Salem Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment & Action Plan Final Draft 2014 - Appendix CAPPENDIX C
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
Extreme
heat
events
Extreme
precipitation
events
Sea level
rise
Storm
surge
A Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)x x
B Ineffective tide gates (CB11, CB19) and inadequate tide gates
at Lafayette Street (SW7, SW10) x x x
C
Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system
to remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6,
SW9)
x x x
D Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8) x x x
E Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm
drain overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)x x
F Flooding of evacuation routes (VP13, VP18, VP23) x x x
G Loss of power at critical city buildings (E1) x
H Backup power failure at critical city facilities (CB5, CB12,
CB20) x x x
I Downed power lines (E3)x
J Critical emergency preparedness communication (VP4, VP7,
VP19)x x x
K Poor air quality (VP5)x
L Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city
facilities (CB2, CB6, CB13, W13)x x x
M Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)x
N Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24) x x
O Property damage or loss of historic properties (CB4, CB9,
CB17)x x x
P Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)x x
Q Overtopping of Rosie's Pond (SW4, SW13)* x x
•Critical Building Infrastructure (CB)
•Drinking Water and Wastewater (W)
•Energy (E)
•Stormwater (SW)
•Transportation (T)
•Vulnerable Populations (VP)
Prioritized Vulnerabilities
Climate Change Impacts
Appendix B, the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Matrices & Priority Vulnerabilities, described the results of
the vulnerability assessment and the prioritized vulnerabilities based on two methods: 1) a risk assessment and 2)
evaluation criteria.
This appendix includes 43 adaptation strategies for the prioritized vulnerabilities. These include possible projects such
as policies, studies, outreach, ordinances/zoning, operations, design, and construction opportunities that can address
the top vulnerabilities in the City. They are high level strategies that are designed to be incorporated into existing and
future plans, as appropriate. The Adaptation Strategies are organized and categorized to provide the City of Salem
with a user-friendly resource for proactively addressing prioritized vulnerabilities and allowing the City to be more
resilient to the effects of extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme heat events. Each
adaptation strategy contains: key context on Salem responsible party and potential partnerships, timeframe, cross-
referencing notes, descriptions, recommendations and considerations, implementation case studies (where
available), and links to additional references – all for the city’s use in strategy implementation.
The prioritized vulnerabilities are listed in the table below.
Each of the Prioritized Vulnerabilities is coded with the sector identification (below) and the number so they may be
referred in more detail in the previous appendix. As a reminder, the sectors are:
*Salem has begun a climate change adaptation project to address the flooding issues at Rosie’s Pond. See the Case Study on page
24 of the Plan.
Page 1 of 96
City of Salem, Massachusetts December 2014
List of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
Department of Planning and Community Development Emergency Management DepartmentEngineering DepartmentDepartment of Public WorksCity ElectricianInspectional ServicesHousing AuthorityHealth DepartmentRecreation DepartmentLegal Department1 Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage Features x
2 Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height x
3 Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection x
4 Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems x
5 Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials x
6 Seawall Repair: Living Shorelines x x
7 Seawall Repair: Beach Nourishment x x x
8 Installation/Upgrades of Tide Gates x
9 Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide Flex x
10 Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self-Regulating Structures x
11 Water Level Monitoring and Alert System x
12 Conduct a Drainage Study x
13 Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System x
14 Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems x
15 Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations x x
16 Installation of Deployable Floodwalls x x
17 Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters x x
18 Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs x x
19 Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements x
20 Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network x
21 Elevate or Relocate Transportation Infrastructure x x
22 Increase Energy Efficiency in Critical City Buildings x x
23 Install and Elevate Backup Power Sources x x
24 Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources x x x
25 Bury the Electrical Distribution System x x
26 Maintain Overhead Distribution System x x
27 Improve Utility and City Communication x x
28 Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and Safety x x
29 Assist Vulnerable Populations x x
30
Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach during Poor
Air Quality Events x
31 Redundancy of Evacuation Routes x x x x
32 Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness x
33 Promote and Expand Urban Forestry x x
34 Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities x x x
35
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding
Levels x x x x
36 Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels x x
37 Elevate the Building x x x
38 Elevate a Building's Critical Uses x x x x
39 Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes x x x
40 Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas x x x
41 Improve Land Use Planning and Regulations x x x
42 Flood Proof Buildings x x
43 Perform Wharf Area Water Study x x
Adaptation Strategy number and name
Primary City Department(s) or Staff
This list of adaptation strategies show the Primary City Department(s) or Staff that may be responsible for planning and implementing these strategies within
existing and future projects. Each strategy will require the support from the Mayor's Office and City Council to move forward. In addition, these adaptation
strategies may be most effectively implemented with additional partnerships. These partnerships are identified on each sheet, but may include: hospitals, the
fire department, the police department, FEMA, MEMA, neighboring cities, EPA, DEP, DOER, MAPC, MBTA, CZM, National Grid, Salem Sound Coastwatch,
North Shore Community Development Coalition, Salem Alliance for the Environment, private property owners, the Conservation Commission, and others.
Page 2 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
1
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage Features
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing drainage features in seawalls to prevent structural damage to
seawalls from stormwater. Proper design evaluation for seawalls that have fallen into disrepair should be
considered. If the area is subject to ponding caused by stormwater runoff and/or soil erosion at the top of the
structure, consider improving drainage systems to alleviate hydrostatic pressure landward of the structure. At
times, hydrostatic pressure may build up on the landward side of the structure and may cause damage or
buckling of the structure. Weep holes and drainage systems may be appropriate. Consider installing drains at the
vertical joints in the seawall panels to prevent structural damage to the wall. Consult an engineer to determine
the design and construction of drainage systems in and near the shoreline structure. Future relative sea level
change and elevated water levels due to storms should be considered when designing drainage improvements
(i.e., water entering from the seaward side during a storm and causes upland flooding). Any modifications to the
design of an existing seawall that will alter the size and location of the structure will require a permit.
Steps to implement a drainage improvements: 1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory officials for
advice on applicable regulations before proceeding with seawall maintenance or repair (Slovinsky [Maine Sea
Grant], 2011). 2. Perform a site assessment by a qualified individual to determine the current state of the
seawall, regulatory requirements, site stabilization, or engineering alternatives. 3. Consider outreach or
engagement with neighboring property owners to ensure they understand the potential impact to their
property. 4. Share plans with local code enforcement to determine if any local ordinances apply.
Adaptation Strategy
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 3 of 96
December 2014
1 Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage FeaturesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
seawall-plan.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-3-
vegetation.html
Maine Coastal Hazards Guide:
http://www.seagrant.umaine.edu/coastal-hazards-guide/beaches-and-dunes/seawalls
Perfection Seawalls Bulkhead Repair:
http://perfectionseawalls.com/seawall-bulkhead-repair/
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
In order to determine appropriate strategies to repair ineffective seawalls due to poor drainage, installation of
drainage may involve site mobilization and excavation.
San Marco Island, FL - The City provided a guide for homeowners on the construction and rehabilitation of
seawalls, which includes information on drainage systems. Information available via report:
http://www.cityofmarcoisland.com/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=15377
Conduct a Drainage Study
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 4 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
2
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on increasing the crest or top of seawall heights. If seawalls or revetment
systems are considered "ineffective" because the crest elevation (or top) of the coastal structure is too low to
resist storm surge inundation to upland areas, then increasing the crest or coastal edge elevation of those
existing structures may be a viable adaptation strategy. Considerations should be made to determine the
appropriate level of risk for the design and improvement of the seawall and the seawall system. A variable crest
height along the seawall system may make areas with lower crest heights vulnerable to flooding. Future relative
sea level change and elevated water levels due to storms should be considered when designing improvements.
Any modifications to the design of an existing seawall that will alter the size and location of the structure will
require a permit. In addition, a shoreline and structure monitoring and maintenance plan is recommended to
ensure that projects are performing as expected.
The steps for increasing the crest height on a seawall are: 1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory
officials for advice on applicable regulations before proceeding with seawall maintenance or repair. 2. Perform a
site assessment by a qualified individual to determine the current state of the seawall, regulatory requirements,
site stabilization, or engineering alternatives. 3. Consider outreach or engagement with neighboring property
owners to ensure they understand the potential impact to their property. 4. Share plans with local code
enforcement to determine if any local ordinances apply.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 5 of 96
December 2014
2Adaptation Strategy Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
3
4
5
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
In order to determine appropriate strategies to repair ineffective seawalls, understanding why the seawalls are
considered ineffective is the first step. Seawalls are expensive to replace, approximately $3,000 per linear foot.
Adding height to an existing wall may have unpredictable consequences such as structural weakness at the joint,
buckling, settlement, etc. Proper evaluation, design, and construction of the addition or new wall should be
considered.
Rockport, MA - For an approximately 0.6-mile seawall along Long Beach, the Town of Rockport provided
information regarding the history, current conditions, proposed design and rehabilitation of the seawall, and the
project timeline. This presentation provides potential design including a height extension for a portion of the
structure. Information available at:
http://www.townofrockport.com/doc/092/Long%20Beach%20Seawall%20Public%20Info%20Mtg%20(22%20Ma
y%202012).pdf
Various Massachusetts Coastal Communities - The Dam and Seawall Repair or Removal Fund Annual Review,
Fiscal Year 2014 report provides a summary of the projects that were funded in 2014 for the MA EOEEA fund for
dam and seawall repair and removal. A variety of seawall projects are included, but notably, the Town of Hull
was funded to increase the height of the Stoney Beach seawall, which protects the Town's wastewater
treatment plant in addition to residential homes. Summary of projects available at:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection
Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems
Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:Others:
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 6 of 96
December 2014
2Adaptation Strategy Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
References:
Massachusetts Planning Commission South Shore Adaptation Planning Report:
http://www.mapc.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_South_Shore_Coastal_Adaptation_Planning_Report_12-31-
11_sm.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dam and Seawall Repair Funding Opportunities:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/waste-mgnt-recycling/water-resources/preserving-water-resources/water-laws-and-
policies/water-laws/draft-regs-re-dam-and-sea-wall-repair-or-removal-fund.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
seawall-plan.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-3-
vegetation.html
Page 7 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
3
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing structural toe protection for seawalls and the revetments in
coastal areas. Proper design evaluation for seawalls that have fallen into disrepair should be considered. The
stability of a seawall depends on its total weight in cross-section, location seaward of the shoreline, cap
elevation, underlying geology, and the degree to which it is used to retain the upland bluff or bank. If the area is
subject to wave action and erosion, a potential rehabilitation measure is the addition of a robust toe stone
and/or stone aprons to prevent sliding and sediment removal at the bottom of the structure, which may
undermine the structure and cause total failure. The thickness of the armor layer is determined by the
dimensions of the stone size selected for stability. The most common, and perhaps most cost effective
arrangement is to specify two layers of armor stone. Consult with an engineer to determine the appropriate
design for toe stone and armor layers of the structure. Any modifications to the design of an existing seawall
that will alter the size and location of the structure will require a permit. In addition, a shoreline and structure
monitoring and maintenance plan is recommended to ensure that projects are performing as expected.
The steps for installing structural toe protection include:
1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory officials for advice on applicable regulations before proceeding
with seawall maintenance or repair. 2. Perform a site assessment by a qualified individual to determine the
current state of the seawall, regulatory requirements, site stabilization, or engineering alternatives. 3. Consider
outreach or engagement with neighboring property owners to ensure they understand the potential impact to
their property. 4. Share plans with local code enforcement to determine if any local ordinances apply.
