: Entry to Lv y Dennis fagazine B.2002 photograph b obscured by dirt. Some o£the ventilation slots in Cray. the vault are fitted with wood frames and hard- t ware cloth screens.These were probably installed ens. in WWII to keep out vermin. Similar to magazine B, interior door woad lintels The exterior masonry at the entry of this magazine and frames are missing or seriously compromised re are a few missing bricks is stone set in mortar with dressed capstones, all by rot or past fires.The similar to Magazine B.The exterior west sidewall above the current metal entry door. masonry is set in mortar rather than being dry- laid, and is finished with dressed capstones.A The exterior masonry at the entry is in similar con- verttiiation intake pork is located at end adjacent to dition to Magazine B, the primary defect being open capstone joints. the ramparts. Magazine C—Can it'o There is serious soil erosion over the corridor vault behind the The interior masonry of this magazine is in gener- the to of the mound. This has�g up ally goad condition other than the usual modern the slop p The exposed the top of the vault in two places.One is debris and dirt that needs to be cleaned out. Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 72 i 'F3f L`"'Y'1Z- gg y F t ,� ' ! -�' i •�. J',! .. E {fit' - 4 _ St?_ FIg.92: hear end wail of magazine C.LzxPOsed + rick at right has areas of minor spalling Indicating there sbchronfe darn ness.in this area, �. Fig.93: betall of ventilation slot with had metal hardwansd frame.Some slots 1 .1 cloth in these frames. � U. IT 1 i f � ,;tar }� �•~t�� + < .+.,_' 1." F C Fib 94 Front end wail of magazine C showing remains of modern wood floor c wwm 93 I Typ cal area of random mildly spelled brick where the whitewash has been pushed off by dampness Fig;96: Area where soil has eroded to expose the top of the :r entry corridor vault Arrow indicates tar waterproofing over brick'A'•marks thin rubblestone and mortar covering over brick,and"B"Indicates Brick Fig-97: Missing brick and rusted iron lintel bar over Inner doorway to magazine C. . Fort Lee and Fart Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 73 i immediately behind the capstones.the other is vault sized to match the void of the original lintel. about 5'further along the corridor.The vault con" Use rot resistant wood such as white oak or blar locust instead of modem pressure treated lumber struction as exposed is brick with fragments of or common pine. bituminous.tar waterproofing on it,and topped by a layer of small rubble stones in a thick bed of - mortar.This does not yet appear to have caused serious damage to the brick vaulted.ceiling of the if left in this entry corridor,but will *At exterior en cut and repaint capstone joints .condition for en wall joints using 1:1:6 mortar. a long period. example underscores the need and op *At exterior sidewall fill in limited areas of miss- to control erosion and pedestrian pathson on the . ing stone and open mortar joints with new bomb roof magazines and ramparts. P similar in general.size,shape, and finish to the The exterior masonry on the west sidewall is in existing,using 1:1:6 mortar mix. good condition except for two ort theseshould beareas fi lleed in s ono re=—RPS1=ab= missing stone and m with matching stone and mortar using the same .ft magazine is to be opened for limited public 1:1:6 formulation recommended for Magazine B tours,consider restoring the wood floor in the repairs. magazine vault to match the existing WWII floor- ing, applying whitewash to the masonry, Recommendations—Magazine C and redoing the electric lighting. •Clean modem debris and accumulated silt off the corridors,stairs and the magazine floor. Restore the soil cover over.the exposed vault. masonry above the entry corridor. •Take steps to discourage people.from climbing at this location: up the mound *Monitor spalled Brick in magazine 'nrall for lr►y substantial increase in seepage(check yearly ro- spring after winter tActivel dinvest after gate condi of i conditions longed heavy rain}• y elos to an and institute repairs only if leakage mapatine. extent threaten that the integrity g *Replace missing brick over current metal entry door. •Replaces missing lintel in doorway to magazine Fart L and Part Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Pfau 14 '' iY4 No documents coin cernin the $ construction of the storage system were located by this study.It is, however,obvious that considerable coffin fillip of the inner faces of the bastions was done t g and 4, ^ to install the panels and