Sector(s):
Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 8 of 96
December 2014
3 Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe ProtectionAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
2
4
5
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Hull, MA for Natasket Beach - After performing a site-specific alternatives analysis, USACE recommends a stone
revetment with geotextile fabric, toe stone, and additional repair measures for the structure. The situation in
Salem is similar to the situation that the Town of Hull. A USACE study presented alternatives analysis with a
potential design, which include the installation of a properly designed, engineered structure. It is available at:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Portals/74/docs/Topics/NantasketBeach/NantasketReport.pdf
Various Massachusetts Coastal Communities - The Dam and Seawall Repair or Removal Fund Annual Review,
Fiscal Year 2014 report provides a summary of the projects that were funded in 2014 for the MA EOEEA fund for
dam and seawall repair and removal. A variety of seawall projects are included, but notably, the Town of Hull
was funded to increase the height of the Stoney Beach seawall, which protects the Town's wastewater
treatment plant in addition to residential homes. Summary of projects available at:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Potential Partnerships
Costs associated with fortifying the toe of a structure may be high and may require a fair amount of site
mobilization and coordination. Another consideration is the potential negative aesthetics associated with
structures along the shoreline.
Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems
Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 9 of 96
December 2014
3 Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe ProtectionAdaptation Strategy
References:
Town of Marshfield/MA CZM Letter to USACE regarding beach nourishment:
http://www.townofmarshfield.org/Collateral/Documents/English-
US/Coastal%20Advisory/USACEstudy11072012.pdf
Massachusetts Planning Commission South Shore Adaptation Planning Report:
http://www.mapc.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_South_Shore_Coastal_Adaptation_Planning_Report_12-31-
11_sm.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dam and Seawall Repair Funding Opportunities:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/waste-mgnt-recycling/water-resources/preserving-water-resources/water-laws-and-
policies/water-laws/draft-regs-re-dam-and-sea-wall-repair-or-removal-fund.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
Page 10 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
4
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing recurved cap systems for seawalls and the revetments in coastal
areas. Proper design evaluation for seawalls that have fallen into disrepair should be considered. A potential
adaptation measure is the addition of wall extensions or a recurved cap to minimize overtopping. Proper design
of the recurve portion of the seawall in addition to wave reflection causing additional scour at the toe of the
structure is possible. Potential waves impacting the structure may cause an upward force on the structure and
proper design of the foundation and footing is equally important. Consult an engineer to determine the
appropriate design for the rehabilitation of the structure. Any modifications to the design of an existing seawall
that will alter the size and location of the structure will require a permit. In addition, a shoreline and structure
monitoring and maintenance plan is recommended to ensure that projects are performing as expected.
The steps for adding wall extensions or a recurved cap include: 1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory
officials for advice on applicable regulations before proceeding with seawall maintenance or repair. 2. Perform a
site assessment by a qualified individual to determine the current state of the seawall, regulatory requirements,
site stabilization, or engineering alternatives. 3. Consider outreach or engagement with neighboring property
owners to ensure they understand the potential impact to their property. 4. Share plans with local code
enforcement to determine if any local ordinances apply.
Adaptation Strategy
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 11 of 96
December 2014
4 Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap SystemsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
2
3
5
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Massachusetts Planning Commission South Shore Adaptation Planning Report:
http://www.mapc.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_South_Shore_Coastal_Adaptation_Planning_Report_12-31-
11_sm.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dam and Seawall Repair Funding Opportunities:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/waste-mgnt-recycling/water-resources/preserving-water-resources/water-laws-and-
policies/water-laws/draft-regs-re-dam-and-sea-wall-repair-or-removal-fund.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
seawall-plan.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-3-
vegetation.html
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
In order to determine appropriate strategies to repair ineffective seawalls, understanding why the seawalls are
considered ineffective is the first step. Seawalls are expensive to replace, approximately $3,000 per linear foot.
The cost of rehabilitating the seawall to include a recurved cap is likely less than complete replacement.
Rockport, MA - For an approximately 0.6-mile seawall along Long Beach, the Town of Rockport provided
information regarding the history, current conditions, proposed design and rehabilitation of the seawall, and
timeline. This presentation provides potential design including a height extension and recurved cap for a portion
of the structure:
http://www.townofrockport.com/doc/092/Long%20Beach%20Seawall%20Public%20Info%20Mtg%20(22%20Ma
y%202012).pdf
Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOERMBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 12 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
5
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on repairing seawalls with bulkhead materials. Proper design evaluation for
seawalls that have fallen into disrepair should be considered. Consider replacement of deteriorating/corroding
bulkheads with marine-grade fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) sheeting for steel bulkheads. Consider appropriate
design of mooring piles, if necessary, as well as capping, patching, coating, or other protective measures of the
bulkhead to prevent any degradation of the structure. Consult an engineer to determine the design,
construction, and replacement of the bulkhead structure or sections of the bulkhead. Future relative sea level
change and elevated water levels due to storms should be considered when designing the bulkhead (i.e., the
height of the replacement bulkhead). Any modifications to the design of an existing seawall that will alter the
size and location of the structure will require a permit. In addition, a shoreline and structure monitoring and
maintenance plan is recommended to ensure that projects are performing as expected.
Steps to repair bulkheads include: 1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory officials for advice on
applicable regulations before proceeding with seawall maintenance or repair. 2. Perform a site assessment by a
qualified individual to determine the current state of the seawall, regulatory requirements, site stabilization, or
engineering alternatives. 3. Consider outreach or engagement with neighboring property owners to ensure they
understand the potential impact to their property. 4. Share plans with local code enforcement to determine if
any local ordinances apply.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 13 of 96
December 2014
5Adaptation Strategy Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
2
3
4
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Massachusetts Planning Commission South Shore Adaptation Planning Report:
http://www.mapc.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_South_Shore_Coastal_Adaptation_Planning_Report_12-31-
11_sm.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dam and Seawall Repair Funding Opportunities:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/waste-mgnt-recycling/water-resources/preserving-water-resources/water-laws-and-
policies/water-laws/draft-regs-re-dam-and-sea-wall-repair-or-removal-fund.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/eea/wrc/2014-annual-final.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
seawall-plan.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-3-
vegetation.html
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Installation and construction of the bulkhead/seawalls will require extensive site mobilization, since bulkheads
are most commonly used in harbored areas.
City of Newburyport, MA - The project uses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheetpiles for the bulkhead repair.
The website provides information and a milestone "blog" of the project progress such as information about the
seawall sections that were damaged and how the construction contractor installed the new sections of seawall.
Information is available at: http://www.cityofnewburyport.com/planning-development/pages/bulkhead-project
Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height
Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection
Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 14 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
6
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Living Shorelines
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Adaptation Strategy
This adaptation strategy focuses on armoring shorelines subject to wave attack, scour, undermining, and
failure that may benefit from a shore stabilization technique called "living shorelines." Living shorelines use
plants, sand/soil, and the limited use of hard structures to provide shoreline protection. They preserve, create,
or enhance coastal habitats and improve water quality, and reduce sedimentation. Living shorelines may
increase the resilience of seawalls to undermining and failure after episodes of storm surge and long-term
effects of sea level rise. They are an alternative or in some cases, an enhancement, to bulkheads, seawalls, or
revetments that provide for a stable shoreline resistant to erosion. As a "hybrid" or "blended" approach, living
shorelines may be hardened structures that are rehabilitated to introduce a naturalized edge. Additional
vegetation on or in front of the structure may help uptake water, control runoff, and buffer storm waves to
prevent further erosion and to protect vulnerable areas.
A variety of living shoreline designs exist and may be divided into two general categories: 1) nonstructural and 2)
hybrid/structural strategies. Nonstructural living shorelines, sometimes identified as natural or nature-based
features are typically suited for low wave energy settings with minor erosion and may include vegetation
management, planted marshes, fiber logs (also referred to as coir logs or bioengineering), bank grading, oyster
and coral reefs, beach nourishment and dune restoration. Examples are:
- A low profile revetment placed along the edge of an existing tidal, natural marsh.
- A low profile continuous or notched revetment that is backfilled with sand to create a planted, intertidal
marsh.
- An offshore breakwater, a series of rock structures strategically placed offshore to refract waves and produce
stable pocket beaches.
- An oyster reef, created by oyster shells placed along a marsh edge by itself or with other containment
structures.
A low-profile or submerged barrier provides calmer waters for vegetation to take hold. The submerged aquatic
vegetation (SAV) is backed by coastal wetlands and marsh plantings, which aid in stabilizing the shoreline. In
order to reduce the impacts of storm surge, a large expanse of SAV would be necessary. The SAV is backed by
the bank face with deeper-rooted plantings and an upland buffer area. The Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences
(VIMS) provides design guidance, specifications, and a helpful decision tree tool to assist in determining the type
of living shoreline appropriate for the wave climate and existing conditions.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 15 of 96
December 2014
6 Seawall Repair: Living ShorelinesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
7
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Recreation Department
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Living shorelines vary greatly depending on design and site factors. Some of the common elements include:
shoreline planting and wetland restoration (estimate costs $25-45/sq. ft.), geotextile grid shoreline stabilization
(estimated costs $30/sq. ft.), and aquatic vegetation (estimated costs $2,000/sq. ft.). If other structural features
such as breakwaters or artificial reefs are introduced, costs may increase significantly. In addition, a shoreline
and structure monitoring and maintenance plan is recommended to ensure that projects are performing as
expected. The Salem Sound Coast Watch have monitored Salem's coast over the long term and may be an
important partner.
The steps to implement a living shorelines project include:
1. Site analysis, 2. Permit approval and legal compliance, 3. Site preparation, 4. Installation, and 5. Post-
construction monitoring and maintenance.
There are Coastal Resiliency grants through the MA CZM that are available for initial feasibility, site assessment,
permitting, and construction of these types of projects.
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Seawall Repair: Beach Nourishment
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 16 of 96
December 2014
6 Seawall Repair: Living ShorelinesAdaptation Strategy
Case Studies:
References:
New York City Urban Waterfront Adaptive Strategies:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/sustainable_communities/urban_waterfront_print.pdf
Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Living Shorelines: http://ccrm.vims.edu/livingshorelines/
Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Living Shorelines Design Manual:
http://web.vims.edu/physical/research/shoreline/docs/LS_Design_final_v1.2.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Storm Smart Coasts:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/
Hudson River Estuary Sustainable Shorelines:
https://www.hrnerr.org/hudson-river-sustainable-shorelines/demonstration-site-network/
https://www.hrnerr.org/wp-
content/uploads/sites/9/2012/08/RellaMiller2012a_EngineeringLiteratureReview.pdf
https://www.hrnerr.org/download/HarlemRiverPark_CaseStudy.pdf
New York City Parks Department Harlem River Park:
http://www.nycgovparks.org/web/download/download.php?file=/sub_opportunities/business_ops/pdf/designi
ng_the_edge_4-7-2010.pdf
Chesapeake Bay Foundation Living Shorelines for the Chesapeake Bay:
http://www.cbf.org/Document.Doc?id=60
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Living Shoreline Implementation:
http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/restoration/techniques/lsimplementation.html
Harlem River Park, Manhattan, NY - The NYC Department of Parks & Recreation incorporated a living shoreline
design in Harlem River Park, which is a highly urbanized area. The living shoreline fronted an existing seawall
structure. This was a multi-phase project during 2001-2009. Information (including lessons learned) available via
fact sheet: https://www.hrnerr.org/download/HarlemRiverPark_CaseStudy.pdf
Various Massachusetts Coastal Communities - As of 2014, several coastal communities have funding from the
Massachusetts Green Infrastructure for Coastal Resilience Pilot Grants. There are many different projects
currently underway, that may have application in Salem: http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/czm/stormsmart/2014-
green-infrastructure-grants.pdf.
Various sites within the Chesapeake Bay - This website shows demonstration sites of living shoreline applications
in a coastal or bay setting. This website also lists the project elements employed and the variety of potential
applications that are considered living shorelines:
http://ccrm.vims.edu/livingshorelines/demonstration_sites.html and photo gallery:
http://ccrm.vims.edu/livingshorelines/photo_gallery/index.html
Page 17 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
7
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Seawall Repair: Beach Nourishment
Prioritized Vulnerability: A. Ineffective seawalls (CB10, CB18, SW12)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on beach nourishment and rehabilitation as a replacement for failing
seawalls. A potential rehabilitation measure is for beach nourishment, depending on the location and
applicability. Nourishment could be used to maintain a range of beach widths to prevent overtopping of seawalls
and near shore beach erosion. Finding suitable beach nourishment borrow areas may be a limiting factor.