igloos.The storage feature �+ { � a N : astf had not yet been constructed when aerial photos mot, • ti r�r s of the area were taken in April of 1942. r The storage walls are formed by a series of vertical precast concrete panels interspersed by Pprecast igloos set into the face + ; • r, t :' '. .' h. of the wall at intervals of ThePanels serve as retaining walls for theearthworks behind them. There are a total of 67 large panels and 10 igloos. Each igloo is topped by 3 small precast panels that align with the top of F19,.98; Aerial photograph of Fort PickerB before im, the main precast panels,making a total of 30 small Winner Island Marine Park,city of 5alelq,MA. Panels.As they follow the slope of the igloo,the small panels are shaped differently for placement on the right side, top,and left,respectively.Northwest Bastion the 30 small parcels consist of 3 casting patterns of 10 units each Most of the large panels are approx- imately the same size,but there area few special shapes to form comers and ends, and several nar- earthwork The northwest bastion is a group of connected row units.It is not known if the precast panels and ramparts surrounded on the north side igloos were a standardized design,or specially by a dry ditch and located northwest of the north designed,and fabricated for this installation.The wet ditch.They enclose a flat parade area, typical sizes of the precast units are as follows, Drawings from the National Archives indicate with the vertical measurements bein they were constructed c. 1870.Refer to the g from the Archeological report for a full discussion of their �xrent grade of the concrete roadway known history, Panels: 4'10"wide x 6'0"hi " gl•<t x 3 thick. The earthworks bastions were substantially altered lglaos: 10,9"wide x 6'10"high x 6 5 deep by the Coast Guard during ' " P of a m World War II to install wings flanking the niche;4" thick. unitions.storage facility consisting of a series of precast concrete panels and open storage 19100 top Panels:4'long x 12"high x 4" thick. niches facing.into the parade area.The niches are currently referred to as "igloos".A paved concrete roadway was installed around the inner erimeter The current erosion of soil from the backside of of the parade for access to the storage niches. The several units reveals some details of the original roadway and storage niches survive today.and are construction, Each igloo was cast as a single large unit.Several loops of rebar were cast into the igloo the principal historic masonry features of the. top to provide lifting han northwest bastion area. dles for a crane to lift and position the unit.All the precast units incor- porate ferrous steel reinforcing bars and wire. The tops of the igloo and the back faces of all the pan- . Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,cuitural Resources Survey,and N{ai�tenarice and Restoration Plan 75 tea,• _ _ els were covered:with a thick bituminous coating ` Prior to their installation.The as waterproofing p y side faces where the units and panels butt together were not waterproofed.The various panels are joined topther by two sets of brcmze clips along each vertical joint, are formed of Ile-thick bror sheet with.11/2"wide tabs f. . . lap ovex the front and xear faces of the panels being 4 the to igloo h joined.A few of the joints between P'gl a u�rt anels were observed p to have martax in them. the vertical Thee is no mo0. rtar in the joints between � ,,i w Pig;qih pyerview of munitions storage.' at NW bastion.' " ... ..� P t *. a x u t . 17, G u rna � t i as 5 recast concrete elementx Verti pane. (4'1 6fx3"-6 units);B.Ig oo 109"x61 x6'5 F g.100t Ig oo Nl, w 6 tYP P , deep-10 units),C.Igloo top-panels: units).Note recent graffiti and:numerous edge spaila on igloo unit. -� Fig,10L Igloo$10 with deeds soil erosion exposing top sur- ' face of igloo:Note bituminous tar wa terproofing on top Sur- face and remnants of tar on rear aE igloo flanL Arrow indicates .. y - 6as l -. 8`ieoop that served as hoist- A4. iris-handel. t� s Fort Lee and Fflrt i irkering Conditions Assessment.Cultural Resources Survey;ar�d:Malnt sce and Restoration Plan 76 77, NAM 2'4d,'in ga t f k � � ; ' S � r r ,. ^f�•'� tea°. t�. 'i �V P1g.107:Typical'moderate edge spelt without visible rebar, Arrow Indicates bronze clip JoiningF1g.1D3;Typical edge spell with eac sed should not bond the adjacent panells together.pair patch removed from rebar as part of the patching pro at must be ; I'Ala 6 e _.r4� d�Exr'q Fig.Ift Typical severe edge spa spalL.Complete replacement of'the panel with a matching new precast panel Is recommended. Fig al cement isal the panels with a matchl severe n new edge pall at Igloo top Panels,Complete of is recommended. 