Careful monitoring, inspection, and understanding of near shore coastal zone dynamics should be considered to
ensure that beach nourishment options are appropriate. Any modifications to the design of an existing seawall
that will alter the size and location of the structure will require a permit.
The situation in Salem is similar to the situation that the Town of Marshfield faces, which also has vertical
concrete seawalls along a length of publicly owned shorelines. Some sections of the seawall are fronted by
riprap revetments, while others are not. The coastal landform that fronts the structures is eroding and
continues to undermine the structure, which in turn causes more interaction with the waves and water levels
and subsequent storm damage. A multi-faceted approach, specifically beach nourishment and parcel-by-parcel
recommendations, may be an option, rather than the rehabilitation of the seawall. In addition, a shoreline and
structure monitoring and maintenance plan is recommended to ensure that projects are performing as
expected.
Steps to implement a beach nourishment project include: 1. Contact local, state and/or federal regulatory
officials for advice on applicable regulations before proceeding with seawall maintenance or repair. 2. Perform a
site assessment by a qualified individual to determine the current state of the seawall, regulatory requirements,
site stabilization, or engineering alternatives. 3. Consider outreach or engagement with neighboring property
owners to ensure they understand the potential impact to their property. 4. Share plans with local code
enforcement to determine if any local ordinances apply.
Adaptation Strategy
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 18 of 96
December 2014
7 Seawall Repair: Beach NourishmentAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
6
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
MA Coastal Zone Management, MA Department of Conservation
and Recreation
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Beach nourishment is an on-going process which is more effective with proper monitoring, maintenance, and
identification of borrow areas. Costs associated with beach nourishment may be high, but benefits include
ecosystem restoration, recreation possibilities, and storm damage reduction.
This City may choose to partner with a local university to execute the long-term monitoring and cut down on the
costs. One example of a collaborative approach is the Coastal Research Center at Richard Stockton College of
New Jersey where they have been monitoring beach profiles since 1986. This data was invaluable during post-
Sandy recovery. This strategy requires equipment and commitment to continuous beach profile measurement.
There are Coastal Resiliency grants through the MA CZM that are available for initial feasibility, site assessment,
permitting, and construction of these types of projects.
MA Coastal Zone Management - MA CZM provided a response to an existing USACE feasibility study to changes
to the structural shoreline protection near Brant Rock in Marshfield, MA. MA CZM suggests beach nourishment,
erosion control vegetation, among other strategies. In addition, MA CZM encourages usage of the Historic
Shoreline Change dataset and Coastal Hazards dataset. Information available from the Town of Marshfield, MA
Coastal Advisory Committee website and feasibility study report at:
http://www.townofmarshfield.org/Collateral/Documents/English-
US/Coastal%20Advisory/USACEstudy11072012.pdf
Marshfield, Duxbury, and Scituate, MA - These towns performed a sea level rise study, which evaluated
vulnerabilities within each town and as a whole. The study identifies potential adaptation strategies across
multiple sectors with the projected sea level change scenarios. An adaptation strategy that they have identified,
specific to the appropriate areas, is beach nourishment. More information is available at:
http://www.scituatema.gov/sites/scituatema/files/file/file/south_shore_sea_level_rise_study_final.pdf
Seawall Repair: Living Shorelines
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department Public of Works, Recreation
Department
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOERMBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
Conservation Commission
Page 19 of 96
December 2014
7 Seawall Repair: Beach NourishmentAdaptation Strategy
References:
Massachusetts Planning Commission South Shore Adaptation Planning Report:
http://www.mapc.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_South_Shore_Coastal_Adaptation_Planning_Report_12-31-
11_sm.pdf
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Dam and Seawall Repair Funding Opportunities:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/waste-mgnt-recycling/water-resources/preserving-water-resources/water-laws-and-
policies/water-laws/draft-regs-re-dam-and-sea-wall-repair-or-removal-fund.html
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Coastal Landscaping:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/coastal-landscaping/coastal-bank-
seawall-plan.html
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-properties/fs-3-
vegetation.html
Maine Coastal Hazards Guide:
http://www.seagrant.umaine.edu/coastal-hazards-guide/beaches-and-dunes/seawalls
Page 20 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
8 Installation/Upgrades of Tide Gates
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: B. Ineffective tide gates (CB11, CB19) and Inadequate tide gates at
Lafayette Street (SW7, SW10)
C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing or upgrading tide gates. Tide gates, and other backflow-
prevention devices, seal a pipe at the end to prevent water from flowing backwards through the drainage
system, while still allowing water to drain. Tide gates may be added to outfalls to prevent high tides, sea level
rise and storm surges from entering the drainage system. The design of the tide gates is determined from the
future conditions modeling performed in the drainage study. Tide gates may be used in combination with other
flood mitigation measures, such as replacement of existing pipes, installation of relief pipes, above ground or
subsurface storage, or pump stations. This strategy may be of particular use near the Forest River and Lafayette
Road and at the South River Drainage Conduit
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 21 of 96
December 2014
8 Installation/Upgrades of Tide GatesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
9
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Giannico and Souder, Coos Watershed: Tide Gates in the Pacific Northwest
http://www.cooswatershed.org/Publications/tidegates_PACNW.pdf
USACE Galilee Tidal Marsh Restoration Fact Sheet:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Portals/74/docs/Topics/Galilee/FactSheet.pdf
Tide Gate Alternatives by Juel Tide:
http://www.jueltide.com/images/New%20PDF%20files/Tide%20Gate%20Alternatives.pdf
Impact of Sea Level Rise on Tide Gate Function:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235399942_Impact_of_sea_level_rise_on_tide_gate_function
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography. Another technical challenge is that the tide gate may impede the ability of upland area to drain
stormwater (this may be evaluated in a drainage study). Implementation considerations include public
acceptance of these proposed projects; push-back from property owners who may not want flood relief systems
on their property; and permitting. Financially, the cost of tide gates may be high; finding funding to implement
them may be challenging.
The Massachusetts Department of Transportation plans to upgrade the Bridge St. tide gate. The City may
consider leveraging this process of collaboration for future tide gate repairs.
Beverly, MA - Rainstorms backed up Beverly’s drains in the Chase/Federal Street area and caused flooding during
high tide because the water level in the Bass River blocked the discharge to the river. To address this problem,
the City installed a tide gate, along with other mitigation measures, including new drains, culvert and catch
basins.
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide Flex
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 22 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
9
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide Flex
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: B. Ineffective tide gates (CB11, CB19) and Inadequate tide gates at
Lafayette Street (SW7, SW10)
C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
Adaptation Strategy
This adaptation strategy focuses on duckbill or tide flex design as tide gate alternatives. The tide gates at
Forest River and Lafayette Road and at the South River Drainage Conduit are structures that prevent backflow of
tidal water or storm surge into creeks, rivers, and drainage systems. Tide gates close during incoming tides to
prevent water from traveling into low-lying areas, but they also keep flood water from draining into the harbor
or ocean. With sea level rise and elevated water levels from storm surge, higher downstream mean sea level
elevations reduce the effective of tide gates by impacting the hydraulics of the system. Based on the feedback
provided by the City of Salem regarding the Forest River tide gates, the manual operation and long-term
reliability of the tide gates is in need of a long-term strategy. Currently, the City of Salem employs a duckbill tide
gate at the Juniper Beach location.
Automatic or flow/water level-based operation of tide gates is a viable adaptation strategy. A type of tide gate
solution is a duck bill technology, or tide flex. A benefit of the duckbill tide gate is that it is observed to be self-
cleaning when debris is caught in the opening, and only minor inflow when debris was caught in the opening.
This design is considered to be reliable and low maintenance. Consult a design professional or an engineer to
determine changes in hydrodynamics associated with this type of tide control.
To ensure that a project continues to function as planned into the future it is important to develop and
implement both an adaptive management plan and a monitoring plan prior to the start of the tide gate project.
These plans may vary greatly depending on project goals and the expected project life. For projects that are
expected to entail active management in the future, an adaptive management plan accounting for climate
change may facilitate adjustments over time as sea level rises, which may involve altering the settings of a tide
gate.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 23 of 96
December 2014
9 Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide FlexAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
8
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Consider future storm frequency when designing tide gates and the hydraulic connections that tie into them.
Ensure that the tide gate is able to be adjusted to obtain desired flow if the high tide water level increases to
projected sea levels. Consider any effects of changes to tide gate operations or elevations on upland flooding
and water flow, channel characteristics, water temperature, water quality, plant communities, ecological
habitats and passage, or potential for estuarine restoration. Tide control may also impact the changes in water
temperature, water quality, and may change the velocity, turbulence, and pattern of freshwater exchange. Costs
associated with replacement of tide gates may be expensive in addition to costs associated with back up pump
stations. Also, the size/opening of the current tide gate configuration may be a limiting factor to the installation
of a duckbill type gate.
The Massachusetts Department of Transportation plans to upgrade the Bridge St. tide gate. The City may
consider leveraging this process of collaboration for future tide gate repairs.
Salem, MA - Currently, the City of Salem employs a duckbill tide gate at the Juniper Beach location. The cleaning
of the outfall with the installation of the tide gate at the Juniper Beach location also provided positive water
quality benefits. More information is available at:
http://salem.com/Pages/SalemMA_Engineer/southriverreport.pdf
Installation/Upgrades of Tide Gates
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 24 of 96
December 2014
9 Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide FlexAdaptation Strategy
References:
Giannico and Souder, Coos Watershed: Tide Gates in the Pacific Northwest
http://www.cooswatershed.org/Publications/tidegates_PACNW.pdf
USACE Galilee Tidal Marsh Restoration Fact Sheet:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Portals/74/docs/Topics/Galilee/FactSheet.pdf
Tide Gate Alternatives by Juel Tide:
http://www.jueltide.com/images/New%20PDF%20files/Tide%20Gate%20Alternatives.pdf
Impact of Sea Level Rise on Tide Gate Function:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235399942_Impact_of_sea_level_rise_on_tide_gate_function
Page 25 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
10
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self-Regulating Structures
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: B. Ineffective tide gates (CB11, CB19) and Inadequate tide gates at
Lafayette Street (SW7, SW10)
C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on buoyant or self-regulating structures as tide gate alternatives. The tide
gates at Forest River and Lafayette Road and at the South River Drainage Conduit are structures that prevent
backflow of tidal water or storm surge into creeks, rivers, and drainage systems. Tide gates close during
incoming tides to prevent water from traveling into low-lying areas, but they also keep flood water from
draining into the harbor or ocean. With sea level rise and elevated water levels from storm surge, higher
downstream mean sea level elevations reduce the effectiveness of tide gates by impacting the hydraulics of the
system. Based on the feedback provided by the City of Salem regarding the Forest River tide gates, the manual
operation and long-term reliability of the tide gates is in need of a long-term strategy.
Automatic or flow/water level-based operation of tide gates is a viable adaptation strategy. A type of potential
tide gate is the buoyant front flap tide gate. These tide gate solutions allow for self-regulation of flow in and out
of low-lying areas. The floats at the top of the self-regulating tide gate may be adjusted in height to fit site-
specific conditions, which could be closed during daily tides, during extreme events, or as a managed adaptation
to sea level rise.
To ensure that a project continues to function as planned into the future, it is important to develop and
implement both an adaptive management plan and a monitoring plan prior to the start of the tide gate project.
These plans may vary greatly depending on project goals and the expected project life. For projects that are
expected to entail active management in the future, an adaptive management plan accounting for climate
change may facilitate adjustments over time as sea level rises, which may involve altering the settings of a tide
gate.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 26 of 96
December 2014
10Adaptation Strategy Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self-Regulating Structures
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
16
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Narragansett, RI - As part of the Galilee Salt Marsh restoration, two buoyant, self-regulating tide gates were
installed. The gates assure that properties adjacent to the interior marsh are not flooded during storm tides. The
State of Rhode Island funded the installation of additional culverts and tide gates on the east side of the marsh
completing the restoration of the majority of the former salt marsh. Project information sheet available at:
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Portals/74/docs/Topics/Galilee/FactSheet.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Consider design future storm frequency when designing tide gates and the hydraulic connections that tie into
them. Ensure that the tide gate may be adjusted to obtain desired flow if the projected high tide water level
increases to projected sea levels.
Consider any effects of changes to tide gate operations or elevations on upland flooding and water flow, channel
characteristics, water temperature, water quality, plant communities, ecological habitats and passage, or
potential for estuarine restoration. Costs associated with replacement of tide gates may be expensive in
addition to costs associated with back up pump stations.
The Massachusetts Department of Transportation plans to upgrade the Bridge St. tide gate. The City may
consider leveraging this process of collaboration for future tide gate repairs.
Installation of Deployable Floodwalls
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 27 of 96
December 2014
10Adaptation Strategy Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self-Regulating Structures
References:
Giannico and Souder, Coos Watershed: Tide Gates in the Pacific Northwest
http://www.cooswatershed.org/Publications/tidegates_PACNW.pdf
Tide Gate Alternatives by Juel Tide:
http://www.jueltide.com/images/New%20PDF%20files/Tide%20Gate%20Alternatives.pdf
Impact of Sea Level Rise on Tide Gate Function:
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/235399942_Impact_of_sea_level_rise_on_tide_gate_function
Page 28 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
11
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Water Level Monitoring and Alert System
Prioritized Vulnerability: B. Ineffective tide gates (CB11, CB19) and Inadequate tide gates at
Lafayette Street (SW7, SW10)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on a water level monitoring and alert system. The tide gates at Forest River
and Lafayette Road and at the South River Drainage Conduit are structures that prevent backflow of tidal water
or storm surge into creeks, rivers, and drainage systems. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent water
from traveling into low-lying areas, but they also keep flood water from draining into the harbor or ocean. With
sea level rise and elevated water levels from storm surge, higher downstream mean sea level elevations reduce
the effectiveness of tide gates by impacting the hydraulics of the system. If the tide gates at Forest River and
South River Drainage Conduit are maintained as-is, an adaptation strategy is the usage of an early warning and
monitoring system associated with rising tide or water levels.
Tide-gate sensors enable real-time operations and field adjustments as needed. The tide gate sensors and tide
gages provide real-time data, in the form of an early warning system for flood prediction and alert facilities,
municipalities, and the public if water levels reach a certain elevation. When a low-lying area is subject to future
flooding, at times, a layer of redundancy is an effective method for risk communication to communities and
households. This measure is also effective in alerting engineers or the public works department to target certain
areas for flood proofing measures (sand bags, etc.). In addition, consider the potential of acquiring a back-up
pump station or portable pump, to alleviate floodwaters once the water level reaches a certain height.
To ensure that a project continues to function as planned into the future, it is important to develop and
implement both an adaptive management plan and a monitoring plan prior to the start of the tide gate project.
These plans may vary greatly depending on project goals and the expected project life. For projects that are
expected to entail active management in the future, an adaptive management plan accounting for climate
change may facilitate adjustments over time as sea level rises, which may involve altering the settings of a tide
gate.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 29 of 96
December 2014
11Adaptation Strategy Water Level Monitoring and Alert System
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Public Works
NJ Meadowlands Research Institute - The New Jersey Meadowlands Research Institute have implemented a real-
time monitoring system of water levels in the nearby marsh areas. The tide gages alert local municipalities if
water levels reach a certain height. In addition, the website provides inundation mapping for the communities
for increasing water levels. Additional information is available at:
http://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/projects/njmc-tide-gate-monitoring-system/;
http://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/alerts/water-level/
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Consider design storm frequency when designing tide gates and the hydraulic connections that tie into them.
Ensure that the tide gate may be adjusted to obtain desired flow if the high tide water level increases to
projected sea levels.
Consider any effects of changes to tide gate operations or elevations on upland flooding and water flow, channel
characteristics, water temperature, water quality, plant communities, ecological habitats and passage, or
potential for estuarine restoration. Costs associated with replacement of tide gates may be expensive in
addition to costs associated with back up pump stations.
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 30 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
12 Conduct a Drainage Study
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on conducting a stormwater drainage study to address flooding that results
from insufficient capacity in the drainage system and in the pumping stations. The goal of a drainage study is
to assess existing and future conditions and to determine which drainage mitigation measure is the preferred
solution. The model for existing drainage system would determine the current capacity of the stormwater
system for extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, and storm surge conditions. A drainage study may also
identify the extent and degree of flooding in these areas. Areas that may be of particular concern include:
Jackson St, Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton
St, Forester St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Alternatives for providing additional drainage system capacity are determined for future conditions.
Alternatives may include replacing the existing drainage system with larger pipes, installing relief pipe systems,
installation or upgrade of tide gates to minimize backwater effects, installation or upgrade of pump stations,
above ground storage, subsurface storage, the construction/modification of seawalls, and the use of green
infrastructure. These alternatives may be assessed alone and in combination with one another, depending on
the area prone to flooding. The alternatives may be compared with respect to cost, ease of construction, ease
of implementation, functional reliability, and impact on aesthetics and landowners to determine the best
alternative for the area. Each of these alternatives is further explored as individual adaptation strategies.
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 31 of 96
December 2014
12 Conduct a Drainage StudyAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
1
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
EPA Region I Stormwater Resources website: http://www.epa.gov/region1/topics/water/stormwater.html
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Funding a drainage study may be challenging, but may be sourced through municipal funding, or state and
federal grants. Municipal funds for a drainage study are frequently in competition with other funding needs in
the municipality. Grants, such as FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grants, require a matching component from the
municipality. City-wide GIS, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling provide valuable information to support a
drainage study.
Northampton, MA - The City of Northampton developed a Stormwater and Flood Control System Assessment
and Utility Plan. The purpose of the study was to evaluate alternatives for mitigating flooding in key areas of the
City. Several alternatives, such as upsizing pipes, relief pipes, and subsurface storage were considered. The
alternatives were evaluated and selected to create the capital improvements plan. Overall, the study identified
drainage, river erosion, and flood control improvements, provided a 20-year capital improvements plan, and
considered the implementation of a new Sustainable Stormwater and Flood Control Utility. City is currently in
the process of implementing new utility fee. This fee will provide a funding sources for the capital
improvements projects.
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage Features
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 32 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
13 Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on enlarging and supplementing the stormwater drainage system. A possible
solution to address undersized drain pipes is to replace them with pipes that have more capacity to convey flows
to the discharge points or add additional pipes parallel to the existing drainage system to provide additional
capacity in the system. The appropriate size of these pipes is best determined from a future conditions modeling
performed in a drainage study. The capacity of the relief pipe system is the difference between the required
capacity to minimize flooding and the current capacity of the existing system. Relief pipe systems or upsized
drainage pipes may be used in combination with other flood mitigation measures, such as above ground or
subsurface storage, pump stations or tide gates. Areas where this strategy may be most applicable to include:
Jackson St, Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton
St, Forester St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 33 of 96
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13 Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage SystemAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
1
12
14
15
17
18
19
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
EPA Region I Stormwater Resources website: http://www.epa.gov/region1/topics/water/stormwater.html
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography. Implementation considerations include: public acceptance of these proposed projects; push-back
from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property; and permitting. Financially, the
cost of replacement drains may be high and finding a funding source to implement them may be challenging.
Beverly, MA - To alleviate flooding in the Lawrence Street Brook watershed, the City installed several drainage
improvements, including new large-diameter drainage pipes, relief pipes, new catch basins to remove
stormwater more quickly, and channel improvements. Similarly, rainstorms backed up Beverly’s drains in the
Chase/Federal Street area and caused flooding during high tide because the water level in the Bass River blocked
the discharge to the river. To address this problem, the City installed 3,200-feet of new drains, 4-ft by 6-ft
culvert, and catch basins. A similar project was done for the North Beverly Brook watershed area.
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage Features
Conduct a Drainage Study
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 34 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
14
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage
Systems
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing stormwater storage systems. A possible solution to address
undersized drains and pump stations is to provide above ground or subsurface storage for the excess flows and
then release these flows at a later point in time, when the precipitation event has passed. Flood storage areas
are incorporated into the future conditions modeling in the drainage study to assess their performance within
the drainage system.
Based on a review of GIS maps of the areas identified as being prone to flooding, the following areas may be
considered for above ground storage (e.g., reshaping an existing park to have a bowl-shaped area to store water,
while also providing an attractive park for residents) or subsurface storage:
-Willows Neighborhood: Above ground and subsurface storage in the Salem Willows Park and Fort Avenue area.
-Juniper Avenue: Subsurface storage in the athletic court area.
-Szetela Lane: Subsurface storage in the athletic fields (possible consideration of converting to artificial turf field
for stormwater storage under the field).
-Collins Cove Area: Subsurface storage in Collins Cove Park. Subsurface storage in the open area between
Hubron and Thorndike Streets.
-Pioneer Terrace Area: Above ground and subsurface storage in the athletic field adjacent to Leavitt Street.
Subsurface storage at the Saltonstall school. Subsurface storage in the parking lot areas bounded by Congress
Street, Derby Street and Peabody Street, and the in the parking lot bounded by Layfayette Street, Dow Street,
Salem Street and Harbor Street.
-Commercial Street/Bridge Street: Subsurface storage in the commuter rail parking lot. Above ground and
subsurface storage in the park area bounded by the North River and Bridge Street.
-Above ground and subsurface storage may be used in combination with other flood mitigation measures, such
as upsizing pipes, installation of relief pipe systems, or tide gates.
Some of these areas are on private property and would require either purchase from the City or an agreement
with the property owner.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 35 of 96
December 2014
14Adaptation Strategy Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage
Systems
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
EPA Region I Stormwater Resources website: http://www.epa.gov/region1/topics/water/stormwater.html
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography. Implementation considerations include public acceptance of these proposed projects; push-back
from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property; and permitting. Financially, the
cost of flood storage may be high; finding funding to implement them may be challenging.
Beverly, MA - To alleviate flooding in the Chubbs Brook watershed, the City created several flood storage areas.
Some flood storage areas included use of wetlands for temporary flood storage areas, which altered the storm
event hydrology of about 20 acres of wetlands by modifying, in some cases, existing wetland areas. Thus far,
flooding within this watershed has been mitigated.
Worcester, MA - The City bought houses that were frequently flooded in a low-lying area and created a
subsurface flood storage area in the Brightwood Avenue area to mitigate flooding in that area of the City. The
project was recently completed by the City.
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
Conduct a Drainage Study
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 36 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
15 Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing or upgrading stormwater pump stations. Pump stations may be
used to pump stormwater from areas where it may not be conveyed to the outfalls by gravity flow, which are
generally low-lying areas. The design of pump stations would be done as part of the future conditions
assessment in a drainage study. In locations where the existing conditions modeling indicates the existing pump
station is insufficient to convey future stormwater flows, the pump station may be upgraded. New pump
stations may be installed in low-lying areas to convey water towards the outfalls. Pump stations can be used in
combination with above ground and subsurface storage, as a means of removing the water from these storage
areas if it cannot be done by gravity. Pump stations may also be used in combination with other mitigation
measures, such as upsizing pipes or relief pipe systems, or creating above ground and subsurface flood storage
area.