8 precast panels Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and Restoration Plan 77 longer functional.The bituminous coating on the {� panels.It is not known how far the panels and g r what units igloos extend below the current grade, no tivek u fiaerevoentineg damage to the central portions . sort of foundation is under them.it is also not of the panels and the interior niches of the igloos. known what provisions were made on the back- side of the panels to anchor them to the soil Ed e S Rhin The most common defect was edge behind them.Each panel does have a single large __�__1L-- �" weephole several inches above the concrete road deteriorationofthe concrete with being repeated the freeze-thaw pan- way.Thim of s would suggest thatthe original eon- penetratingsion of moisture. the unprotected struction utilized gravel or some other drainage- edges of the units In many the rebars are backfill along the rear base of the panels to located too dose to the surface of the concrete fate drainage and minimize frost damage. where they are not effectively protected from rust- ing by the concrete (deeply embedded steel is pro- St rao sand Panels Condoyn�. tected from rusting by the chemical environment These features were systematically surveyed and expands andlca causes further spalling of the cured concrete).The gcon- the obvious visible defects for each comp steel onen Crete. Given the proximity of the bastion to the were recorded on field notes.Typical conditionse further ocean, the spalling may b were photographed, and a series of photographs spas Sal pr present in mist and rain.This typerof spalling. was taken recording all the panels and igloo often extended through the full depth of the unit groups of 5-7 panels as a back-up to the field . notes.The survey was started at the west west end along he e this study,span common was con- of the southwest bastion, and proceeded syse) fined a single edge or corner has been termed ically from left to right(i.e.,counterclockwise) "moderate edge spalling".Where the spalling around the parade.The individual panels ands the tp and down ng extends continuously acros igloos were numbered on the survey n te ee both sides ith s been termed"sever edge at the west end of the southwest bastion. sur- vey was intended to provide a basis to character- spalling" ize the extent and type of defects, and should not u S Ruin -In some cases the spalling be considered definitive. occurred in the central portion of the unit and did below the sur- The panels and igloos exhibit a range of condition not pee Qainstanceswe than e due to wire rebars being 1? face. S � problems that are typical of reinforced concrete very close to the surface and rusting.Other construction exposed to the weather. The igloos ry the panels, instances were not related to rebar rusting• were generally in better condition than with most of their defects being relatively superfi- nci ten f al i _This is characterized by numer cia1.The panels over the igloos were in substan tially worse condition than most of the large v r ing concrete surface.Oft n the ous hairline cracks in an cracks are outlined cal panels, with 16 of the 30 panels needing, with a white exhudation consisting either of gyp replaced.The majority of the defects were con- g out of the masonry.This is fined to the edges if the units and relate to mois- surriindicativ or e internates l freeze-thaw eze-thaw damage or salts tore penetration through the unprotected tops and sides of the units_The sources of the moisture are buiduup)oand will fs aE be followed by full rainwater at the top of the rum e s, and soil moisture f of the sur traveling between the units.Although the weep panls over the holes at the bottom of the panels were probably i 5-- � probably due to their spalling b mg igloos ome of the 4 effective initially, the drainage fill has probably areso extensive that they fell apart,or being pushed became clogged withsilt over time and is no Cultural Resources Survey, and'vtailitenaiice and f�zsto ratio n Nan Fort Lee and Fort Picker ing Conditions Assessment, 78 off by wood vegetation. Vertical panels (67 panels): Dislodged Unit Some panel units have been 30 moderate edge spalls affectin pushed out so that they are out of plumb or no g 20 panels, Ion er l p 9 severe edge spalls affecting 9 panels g align with the adjacent units. Typically this 7 panels with surface spalls (avg. 9 sq. ft.per