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 37 of 96
December 2014
15 Installation/Upgrade of Pump StationsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
EPA Region I Stormwater Resources website: http://www.epa.gov/region1/topics/water/stormwater.html
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Public Works
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography. Stations may need to be elevated above future flooding levels to prevent flooding and remain
operational. Implementation considerations include public acceptance of these proposed projects; push-back
from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property; and permitting. Financially, the
cost of pump stations may be high; finding funding to implement them may be challenging. Once installed, pump
station operation may increase the City's electricity costs.
Beverly, MA - In response to the problem of high tides, the Margin Street drainage pump station, housed in a
new building next to Innocenti Park, was designed to lift water from a new 4-ft by 6-ft box culvert, which is
lower than the Bass River level at times of high tide, and discharge directly into the river. Four large submersible
pumps were installed, each capable of moving 20,000 gallons of water per minute. The station automatically
activates whenever flooding under the railroad tracks appears imminent.
Potential Partnerships
Conduct a Drainage Study
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 38 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
16 Installation of Deployable Floodwalls
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing deployable floodwalls. Deployable floodwalls are temporary
floodwalls that may quickly be erected at the sign of an impending storm. Deployable floodwalls consist of
moveable posts and panels which are attached to permanent, in-ground foundations during storms for which
flooding is a concern. Deployable floodwalls may be used in conjunction with drainage system improvements,
pumping stations and tide gates to mitigate the potential for flooding in a low-lying area. Areas where this
strategy may be most applicable to include: Jackson St, Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point,
Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton St, Forester St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and
near the railroad tracks.
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
D. Flooding disrupts operation of pump stations (SW5, SW8)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 39 of 96
December 2014
16 Installation of Deployable FloodwallsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
10 Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self-Regulating Structures
12
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
US Army Corps of Engineers Fact Sheet on Removable/Deployable Flood Barriers:
http://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Portals/39/docs/Civil/DelComp/Removable-Deployable%20Barriers.pdf
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Public Works
Technical and logistical considerations include finding a suitable location to store the floodwalls, having a
workforce trained to install the floodwalls in a timely manner prior to the storm, and the need to use heavy
equipment to deploy the floodwalls. Implementation considerations include public acceptance of these
proposed projects, push-back from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property,
and permitting. Financially, the cost of deployable floodwalls may be high; finding funding to implement them
may be challenging.
Northampton, MA - The City currently has a deployable floodwall (14-ft high stop log structure) on West Street,
along the Mill River. The floodwall is erected during storm events expected to have flooding.
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Conduct a Drainage Study
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 40 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
17 Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on "green infrastructure" strategies such as installing bioretention areas or
street planters. “Green infrastructure” refers to the installation of stormwater management systems that mimic
natural systems by absorbing and storing water. Green infrastructure may be included as a mitigation measure
for any of the areas prone to flooding. They are typically designed to manage the first inch of rainfall and are
therefore not a stand-alone adaptation strategy for addressing extreme precipitation events, sea level rise or
storm surge.
A potential green infrastructure option could include the incorporation of street planters and bioretention areas,
especially in highly impervious areas. A bioretention area is a shallow, vegetated basin that collects and absorbs
runoff from rooftops, sidewalks, and streets, and may be installed in any unpaved space. A street planter box is
a bioretention area with vertical walls and open or closed bottoms that collect and absorb runoff from
sidewalks, parking lots, and streets. Areas where this strategy may be most applicable to include: Jackson St,
Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton St, Forester
St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 41 of 96
December 2014
17 Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street PlantersAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
14
15
18
19
20
33
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
EPA's Green infrastructure website:
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/gi_what.cfm
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Planning and Community
Development
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography. Implementation considerations include public acceptance of these proposed projects, push-back
from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property, and permitting. Financially, the
bioretention/street planters may not be cost-effective in all locations.
Philadelphia Water Department - The Green City, Clean Waters program at the Philadelphia Water Department
is a 25-year plan to protect and enhance watersheds by managing stormwater with innovative green
infrastructure. This program provides stormwater management and control of combined sewer overflows.
Several green infrastructure best management practices are being used, including bioretention facilities. More
information on this program may be found at :
http://phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/documents_and_data/cso_long_term_control_plan
Potential Partnerships
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Conduct a Drainage Study
Promote and Expand Urban Forestry
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 42 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
18 Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on “green infrastructure” strategies, such as green roofs. “Green
infrastructure "refers to the installation of stormwater management systems that mimic natural systems by
absorbing and storing water. Green infrastructure may be included as a mitigation measure for any of the areas
prone to flooding.They are typically designed to manage the first inch of rainfall and are therefore not a stand-
alone adaptation strategy for addressing extreme precipitation events, sea level rise or storm surge.
A potential green infrastructure option could include conversion of an existing roof to a green roof. Green roofs
are covered with vegetation that enable rainfall infiltration and evapotranspiration of stored water. Thus, they
reduce the amount of runoff that a conventional stormwater system would be required to handle.
Green roofs also have the potential to reduce energy use in a building, especially if they are replacing a dark-
colored roof. This may help reduce the costs of operating the building. This strategy may be implemented
throughout the City, but may be of particular use in combating stormwater flooding issues near: Jackson St,
Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton St, Forester
St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 43 of 96
December 2014
18 Green Infrastructure - Green RoofsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
14
15
17
19
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
EPA's Green infrastructure website:
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/gi_what.cfm
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Planning and Community
Development
Technical challenges include the ability of the existing roof to be retrofitted to a green roof. A green roof would
most likely be implemented on a public building and large private properties. Financially, green roofs may be
expensive, especially if the existing roof needs structural improvements to carry the additional load.
New York City Parks Department - NYC Parks installed of a green roof on the Five Borough Administrative
Building on Randall’s Island in 2007. The roof contains multiple green roof systems and cover over 29,000
square feet. NYC Parks uses this green roof as a working laboratory for green roof design and construction.
More information may be found at: http://www.nycgovparks.org/greening/sustainable-parks/green-roofs
Potential Partnerships
Conduct a Drainage Study
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 44 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
19 Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on "green infrastructure" strategies such as using permeable pavement.
“Green infrastructure” refers to the installation of stormwater management systems that mimic natural systems
by absorbing and storing water. They are typically designed to manage the first inch of rainfall and are therefore
not a stand-alone adaptation strategy for addressing extreme precipitation events, sea level rise or storm surge.
A potential green infrastructure option could include the conversion of paved areas to permeable pavements
and, if possible, the elimination of paved areas. Permeable pavements are paved surfaces that infiltrate, treat,
and/or store rainwater where it falls. Permeable pavements include pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and
permeable interlocking pavers. Areas where this strategy may be most applicable to include: Jackson St,
Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton St, Forester
St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 45 of 96
December 2014
19 Green Infrastructure - Permeable PavementsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
12
13
14
15
17
18
20
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
EPA's Green infrastructure website:
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/gi_what.cfm
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Technical challenges include interference with existing utilities and designing systems to work within the existing
topography and other site constraints. Implementation considerations include public acceptance of these
proposed projects, push-back from property owners who may not want flood relief systems on their property,
and permitting. Financially, the permeable pavements may not be cost-effective in all locations.
It is recommended that pervious pavement is inspected several times in the first few months and then annually.
Traditional de-icing material such as sand and other abrasives may clog the pavement. However, ice is less likely
to form on pervious pavement so de-icing materials may not be as necessary. For example the University of New
Hampshire used 0 to 25% of the salt on pervious pavement as on traditional surfaces.
Salem, OR - The City installed pervious pavement along a roadway in order to capture runoff. More information
may be found at: http://www.lcog.org/documents/sub_action/LID_CaseStudy_PringleCreekGreenStr.pdf
Potential Partnerships
Conduct a Drainage Study
Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System
Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems
Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 46 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
20
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on using nonerodible and permeable base materials in infrastructure design
and construction to prevent failure or collapse. The transportation network is susceptible to considerable
impacts from extreme weather events. Extreme precipitation events and storm surge saturate the soil, which
compromises the structural integrity of the roadways, bridges, and railbed support structures. The
incorporation of nonerodible or permeable base materials into the design, construction and maintenance of new
and existing network segments would serve to improve the resiliency of the transportation system. Nonerodible
materials include lean concrete base and cement treated base. Materials are more resistant to moisture
damage the higher the cement content and compressive strength are. Permeable materials include porous
asphalt, pervious concrete, impermeable interlocking concrete pavement, grass and gravel pavers. The use of
materials with greater resistance to moisture or that naturally treat stormwater runoff could help lessen
maintenance costs and disruptions to the network. Areas where this strategy may be most applicable to include:
Jackson St, Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Bridge St, Emerton
St, Forester St, Canal St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
F. Flooding of Evacuation Routes (VP13, VP18, VP23)
Sector(s):
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation
Network
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 47 of 96
December 2014
20Adaptation Strategy Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation
Network
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
19
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
Philadelphia Water Department - A Green Streets Program was implemented to incorporate stormwater and
transportation infrastructure strategies in order to manage stormwater runoff. The City developed a Green
Streets Design Manual, and began to implement and install pervious pavement, as appropriate, throughout the
City. More information is available at:
http://www.phillywatersheds.org/what_were_doing/green_infrastructure/programs/green_streets
Porous pavement requires more extensive maintenance than other materials. Pavement materials range in cost
and effectiveness in withstanding against extreme flooding events. A cost-benefit analysis may be completed in
order to determine which materials would serve the City best. In addition, the service lives of network
components vary - for instance, bridges are often designed for service lives of 50 to 100 years - as a result,
maintenance and construction activities may vary throughout the network, potentially leading to a patchwork of
flood-resistant materials within the system.
It is recommended that pervious pavement is inspected several times in the first few months and then annually.
Traditional de-icing material such as sand and other abrasives may clog the pavement. However, ice is less likely
to form on pervious pavement so de-icing materials may not be as necessary. For example the University of New
Hampshire used 0 to 25% of the salt on pervious pavement as on traditional surfaces.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department
Potential Partnerships
Project Timeframe:
Project Type:
Department of Transportation
Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 48 of 96
December 2014
20Adaptation Strategy Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation
NetworkReferences:
Transportation Research Board. 2008. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation. TRB Special
Report 290.
Climate Change Science Program. 2008. Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Transportation Systems
and Infrastructure: Gulf Coast Study, Phase I. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.7.
Meyer, M.D. and B. Weigel. 2011. Journal of Transportation Engineering, “Climate Change and Transportation
Engineering: Preparing for a Sustainable Future.” pp. 393-403.
U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States.
National Asphalt Pavement Association:
http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=518&Itemid=1114
Transportation Research Board. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Guide for Mechanistic-
Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures, Part 3: Design Analysis:
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/archive/mepdg/Part3_Chapter1_Subdrainage.pdf
Clemson Extension, "An Introduction to Porous Pavement":
http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/water/resources_stormwater/introduction_to_porous_pavement.htm
l
EPA, Pervious Concrete Pavement: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Pervious-Concrete-
Pavement.cfm
EPA, Porous Asphalt Pavement, http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Porous-Asphalt-Pavement.cfm
Page 49 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
21
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Elevate or Relocate Transportation Infrastructure
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: E. Flooding of transportation network infrastructure from storm drain
overflow and overwhelmed seawalls (T8, T12)
C. Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to
remove water from streets and neighborhoods (SW2, SW6, SW9)
F. Flooding of Evacuation Routes (VP13, VP18, VP23)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on elevating transportation infrastructure. An increase in frequency and
intensity of extreme precipitation events and storm surges may degrade the existing network and potentially
shorten the service life of the infrastructure. Extreme precipitation events and storm surges saturate the soil,
which compromises the structural integrity of the roadways, bridges, and railbed support structures. Elevating or
relocating infrastructure outside of the future storm surge area would serve to protect the network from
flooding events. Areas where this strategy may be most applicable to include: Rt 1A, Lafayette St, Kernwood St,
Bridge St, Jackson St, Jefferson Ave, the Willows neighborhood, The Point, Loring Ave, Commercial St, Emerton
St, Forester St, areas providing access to Rt 128, and near the railroad tracks.