is due to pressure from soil or tree roots at the top panel) of the bastion. It is often accompanied by missing 5 panels with incipient spalls bronze edge clips.In most cases the dislodged panels have not been pushed out so far as to be in 4'panels @ igloos(30): danger of falling.however, a few of the 4'panels 16 panels missing or with majors allin over the igloos could fall with further soil pres- P $ sure. Igloos (10): { r Z i 14 moderate edge spalls(7 @ igloo #1) -Some of the bronze edge 12 surface spalls (5@ wire rebars) clips are missing,mostly.at the 4'panels over the 2 current with graffiti, 4 with old residue igloos, and at the top of a few vertical panels. There are several different configurations to the Bronze edge clips Clip tabs, depending on their position. 50f missing(40 at 4'panels,over igloos) Gr :Recent graffiti is present inside a few of The numbers provided in the above the igloos. Shadows of old graffiti are visible on e summary are some panels and inside man of the igloos. estimates of current conditions based on a very y i brief survey,and accurate observations were fur- Presumably this is the residue to partially efforts ther obscured by the current vegetation. to remove the graffiti. Conditions should be re-surveyed in greater detail V a n -As in other areas of the In all likelihood,efore dditional dand eco t actual repairs. fort, uncontrolled woody vegetation and soil ero- on resurveying. is will be found . sion are major factors contributing to the ongoing deterioration of the concrete igloos and panels. Comparing current conditions with several photos nMad dati e t from the 1998 Preservation Plan study indicates that woody plant growth is now more rampant. Unlike Fort Pickering where the original form of Boat growth is a major factor in pushing panels the masonry features has been obscured b major out of Plumb. Erosion has exposed the back sur- deterioration and later changes, the original form face of many of.the upper igloo panels. and appearance of the World War II munitions Skmmary of�d � storage area is readily apparent. The issues boil down to the following. For purposes of the survey,each area of edge 1. Determining whether these World War II spalling that was of limited extent, such as a cor- features warrant the substantial expense that will ner, or along a single edge, was counted as a single be required t moderate defect regardless of its length. This is them o effectively stabilize and preserve because each separate defective area would be considered a separate repair by a contractor. 2. Determining the extent that original con- Where the defect extends completely around the. crete panels should be retained and repaired top and sides as a continuous deep edge spall, the rth order to an rpreserve l replaced historic fabric.new concrete panels.in unit is characterized as having severe spalls". 3. Choosing the most appropriate technical hnical Fort Lee and Fort Piclzcrin,01nditions Assessment;Cultural Resources Survey,and 1-tainkenance and Restoration Man 79 F as part of the mid.-long terns improvement Pro- procedures to accomplish the goals. gram for the fort- to the determination of the first item is e basic options for repair of the spalling concrete AssumingTh retain and preserve the storage area features, the can. Summarized as follows: following near-term actions are recommended . (note;2-4 can be accomplished by City of Salem Coating the spalled area with material I. staff provided the findings of item 1 are taken into intended to waterproof it. consideration): 2• Patching with cementitious materials 1 gully excavate the rear side of a vertical (called plastic patching). panel under the joint direction of an archeologist 3. Replacing the unit with matching new p Ic and an architectural conservator in order to deter- pre-cast concrete unit. mine: t d# ate ro oatin — This is a short term a. The construction detailing of the rear side solution that may cause more problems than it Ic of the panels and assess the feasibility of replacing solves and is not recommended•. Ic severely spalled vertical panels. b. The extent that replacement of individual etltocl #2 2a tic at i —This involves cutting vertical panels would impact potential remaining back the friable concrete to sound material, remov- Ic archeological features of the bastion. ing the rust from any exposed rebar and painting C. The extent of previously disturbed soil them with a rust inhibiting material (or removing C behind the panels. them entirely), and then installing a cementitious patch formulated to be compatible to the existing 2. Clear all woody vegetation from the top o£ concrete.Deep spalls may require the installation the bastions.At a minixmun the area within 4'of of stainless steel dowels and wire to provide a the concrete panels should be cleared. Woody mechanical bond for the patch.Achieving a good the roots should be physically removed adjacent to e r and texture of the aesthetic match to the colo panels assuming their removal will not affect adjacent existing concrete surface can be difficult, archeological features,will not further damage the . and requires considerable skill and experience. surface will be immediate- This method is viable in practical terms provided panels, and that the soil ly treated to prevent further erosion. the total extent of patching does not excess the cost o£.a new unit, or where replacement of the 3, Provide fill to bring the soil surface level unit is simply not feasible due to the construction to the top of the panels. details or historic preservation concerns:Each patch should be confined to.a single precast unit, 4. Remove and store for future reinstallation . and should not be allowed to bond to an adjacent any of the top igloo panels that are in danger of unit.This can be accomplished by applying a failing, or reset them to make them secure. bond-breaking material to nearby surfaces of adja- cent units.Several companies market proprietary 5, Remove graffiti(leaving it in place is an cementitious patching materials that may be suit open invitation for more extensive graffiti). able plastic patching of the precast units ("Jahn M90" by Cathedral Stone Products, Inc., 7266 Park Comparison of current spalling to 2 photographs Circle, Hanover,Maryland 21476,.and "Custom System 45 by Edison Coatings, inc., 3 Northwest „ from the 199$survey showslittle change.Thus the rate of deterioration is relatively slow, and repair Drive, Plainville, CT 06062) and/or replacement of deteriorated precast units ethacl 13 r lacem n — This is likely to be the can be carried out over an extended period of time Fort Lee and Furt Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural[Zesnurces Sickvey, and Maintenance and Restoration PI, n so OR longest lasting solution, provides aesthetic unifor- (9 panels total, 3 being on the south mitY within the panel, and is economical where S.Plastic atc wall) the extent of patching would be extensive. The p hxizg repair and/or replacement of units should be fabricated by a firm that special- with realliagnment of havingnels errely dislo moderate dged ed vertical r izes in architectural pre-cast concrete rather being units. g "home made" by a local contractor. There is extensive technical literature on concrete becomes t s alls,postpone repair until spalling Patching and restoration ranging from expeditious carry out Plastic patching.developed, at which#ime solutions for parking garages and cement pave- ments to lengthy scholarly studies and reports on 20th century historic landmark structures.The fac- tors affecting concrete deterioration are complex This feature consists of a conventional cast ' and effective long term preservation of original concrete roadway. It is 14'7'wide with it u1 place deteriorated fabric has often proved to be both s outer edge butting up to the base of the igloos and verti- very labor intensive and elusive, References to cal panels. The roadway is divided into in large some of this literature is included in the Report panels that form natural expansion joints. There is Appendix-The execution of plastic repairs and a narrow drainage swale aloe its inner replacement of deteriorated units should be pre- g edge at the junction to the grassed parade area. This swale ceded by a resurveying the units on a detailed is constructed o granite setts and may be relatively level, testing and analysis of the existing concrete modern. It is largely filled in with dirt. lively to determine its original formulation and any fac- tors that may cause continued deterioration, and The concrete surface of the road is in fair condition the preparation of detailed technical specifications with minor shallow spa1Iin9 occurring over much based on the testing and above referenced litera- ture. of its surface. Its original texture was formed by brushing the the concrete surface while it was wet. The following order is suggested to prioritize the This brushed texture is now Iargely obscured. The joints between seions hae been visually actual repair of the deteriorated concrete units. widened by edge spilling VNo visible.rebars