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 50 of 96
December 2014
21 Elevate or Relocate Transportation InfrastructureAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Planning and Community
Development
Transportation Research Board. 2008. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation. TRB Special
Report 290.
Climate Change Science Program. 2008. Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Transportation Systems
and Infrastructure: Gulf Coast Study, Phase I. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.7.
Meyer, M.D. and B. Weigel. 2011. Journal of Transportation Engineering, “Climate Change and Transportation
Engineering: Preparing for a Sustainable Future.” pp. 393-403.
U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States.
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Department of Transportation
Close coordination and consultation with MBTA would be necessary in order to discuss possible elevation or
relocation of bus stations, the Salem MBTA station, or the rail lines within the future storm surge area. Any
changes to public transportation alignments would likely require an environmental review conforming to the
requirements set forth by the National Environmental Policy Act. Roadways may be repaved to higher
elevation; however, it may be necessary to also elevate those lots that drain into the roadway. The potential
cost is very high - likely need state and federal partnerships depending on the magnitude of the project.
San Mateo County, CA - The County found that elevating a frequently flooded road had the "longest lasting flood-
reduction benefits." More information may be found at:
http://sanmateorcd.org/PescaderoFlooding/Presentation_Preliminary%20Results_Mtng_2014-06-30.pdf
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 51 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
22
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Increase Energy Efficiency in Critical City Buildings
Prioritized Vulnerability: G. Loss of Power at Critical City Buildings (E1)
Adaptation Strategy
This adaptation strategy focuses on increasing energy efficiency in the critical city buildings to reduce the risk
of power outages during events that cause grid power failure. This is particularly applicable to the Department
of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and Stations 5, City Hall, South Essex Sewerage District,
and schools serving as emergency shelters. Increasing energy efficiency in critical buildings may reduce the
energy demand on the grid. Energy efficiency is a strategy that is obtainable through many different methods.
Examples of energy efficiency projects include:
-Updating the lighting controls to include multi-level switching (a requirement of the IECC)
-Installing day-light sensors to dim fixtures when outside light is providing adequate illumination
-Install occupancy sensors
-Replacing existing equipment with newer more efficient technologies. For example, replace window A/C units
with more efficient central A/C systems
-Replacing inefficient incandescent and fluorescent fixtures with more efficient LED technologies
Studies may be conducted to determine payback periods on these modifications to illustrate exactly how much
energy is being saved. The City may consider a commissioning or retrocommissioning program to optimize the
performance of equipment and systems, to ensure they are working at the optimum efficiency. A computerized
maintenance management system (CMMS) may also assist in alerting the City if equipment is not performing up
to desired efficiency standards.
Engineering studies may be completed to assess critical city buildings to determine what methods are the most
practical and critical to save the most money and energy as quickly as possible. These studies typically include
findings of the existing equipment and recommended upgrades with payback periods and energy savings per
year.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 52 of 96
December 2014
22 Increase Energy Efficiency in Critical City BuildingsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
33
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:City Electrician, Department of Planning and Community Development
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Upgrades may be evaluated based on financial considerations before implementation. Payback periods may be
long for some projects, however, undertaking multiple projects at once may allow for an acceptable payback
period on average. National Grid has a commissioning program to assist clients with such studies.
New York Power Authority (NYPA) - In alliance with New York City DEP, NYPA undertook two separate projects
aimed at energy efficiency. The first project is located at the 26th Ward Wastewater Treatment Facility in
Brooklyn, NY. An engineering assessment was conducted and determined that payback periods were favorable
to install LED fixtures to replace the existing less efficient technologies. In addition, the Kings County Hospital
Center (KCHC) in Brooklyn, NY conducted an energy audit and to replace existing lighting with more energy
efficient technologies. Existing mechanical equipment is also being assessed to increase their efficiencies.
Promote and Expand Urban Forestry
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 53 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
23
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing backup generators to maintain some level of power during
events that could cause grid power failure. This is particularly applicable to the Department of Public Works,
Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and Stations 5, City Hall, South Essex Sewerage District, and schools
serving as emergency shelters.
Extreme weather events including extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, storm surge and extreme heat
events may cause a variety of electrical failures. A backup generator with properly rated distribution equipment
and installed above future flooding elevation is recommended to maintain power at these facilities. Additionally
an assessment of the current reliability of the power at these facilities may be performed to determine the
priority levels for the installations.
One possible location to install the equipment, such as generators, above future flooding elevation is on the roof
of these buildings. Fuel pumps could be installed to allow for easy refilling of the generators and all equipment
could be properly rated for use outdoors.
This strategy may increase the overall reliability of the facilities as well eliminate their reliance on outside power
sources. The facilities may be able to operate during extreme events where their operation and reliance on
power will be critical. An installation of a backup generator may also bring these facilities up to the latest edition
of the National Electrical Code (NEC). These critical building infrastructures likely would fall under Article 708 of
the 2014 NEC which contains the requirements for Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS).
The NEC defines COPS as: Power systems for facilities or parts of facilities that require continuous operation for
the reasons of public safety, emergency management, national security, or business continuity. Ultimately, the
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) has final say on if these facilities fall under this code section, but given the
functions of these facilities it would likely be necessary to design to the requirements of NEC Article 708.
H. Back-up Power Failure at Critical City Facilities (CB5, CB12, CB20)
G. Loss of Power at Critical City Buildings (E1)
Sector(s):
Install and Elevate Backup Power Sources
Prioritized Vulnerabilities:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Storm water
Transportation
Energy
Page 54 of 96
December 2014
23 Install and Elevate Backup Power SourcesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
24
38
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
National Electrical Code 2014 Edition - NFPA 70 - Article 708
FEMA, "Reducing Flood Effects in Critical Facilities. This is aimed at educating facility owners and operators on
the importance of installing essential equipment outside of the floodplain: http://www.fema.gov/media-library-
data/1381404651877-881a2cf70a90ac63b9c067100ffccace/SandyRA2CriticalFacilities_508_FINAL2.pdf
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - As a result of the damage sustained to critical facilities in the
New York and New Jersey area from Hurricane Sandy, FEMA assessed the damage and identified the
vulnerabilities at the facilities. In many instances the critical facilities could not function due to essential
electrical equipment such as transformers and transfer switches being located in areas below the 100 year flood
elevation.
There may be challenges when making modifications to an existing electrical infrastructure. There are many
unknowns when designing for integration with older existing equipment and these factors may lead to either a
greater upfront cost or change orders during construction due to unbudgeted electrical distribution equipment
replacement.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:City Electrician, Department of Planning and Community Development
Potential Partnerships
Project Timeframe:
Project Type:
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 55 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
24
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: H. Back-up Power Failure at Critical City Facilities (CB5, CB12, CB20)
G. Loss of Power at Critical City Buildings (E1)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on installing renewable energy to maintain some level of power during
events that could cause grid power failure. This is particularly applicable to the Department of Public Works,
Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and Stations 5, City Hall, South Essex Sewerage District, and schools
serving as emergency shelters.
Extreme weather events including extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme heat
events may cause a variety of electrical failures. The use of renewable energy sources may be evaluated for both
feasibility and practicality. In order for a renewable energy source to be a viable option as a means for back up
generation, a large battery room would need to be built to store the energy from the renewable source.
Additionally renewable energy sources are typically not reliable back up power and do not meet the
requirements of Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS - see below).
The NEC defines COPS as: Power systems for facilities or parts of facilities that require continuous operation for
the reasons of public safety, emergency management, national security, or business continuity. Ultimately, the
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) has final say on if these facilities fall under this code section, but given the
functions of these facilities it would likely be necessary to design to the requirements of NEC Article 708.
This strategy may increase the overall reliability of the facilities as well eliminate their reliance on outside power
sources. The reliance on reliable energy may ensure the critical facilities are able to operate during extreme
events.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Storm water
Transportation
Energy
Page 56 of 96
December 2014
24Adaptation Strategy Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
23
38
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or
Staff:
City Electrician, Department of Planning and Community Development
US Department of Energy - The US Department of Energy compares different renewable energy backup options
and the type of equipment that could be backed up in the event of an emergency. Pros and cons for the
technologies and their reliability are also investigated.
National Electrical Code 2014 Edition - NFPA 70 - Article 708
FEMA, "Reducing Flood Effects in Critical Facilities. This is aimed at educating facility owners and operators on
the importance of installing essential equipment outside of the floodplain: http://www.fema.gov/media-library-
data/1381404651877-881a2cf70a90ac63b9c067100ffccace/SandyRA2CriticalFacilities_508_FINAL2.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Salem's Renewable Energy Task Force
There may be challenges when making modifications to an existing electrical infrastructure. There are many
unknowns when designing for integration with older existing equipment and these factors may lead to either a
greater upfront cost or change orders during construction due to unbudgeted electrical distribution equipment
replacement.
Distributing renewable energy directly to a building rather than through the grid may result in additional costs
and ineligibility of some utility-based incentives for renewable energy. However, if this is successful, renewable
energy installations may remain operable anytime, including during extreme heat events when the grid is
overtaxed.
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Install and Elevate Backup Power Sources
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 57 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
25
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Sector(s):
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Bury the Electrical Distribution System
Prioritized Vulnerability: I. Downed power lines (E3)
Adaptation Strategy
This adaptation strategy focuses on burying the electrical distribution system to reduce the risk of power
outages during events that could cause grid power failure. Underground distribution may solve many of the
problems that extreme precipitation events cause. New electrical distribution equipment rated to be submerged
in water for extended periods of time have been developed and makes this type of distribution even more
reliable. The underground lines are protected from high winds and downed trees, increasing the grids reliability.
This may be most applicable to the areas outside of future flooding levels that currently have overhead power
lines, including Loring Ave off Rt 1A and North Salem near 114.
From an implementation standpoint, the coordination between National Grid, cable companies, Salem, and an
engineering firm to come up with a plan that fits the needs of all affected parties will be a challenge. Many
coordination meetings and reports may be needed to be produced to voice all sides and possible plans before a
final decision is made.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 58 of 96
December 2014
25 Bury the Electrical Distribution SystemAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:City Electrician, Engineering Department
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Completely reconstructing the existing distribution system to make it underground is extremely expensive and
there are several hurdles to overcome due to the low elevation and location of Salem. In addition, contaminated
areas may be uncovered which may be costly to remediate.
A complete underground distribution in Salem would be challenging because although there is equipment
available that is able to be submerged in water, it is unlikely that NGRID would consider such an installation. It
would be good engineering practice to install the distribution equipment above the future flood elevations and
submersible rated cabling could be installed under ground.
Potomac Electrical Power Company (PEPCO) - PEPCO implemented a reliability enhancement plan in August
2010. PEPCO provides power to customers in Washington, DC, and several counties in Maryland. The reliability
enhancement plan focuses on both overhead and underground distribution systems and PEPCO's plan to
maintain their system to ensure best possible performance and up-time. More information is available at:
http://www.pepco.com/uploadedFiles/wwwpepcocom/PepcoPGReliabilityPlan%281%29.pdf
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 59 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
26
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Maintain Overhead Distribution System
Prioritized Vulnerability: I. Downed power lines (E3)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on maintaining overhead power lines to prevent outages from high winds
during extreme precipitation events. Upgrades and more preventative maintenance to the existing overhead
distribution may increase the reliability of existing distribution. Replacing existing overhead wires with more
durable cable and replacing poles that do not pass inspection are examples of upgrades that could help
reliability. Working with National Grid to trim limbs that could break and fall onto power lines during extreme
precipitation events could help minimize how extensive a power outage is.
This may be most applicable to areas that currently have overhead power lines, including Loring Ave off Rt 1A
and North Salem near 114.