were 1.Replacernent of the 16 missing or severely spalled 4'panels over the igloos, along with minor The road is no longer actively used for vehicular Patching and realignment of the remaining 14 traffic, and the shallow surface spaliffig is benign sound units (many of this units are severely dis- from a functional perspective. Over an extended Iodged). Note that this will require 3 distinct cast- time the spalling will probably gradually worse ing patterns, and will also require the fabrication g Y worsen. of at least 40 bronze retaining clips in at least two storage facility anintd shoal uld be retained as a oart Of the WWII nions different configurations (1 at the tops and 1 at the nent of its historic Fabric. Given other nee mpo- lower sides). needs and priorities at the fort, repair of the roadway should 2.Plastic patching repair of edge s alls at the be postponed until the spalling becomes severe igloos(14 individual repairs) g p enough to be a hazard for foot traffic.At that time Plastic patching repairs should be carried out with 3.Plastic repair to shallow surfaces ally at the the surface treated to reproduce the original p brushed surface texture. igloos (12 locations) The dirt should be cleaned out from the drainage swale to enable it to 4-Replacement of severely spalled vertical panels effectively drain the prolong surface. Promoting good drainage will the life of the concrete Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources survey,and h[aintenance and Resioritiun['Ian 81 E surface. different configurations(1 at the tops and 1 at the lower sides). Recoinmendat n N rt asti Mcts 8.Plastic patching repair of edge spalls at the — to iliz ti igloos (1.4 individual repairs)* Short T 9.Plastic repair to shallow surface spalls at the 1.Fully excavate the rear side of a vertical panel igloos (12 locations)' 1 under the joint directionof an archeologist and an 10.Re lacernent of severely spalled vertical panels architectural conservator in order to determine: (9 panels total, 5 being on the south wall)* a.The construction detailing of the rear side of the 11 Plastic patchingrepair and/or replacement of panels and assess the feasibility of replacing severely spalled vertical c al panels.. vertial panels having moderate spans,:together b.The extent`That replacement of individual verti- with realignment of severely dislodged vertical cal panels would impact potential re raining uruts archeological features of the bastion. 12.1aciplent spalls;postpone repair until spailling c.The extent of previously disturbed soil behind becomes more fully developed,at which time the panels. carry.out plastic patching. 2:Glear all woody vegetation from the top of the 13.At the roadway carry'out plastic patching;: bastions.At a minimum the area,within4.'of the repairs to,any areas where the surface sP. 11.nz has concrete panels should be cleared.Woody roots deepened to`becoinie a hazard to pedestrian usage; should be physically removed adjacent to the pan- treat the patched surface to reproduce the original els assuming their removal will not affect archeo- brushed surface texture. logical features;will not further damage the pan- els, and.that the soil.surface will be immediately The number of repairs listed in the above recom- . treated.to prevent further erosion. mendations are estimates of current—conditions. 3.Provide:fill to bring the soil surface level to the based.on a`very.brief survey.The execution of top of the panels. plastic repairs and replacement of deteriorated. units should be preceded by a;resurveying the 4.Remove and store for future reinstallation any, of units on a detailed level, and the preparation of the top igloo panels that are in danger of falling, detailed technical specifications based on the liter- the reset them to make them secure. attire cited in the appendix. S.Reznave graffiti(leaving it in place is an open invitation for more extensive graffiti). 6.Clean out drainage swale on the inner side of the concrete roadway. rod%uraLong i'er -1'reserva (in priori- tized order) 7.Replacement of the 1.6 missing or severely spalled 4'panels over the igloos, along with minor patching and realignment of the.remaining 14 sound units{many of this units`are severely dis, lodged).Note that this will require 3 distinct cast- ing patterns,and will also require the fabrication of at least 40 bronze retaining clips in at least two estoCaCion/'tan Port Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,and Maintenance and i 82 4 t FI9,10(r Typical surface span without ex be repaired with plastic patching- Pad rebars that can P g This condition occurs p�- rily on east wall panels,with each panel having se able areas of spalling totaling 8-12 square feet g several size: s4 of surface area. F4 107 Typicalce k� �t u I :+�i� tion occurs mostly o� tali with exposed rebars.This rnndi- *� , y n the inner fares of some igloo niches and results from the rebar being much�o class to the surfers The shouldexporebar be plastic atch cut out In conjunction with applying a p aPpy pr" �� r k ky �m a r +►' sr+ a5� � k 44 d� 1 ap eS' "J fw Y Fi&108t Typical incipient spali at the to p corner of a vertical panel The visible cracks are the Initial h i foil spell.Repair can be s Phase!n developing a Although the s Postponed until active spailing occurs. `• 4 there are robs m only noted 5 areas of lndplen#spallin& probably any more that were not o•- nt .4 ., overhanging foliage bserved due to f Wit: •" �` � �.� Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources Survey,.end yiaintenan ce and Restoration Flan 83 a i _r. Y ,Ptr r Y'�'t �r^� - f�.r�F" S a rz� - � �� i"Y" A � ➢,4„ � �y. �. - s - �d ;a- ` s tiu. Ci, �. • Y. � Y"[ 2 � `K �P �.�, �_� � � r i'�r 'ham .� � . '.7` .t `� 4a 4Rw � `I i"?14. ".rr� t: lE d?'�`"_ ' =r. a ,t..-; F;g,14g:Missing igloo tap panels at igloo$4.Spalling at panel to left of Igloo was designated as sever while panel to right had moderate spall(arrow)and incipient spailing at the tap. Fig.11L•Dislodged Fig,11(:Dislodged '.,"�� ; Igloo top panel Is vertical panel is pushed out by vegeta- pushed out at the r ; t a•, tion and lacks top clip. top and is missing *� ` many of the 14 remain- its bronze retaining , :,' '2. ing top panels are sire- clips.Although visa- x':. ,s�'. ,; ilariy dislodged. ally disturbing,the panel appears to be { stable. y A A. ¢i 5 ` 4 ' Y� is bll s ''tl •Tti r- tti $ rIs J r � 'S .r�� s:.+.A'>5�.:: ►.L § ram, �.y l� 7,L+4.2�<� -.�r � 4 y vegetation rGOt re Fi 112:Typical bronze clip used to join vertical panels at the FISLh� lashed off thtap dpanell of iglooatdright.A��°tO op top, comer spall to vertical panel at left Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment,Cultural Resources SurveY,and Maintenance and ite9toration Plan 84 m � i * tr `rstyu "� i �p r y at Kf k r S airA s xt tw `.i_�' s�'`Rr a2' i� s {• �tl/�"��p5,�a�r�s RW 't+'' �•r axi' R s.f..`S Y d + 7 a , ''° s r ,� k'" '. r•��' a*�r��„ �ai n/`q ti��,3`•�� I�Ja�S f� •�#,��kph r a`E�,.'.+L,34,�-. Ve ♦ -.c. 4 sY�. 5'1 �R tif� �' . yl`•11 '-"iyd'` rf, kl ec lti 'r ark Srii, Plg.114.Surface apalling at concrete a on Left Indivldua!stones at upper left are the outer border f thIncludine Swale. per span along jolt llne (bottom) silted up drainage Swale Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment Cultural Resources Survey,anc# hfalntenance and Restoration Flan 8S -- meters 20 Nt ° 10 40 N- 0 10 20 40 6o feet Mows Imitate PUPWa s - - ot atat+ps iglwa In annctap wall ..� . K} Dry LWMnW soul f�t+d sa pn NM srorW datselornad<andklatt Dry hdd atw lra�arMt d mtalkWre .M&,rad starW satrd cerd@lort L.�� Brl&VNM aeud•rweptwh- ,ctlrrwlssnotd°: .. pn-tesi aaegwa w1Mes AM rdd*g 0 � O Mspi sod mndltbnvwi wldh I.M*W aavwt . radon mft :spw"stw a w"lles 8 y g wsl out'sadM'pO)w_LwJV"10ds'sa tolekne sfasMet co s aen wpkwd mom"festtssa hefty V*Q"lww"thw"n'v a6aalrMg mrrtn and arthwark moat- eo�nane Fetr Mlle ysM. ry"r riflegekwaof v+ . Lev. . Rip FaPt aaald ' .( ... pj,ataqrwph lxetlarr 1wndiuen Nn t+n.sr+� mllapead io pMer. bridge58GO _ mast fad tti: withnrbtis r•�' ` rnrratsY $ Errt�t a roftnsr; �^ riY wwityi ms►ar . • 55 C Bee#wab to r'[ fomMr rifle � y.'. atsryftonkr 0 MrcpsM mluMtp ' � ', l S lNar wow m e - I'd h;rip `�t �r _ Y„ y: - Major i4a"smw-. . rap NddaR � - damgity en4Y Wall88 � of�fi�._{ ggee s; vMitmswwY f - 6N9ed A rw wad i aagf-b'P*Lih0 Nwialaf sw el fa+sta6le r%'; usir"w W drnspsd _1 Me Ina a Bp West rifle paBary oWpotsrsmaysd o�se•dat { 14 a R. l of existing condittord at Fort Picketing with Location of modem Fig.115c Summary photographs used in raper!text Fort Lee and Fort Pickering Condition Cultural.Res®urct survey,and Mainteaiasxce ad Itestotation 'Ian 66 y`. A N A G E Idi L i I Tr L E A I E N T A T 10 PIT :i N D �' E [_ r i'4 1 I-i A COST EST11WATES MANAGEMENT AND IMI'I.Ei1'i£NT:+�TIOtY � Forts crew that understands both the historic land- sca A detailed study of maintenance operations, budg Incase staff size to meet he needs use Of la Forts. dpe ets, and staffing was beyond the scope of this maintenance. Appoint a Forts manager or suc per- study, but field observation and