Ultimately the ability to reduce the number of outages also helps with the response time of NGRID to repair
other issues.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 60 of 96
December 2014
26Adaptation Strategy Maintain Overhead Distribution System
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:City Electrician, Department of Public Works
National Grid, PPL Electric Utilities - NGRID and PPL Electric Utilities both understand that vegetation
management is critical to a reliable power grid. Both utilities have existing plans for tree trimming and removing
trees that pose a threat of falling and damaging a power line. More information is available at:
https://www.pplelectric.com/about-us/ppl-and-the-environment/vegetation-management/tree-trimming.aspx
https://www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/Important_Info_About_Trees_and_Electric_Service_NE.pdf
Federation of American Scientists (FAS) - Richard Campbell of the Congressional Research Service published a
paper on "Weather-Related Power Outages and Electrical System Resiliency." The paper touches on various
weather events and their affect on the power grid. The paper also highlights tree trimming as an important
preventative measure. More information is available at: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42696.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Coordination between National Grid, cable companies, Salem, and an engineering firm to come up with a plan
that fits the needs of all affected parties will be a challenge. Many coordination meetings and reports may be
needed to be produced to voice all sides and possible plans before a final decision is made.
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 61 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
27
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on improving National Grid's and the City's communication during an event.
With expected climate change, there is the possibility of more power outages in the City. In addition, working
directly with the utilities may improve the efficiency of turning off electricity and natural gas supplies during
emergency situations. Currently, the City speaks with multiple personnel from National Grid when there is a
power outage.
The City and National Grid could benefit from having a designated individual handle all utility issues during
events. Outages are stressful times for both the City and National Grid. By having a specific point person that
handles and delegates all of Salem's needs on National Grid's end, efficiency would improve by reducing the
need to re-explain the City's needs to multiple people and avoid confusion.
Improve Utility and City Communication
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: G. Loss of Power at Critical City Buildings (E1)
I. Downed power lines (E3)
Sector(s):
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 62 of 96
December 2014
27 Improve Utility and City CommunicationAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Coordination between National Grid, cable companies, Salem, and an engineering firm to come up with a plan
that fits the needs of all affected parties will be a challenge. Many coordination meetings and reports may be
needed to be produced to voice all sides and possible plans before a final decision is made.
Utility Partnership Limited, UK - The Utility Partnership Limited (UPL) provides customers with a single point of
contact for power connection and disconnection issues. They act as an intermediary between the customer and
the utility company, to ensure the customer's needs are met while only needed to speak to a single individual.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:City Electrician, Department of Planning and Community Development
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 63 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
28 Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and Safety
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Prioritized Vulnerability: J. Critical Emergency Preparedness Communication (VP4, VP7, VP19)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on preparing the public for climate change risks to protect public safety
through public awareness. The impacts of extreme temperatures, extreme precipitation events (including
winter storms), and associated storm surges on public health may be lessened if citizens know how to prepare
and protect themselves. There are many ways to increase awareness among the citizens of Salem, including:
-Educate citizens regarding the dangers of extreme heat and cold and the steps they may take to protect
themselves when extreme temperatures occur.
-Informing the public about severe winter weather impacts.
-Producing and distributing family and traveler emergency preparedness information about severe weather
hazards.
-Include safety strategies for severe weather in driver education classes and materials.
-Encourage homeowners (including landlords) to install carbon monoxide monitors and alarms.
-Educate citizens that all fuel-burning equipment should be vented to the outside.
Ideas for increasing flood risk awareness in particular include the following:
-Encourage homeowners to purchase flood insurance.
-Annually distributing flood protection safety pamphlets or brochures to the owners of flood-prone property.
-Educating citizens about safety during flood conditions, including the dangers of driving on flooded roads.
-Use outreach programs to advise homeowners of risks to life, health, and safety.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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28 Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and SafetyAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
31
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Planning and Community Development, Department of Emergency
Management
StormSmart Coasts - The Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management developed the StormSmart Coasts
program that provides information, strategies, and tools to help communities to address the challenges of
erosion, flooding, storms, sea level rise, and other climate change impacts. More information is available at:
http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/czm/program-areas/stormsmart-coasts/stormsmart-communities/
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Salem's Renewable Energy Task Force
A public education program on climate change hazard planning may include a combination of media, including
press releases, mass email notifications, dedicated space in existing mailings, City website, and social media.
Multi-language communication is important to reach the non-English speaking populations in Salem. Costs
include the cost to develop and advertise the materials and would vary depending on the size of the program.
Marketing could be handled in-house, by a non-profit, or by a consultant.
The neighborhoods around Jefferson Ave, Canal St, and Webb St have experience evacuating quickly before a
storm event. Salem may consider leveraging this experience and to share evacuation knowledge among
residents.
Redundancy of Evacuation Routes
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 65 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
29
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Assist Vulnerable Populations
Prioritized Vulnerability: J. Critical Emergency Preparedness Communication (VP4, VP7, VP19)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on ensuring vulnerable populations are prepared for climate change and
remain safe during a climate change event. Measures may be taken to ensure vulnerable populations are
adequately protected from the impacts of extreme temperatures, severe winter storms, and flooding, such as:
-Organize outreach to vulnerable populations, including establishing and promoting accessible heating or cooling
centers in the community.
-Require minimum and maximum temperatures in housing/landlord codes.
-Create a database to track those individuals at high risk of death, such as the elderly, homeless, disabled, etc.
-Identify specific at-risk populations that may be exceptionally vulnerable in the event of long-term power
outages or flooding events.
-Create social media and neighborhood apps to encourage neighbors to check on or assist vulnerable
populations during climate events.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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December 2014
29Adaptation Strategy Assist Vulnerable Populations
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
30
32
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Emergency Management, Department of Planning and
Community Development
Cambridge and Boston, MA - During warm months, the City of Cambridge operates a cooling center and extends
the hours of its public swimming pools. The City of Boston has prepared a list of heat emergency tips and facts:
http://www.cityofboston.gov/heat/tips.asp
MEMA "Ready Massachusetts" website: http://www.mass.gov/eopss/agencies/mema/ready-massachusetts/
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
The first step to assist vulnerable populations is to identify them by their age, risk factor, and place of residence.
During hazard events, City officials may target emergency response efforts based on those with the highest risk
factor. Communication with vulnerable populations and the neighborhood is key to implementing these
strategies.
Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach during Poor Air Quality Events
Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 67 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
30
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on a community health impact assessment and public outreach, focused on
poor air quality. Poor air quality may increase the health hazards due to extreme heat events. Higher
temperatures favor the formation of ground-level ozone and other secondary air pollutants created from
chemical reactions with pollutants directly emitted from power plants, motor vehicles, and other sources. Poor
air quality may adversely affect the health of many people, with a disproportionate disease burden among the
elderly, children, and those with chronic underlying disease. With the projected increased occurrence of
extreme heat events, demand for electric power generation may increase. This may contribute to further
degradation of air quality despite efforts to control power plant emissions.
The City may develop a community health impact assessment specifically to understand the relationship
between the health risk and poor air quality. The focus of such an assessment may be on the impacts of poor air
quality and the extent of the health risk specifically to the vulnerable populations. The health impact assessment
program may prepare an inventory of high risk vulnerable groups residing in Salem, MA and identify signs and
symptoms of respiratory related health effects to the vulnerable groups. The public outreach program may be
used to educate the vulnerable groups and their caregivers to detect these signs and symptoms. To alert the
populations of the air quality risks during extreme heat events, the health department may integrate EPA's pre-
existing air quality alert program (EnviroFlash). This may enable vulnerable population to take appropriate
measures such as restricting outdoor exercise.
Prioritized Vulnerability: K. Poor Air Quality (VP5)
Sector(s):
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach
during Poor Air Quality Events
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 68 of 96
December 2014
30Adaptation Strategy Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach
during Poor Air Quality Events
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
28
32
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
EPA EnviroFlash Air Quality Alert Program: http://www.epa.gov/region1/airquality/smogalrt.html
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada - Air Quality and Climate Change Corporate Strategic Plan: This report discusses
adaptation to smog and climate change on Page 30.
https://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/PCP/Hamilton_Air_Quality_and_Climate_Change_Corporate_Strategic
_Plan_EN.pdf
Michigan Department of Public Health - Preparing for Public Health Impacts of Climate Change:
http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,1607,7-132-54783_54784_55975---,00.html
Coordination between different city/state public health departments may be challenging. There may be cultural
and language barriers that make communications among vulnerable groups difficult. This effort would require
additional time and effort required by city officials for public outreach.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Health Department
Potential Partnerships
Project Timeframe:
Project Type:
MA Department of Public Health, local and regional health
organizations
Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and Safety
Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 69 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
31
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Redundancy of Evacuation Routes
Prioritized Vulnerability: F. Flooding of Evacuation Routes (VP13, VP18, VP23)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on a creating or expanding redundancy in the transportation network in and
around Salem. Redundancy allows the transportation network to compensate for losses by ensuring the
functionality remains even when network segments are damaged or destroyed. Some areas for consideration
include: Rt 1A, Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Bridge St, and Canal St. Redundancy is provided through an integrated
multi-modal approach. Identifying and addressing transportation bottlenecks within the system is critical.
Designing and implementing redundant evacuation routes facilitates safe and secure movement out of the
flooded areas caused by extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, and storm surge.
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 70 of 96
December 2014
31 Redundancy of Evacuation RoutesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
28
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Public Works, Department of
Planning and Community Development , Emergency Management
Battelle. 2007. National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission. “Commission Briefing
Paper 4E-02: Evaluation of the Systems’ Available Redundancy to Compensate for Loss of Transportation Assets
Resulting from Natural Disasters or Terrorist Attacks.” Evaluation Analysis of Future Issues and Changing
Demands on the System; Part E. Security and Emergency Management
Federal Highway Administration, Using Highways for No-Notice Evacuations: Routes to Effective Evacuation
Planning Primer Series: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/evac_primer_nn/primer.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Capacity and connectivity constraints within the existing network may impede development of alternative
evacuation routes. A study may be conducted in order to identify system failures and to develop feasible
recommendations for areas where redundancy may be incorporated into the system.
Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and Safety
New York City and Washington D.C. - A redundant multi-modal network enabled thousands to evacuate areas on
September 11th:
http://transportationfortomorrow.com/final_report/pdf/volume_3/technical_issue_papers/paper4e_02.pdf
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 71 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
32
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness
Prioritized Vulnerability: K. Poor Air Quality (VP5)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on reviewing the capacity and available resources of local health care
providers to handle poor air quality-related diseases and aliments. Poor air quality may increase the health
hazards due to extreme heat events. Higher temperatures favor the formation of ground-level ozone and other
secondary air pollutants created from chemical reactions with pollutants directly emitted from power plants,
motor vehicles, and other sources. Poor air quality may adversely affect the health of many people, with a
disproportionate disease burden among the elderly, children, and those with chronic underlying disease.
The City may consider reviewing the capacity and available resources of local health care providers to ensure
there are sufficient clinics or hospitals available to care for people during poor air quality events and that the
people have the ability to access them. It is also possible to integrate the emergency medical response
mechanism with EPA's pre-existing air quality alert program (EnviroFlash) to provide a timely response to high
risk groups.
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 72 of 96
December 2014
32Adaptation Strategy Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
29
30
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Health Department
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada - Air Quality and Climate Change Corporate Strategic Plan: This report discusses
adaptation to smog and climate change.
https://www.fcm.ca/Documents/reports/PCP/Hamilton_Air_Quality_and_Climate_Change_Corporate_Strategic
_Plan_EN.pdf
EPA EnviroFlash Air Quality Alert Program: http://www.epa.gov/region1/airquality/smogalrt.html
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Coordination between different city/state public health departments and medical organizations may be
challenging.
MA Department of Public Health, local and regional health
organizations
Assist Vulnerable Populations
Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach during Poor Air Quality Events
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOERMBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
Conservation Commission
Page 73 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
33
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Promote and Expand Urban Forestry
Prioritized Vulnerability: K. Poor Air Quality (VP5)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on increasing the urban forest canopy in Salem. Urban forestry helps improve
air quality. Trees have the ability to absorb air pollutants to improve local air quality. In addition, urban forests
also provide economic benefits, aesthetic value, sequester carbon dioxide, improve water quality, provide
health benefits and wildlife habitats. Trees may help mitigate stormwater related flooding issues and erosion.