discussions with intendent to head this dedicated crew, to be ac es- maintenance staff have pinpointed management sible and accountable to Fort users, and to or an- Opportunities within the Fort Lee and Fort ize the efforts of staff, and volunteers. g Pickering sites. ISSUES Implement this study's short-term recommenda- tions and maintenance tasks. This study recom- Coordination mends clearing in the short-term to allow full understanding of alI conditions . Some of the Issue clearing will be required yearly for preservation. The maintenance projects identified in this study A formal should coordination structure among the several that i co pleted over time a d the be modified based on her budget Preservation departments whose work affects the Forts, Salem increased accordingly to accomplish the required Willows and Winter Island should be established. maintenance. Public Services, Department of Planning& Community Development, Park &Recreation and Staffing&Training Open Space (including special events scheduling), have an informal, unstructured coordination sys- Issue j tem. Recommendation No crew is dedicated solely to maintaining the Forts. Improve coordination among departments whose Recommendation work affects the Forts. Formalize the process of receiving information and recommendations from Following the restoration of each fort complete a maintenance supervisory staff and improve com- final maintenance work plan and schedule that munication among planning, design, and mainte- addresses all maintenance needs. Such a plan will nance staffs. Maintenance needs and issues should increase accountability and productivity and will be considered in design decisions, and design support the implementation of recommendations. intent should be supported by maintenance prac- tices. Issue Systematic Maintenance lack of awareness of the archaeological sensitivity Issue of the Forts and the Forts area. Currently, there is no formal written plan for peri- Recommendation odic maintenance and no overall plan for vegeta- Provide training and appropriate information,on,tion maintenance. such as maps and diagrams, to any and all staff Recommendation and volunteers who will be working on the Forts and/or Forts area. Appoint a Forts manager and develop a dedicated Funding and Maintenance Fort[.Le and Fort Pickering Conditions Assessment, Cultural Resources Survey, Maintenance and Restoratio n ['Ian 87 are available to cover all the costs), that are for Issue handicapped accessibility or simple signage, or are Current funding levels for maintenance are insuffi- basic preservation measures that should not be cient.The conditions of the Forts have suffered deferred. from deferred maintenance and have deteriorated to the point that they require an injection of capital Long-term-Those recommendations where a funds for restoration. The annual maintenance major funding source would need to be identified budget for the Forts area should increase to pro- and those that are more visionary and not vide for preservation as well as maintenance. absolutely required for stabilization. Recommendation Increase maintenance budget.A proportional increase in maintenance budgets must be allocated and is as important as capital spending in creating a healthy and beautiful historic.and:recreational setting. Establish a Friend's of Salem Forts Society.This society would be composed of citizens in the com- mw.-ty with an interest in Salem's historic sites to assist in the forts preservation planning and to. raise funds for the restoration efforts. Ideally, the Friend's of Salem Forts Society could be instru- mental in establishing a full time staff position for the Forts director who would manage the Visitor's Center, assist with raising funds and be the liaison with other local historic groups. CAPITAL EXPENDiTUREB The table below summarizes capital expenditures for each segment of the Forts preservation, restora- tion and maintenance. These order-of-magnitude costs-expressed in 2003 dollars-are intended only for planning purposes; The tables group the rec- ommended projects into short-, mid and long- term phases. The totals for the three phases add to$1,985,900. Short-term-Those recommendations where immediate implementation is possible using exist- ing staff and little or no cost. IMid-term w Those recommendations that existing. staff maybe able to accomplish (choosing one or more each year), that are very low-cost (or grants Fort Lee and Fort T'icicering Conditions assessment,Cultural T�esourcas Survey, and Maintenance and Ttestorativn Plan 88