Shading from trees may reduce energy loads in the summer. The City may increase tree planning activities and
consider partnership with local or regional agencies to coordinate tree planting in areas with populations
sensitive to poor air quality.
A GIS layer or map of existing city trees may be a first step to understanding where the urban canopy may be
improved in Salem. Another component may be a phone or online reporting system for citizens to report
damage to trees, downed limbs, exposed roots, etc. This may assist the City in maintaining the health of existing
trees.
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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33 Promote and Expand Urban ForestryAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
17
22
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
New York, NY Million Trees - New York City's urban tree planting program has found multiple environmental
and health benefits http://www.milliontreesnyc.org/html/home/home.shtml
Urban Forestry Network: http://urbanforestrynetwork.org/benefits/air%20quality.htm
Seattle, WA Canopy Cover website: http://www.seattle.gov/trees/canopycover.htm
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
The City may consider working with the school district to involve students in the planting. This would provide
educational opportunities and outreach, while reducing costs. Also consider the location of newly planted trees
to minimize any financial and safety issues associated with downed trees during extreme weather events.
Increase Energy Efficiency in Critical City Buildings
Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Public Works, Department of Planning and Community
Development
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 75 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
34
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
O. Property damage or loss of historic properties (CB4, CB9, CB17)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on evaluating buildings for flood proofing opportunities. This is applicable to
all buildings, including:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, South Essex Sewerage District, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Historic areas and properties: Fort Lee, Salem Commons, Emerton St, Forester St, Derby Wharf, Bridge St,
Maritime Historic District, House of Seven Gables, Custom House and Bonded Warehouse
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
A flood proofing evaluation may include:
-Assessing the building strength to determine if it may withstand flooding-forces.
-Understanding the likely flooding characteristics, such as the length of time a building is expected to flood.
-Determining the building location within established or future flooding areas.
-Operational and maintenance initiatives that would to ensure flood proofing options are kept in working order.
-Evaluating the utilities and critical operations in the building to see if they are at risk for flooding.
There are many codes and standards that the City may consider adopting to strengthen the ability to evaluate
flood proofing opportunities. Some examples include:
-The International Building Code (IBC) and the International Residential Code (IRC).
-Incorporate higher standards for hazard resistance in localized code amendments.
-ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures.
-ASCE 24-05 Flood Resistance Design and Construction.
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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34 Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing OpportunitiesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Tulane Medical Center, New Orleans, LA - Tulane Medical Center followed FEMA's dry flood proofing guidance
to install shields, doors, and reinforced walls to protect critical assets from flooding damage.
FEMA, 2013, Flood proofing Non-Residential Buildings P-936, Table 1-1.
FEMA presentation on dry flood proofing measures:
http://www.floods.org/Files/Conf2013_ppts/H4B/H4B_Ingargiola_FEMA936.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Evaluation of the potential costs of flood proofing should be considered before moving forward. The cost of
flood proofing buildings depends on many factors, such as the size of the building, the height of flood protection
to be implemented, they types of materials used, and the number of openings where flood waters could enter a
building.
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Elevate the Building
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Flood Proof Buildings
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Planning and Community
Development , Inspectional Services
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 77 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
35
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future
Flooding Levels
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on locating critical use buildings outside of future flooding areas. Critical use
buildings are those essential to a community's resiliency and sustainability. Critical uses within a building may
include:
-Emergency response equipment- phones, supplies, back-up batteries
-Response and maintenance vehicles – DPW, Fire, Police ambulance
-Vehicle fueling stations
Retaining the function of these critical use buildings is the goal of this strategy. The proper site selection is the
best solution for avoiding the devastation and costly effects of flooding. In some cases, relocating a critical public
service or use into an area that is not expected to flood in the future, could be more cost effective than to
design or modify such a facility located in a future flood area. The City may consider if the critical uses within a
building could be relocated into another building (outside the future flood area) and serve the same function.
This may be applicable to the critical uses in buildings and properties such as:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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December 2014
35Adaptation Strategy Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future
Flooding Levels
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
36
37
38
39
40
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Inspectional Services, Emergency Management
Department, Department of Planning and Community Development
FEMA, 1999, Principle and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems
(FEMA 384).
FM Global, 2014, Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-40, Flood. Section 2.2.4.5.
FEMA, 2013, Flood proofing Non-Residential Buildings P-936.
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
FEMA has developed guidelines for the design and construction of utilities and buildings in flood prone locations.
The manuals are written for the use of architects, engineers, builders, code officials, and property owners. These
guidelines include incorporating proper site selection, elevation higher than flooding levels, ensuring that
important services (electrical, communication, water and wastewater treatment) within the building are
appropriate sited outside of future flood levels, and that necessary man-made flood controls are protecting the
structure.
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Flood Proof Buildings
Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Elevate the Building
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 79 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
36
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
O. Property damage or loss of historic properties (CB4, CB9, CB17)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on relocating buildings outside of future flooding areas, especially small
structures or historic properties. By relocating properties into future non-flood areas, the City may avoid the
extreme alterations required to protect the structure, risking loss of significant historic character. Additionally, a
flood protection strategy or elevation strategy could be more expensive than relocating. This strategy is to be
considered for smaller structures due to the significant constraints and engineering considerations necessary to
move a structure.
Properties for possible consideration include:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Historic areas and properties: Fort Lee, Salem Commons, Emerton St, Forester St, Derby Wharf, Bridge St,
Maritime Historic District, House of Seven Gables, Custom House and Bonded Warehouse
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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36Adaptation Strategy Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
35
37
38
39
40
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Inspectional Services
FEMA, 1999, Principle and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems
(FEMA 384).
FM Global, 2014, Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-40, Flood. Section 2.2.4.5.
FEMA, 2013, Flood proofing Non-Residential Buildings P-936.
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Historical Commission, Salem Chamber of Commerce
The transportation routes to move the structure need to be considered carefully. The most important factor in
moving a structure is getting it from A to B. Most movers can pick up any size structure but if there are
obstaclesin the path, such as trees, street lights, utilities, curves, overpasses or narrow roads, the task may not
be feasible.
Additional considerations for moving a structure:
-Acquiring the land where the structure will be placed
-Building a new foundation for the structure
-Permitting and inspection costs
-Fees for plumbers and electricians to disconnect and reconnect major utilities in the building
-Renovation costs, particularly if the City requires the structure to be brought up to all current building codes
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Flood Proof Buildings
Elevate the Building
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 81 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
37
Adaptation Strategy Description:
L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Elevate the Building
Prioritized Vulnerabilities:
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on understanding the future flood areas and designing the new structure so it
is raised and out of risk. One engineering approach is to elevate the existing buildings and their critical systems.
This requires understanding the future flood area and the appropriate building elevation.
Structures should be examined by a structural engineer. When necessary, modifications may be made to resist
all flood-related loads and conditions, including hydrostatic loads, break wave action debris impact, and rapid
rise and drawdown of water. The engineer may determine the appropriate foundation system depending on the
future flood levels. These may include open foundations, fill, pilings, columns, stem wall or slabs.
Careful consideration should be given to the placement of critical building systems in both existing and new
buildings. Doors, windows, and other openings below the future flooding levels may be detailed to eliminate the
need for flood shields when possible. If this is not feasible through design, permanent flood shields may be
incorporated. Stairs and/or ramps could ensure that the important building uses or functions are accessible.
There are many codes that the City may consider adopting to strengthen the foundation systems. Some
examples for consideration include:
-Require open foundation such as piles or piers
-Require deep foundations in order to avoid erosion and scour
-Require a calculated percentage of open wall area on floors that are located in the future flooding levels
Properites at risk that may be considered for this strategy include:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 82 of 96
December 2014
37 Elevate the BuildingAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
35
36
38
39
40
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX - The University of Texas implemented a perimeter wall and dry flood
proofing project at the Texas Medical Center after Tropical Storm Allison flooded the basement and first flood of
the facility, causing $205 million in damages. As part of the project, they reinforced or replaced concrete walls,
installed flood doors, and retrofitted windows with flood proof glass. More information may be found at:
http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/9a50c534fc5895799321dcdd4b6083e7/P-936_8-20-13_508r.pdf
FEMA, 1999, Principle and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems
(FEMA 384).
FM Global, 2014, Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-40, Flood. Section 2.2.4.5.
FEMA, 2013, Flood proofing Non-Residential Buildings P-936.
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
FEMA requires that equipment and system components be above flooding levels. This may be done by putting
equipment and system components on pedestals, platforms or fill, suspending systems from structural elements
or moving them to upper floors or attics. Another option is to ensure equipment and system components are in
watertight enclosures, protective utility shafts, or have anchoring systems. Coastal Resiliency grants and funding
sources may be available.
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Flood Proof Buildings
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Emergency Management Department,
Inspectional Services
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 83 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
38
Adaptation Strategy Description:
L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
O. Property damage or loss of historic properties (CB4, CB9, CB17)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
Prioritized Vulnerabilities:
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on understanding the future flood level and elevating the critical uses within
the building. In existing buildings, utility equipment that is critical for functionality may be relocated to higher
floors or elevated additions. Most building systems may be divided into two components: 1) main equipment
and 2) distribution. For example, it is recommended that HVAC systems and equipment (compressors,
condensers, heat pump, furnaces, boilers, etc.) be strapped or bolted onto platforms above the future flood
levels. The strapping or bolting may be designed to withstand wind and other forces. The City may also consider
elevating supporting distribution systems (ducts, supply lines, and piping) within the facilities. This may be
accomplished by hanging ducts from the bottom of the lowest floor or crawl space ceiling so that the bottom of
the duct is less likely to flood.
Properites at risk that may be considered for this strategy include:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 84 of 96
December 2014
38 Elevate a Building's Critical UsesAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
23
24
34
35
36
37
39
40
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA - The Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital designed the new facility
in the Charlestown Navy Yard, to be prepared for climate change. For example, the main primary electrical
services are located on the roof of the building to protect it from flooding. In addition, these electrical services
are powered by a fuel pump which is secured in a flood-proof vault with a 150,000 gallon tank. These measures
will allow the hospital to be functional during a flooding event. More information is available at:
http://www.spauldingrehab.org/about/news-events/Spaulding-Hospital-Unveils
FEMA, 1999, Principle and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems
(FEMA 384).
FM Global, 2014, Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-40, Flood. Section 2.2.4.5.
FEMA, 2013, Flood proofing Non-Residential Buildings P-936.
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
FEMA requires that equipment and system components be above flooding levels. This may be done by putting
equipment's and system components on pedestals, platforms or fill, suspending systems from structural
elements or moving them to upper floors or attics. Another option is to ensure equipment and system
components are in watertight enclosures, protective utility shafts, and anchoring systems.
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Elevate the Building
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources
Install and Elevate Backup Power Sources
Flood Proof Buildings
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Public Works, Emergency
Management Department, Inspectional Services
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 85 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
39
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on adopting and enforcing building codes to prevent or manage flooding.
Buildings and infrastructure may be protected from the impacts of extreme precipitation, sea level rise, and
storm surge with the following regulations. The City may consider any of the following actions:
-Adopt the International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC).
-Increase the local Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) classification through higher building
code standards and enforcement practices.
-Incorporate higher standards for hazard resistance in local application of the building code.
-Provide advanced training to local building inspectors.
-Establish “value-added” incentives for hazard-resistant construction practices beyond code requirements.
-Ensure the development and enforcement of building codes for roof snow loads.
-Discourage flat roofs in areas that experience heavy snows.
-Adopt ASCE-24-05 Flood Resistant Design and Construction.
-ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures.
-Establish design standards for buildings located in areas susceptible to storm surge.
-Adopt building requirements for higher elevation in inundation zones.
-Require open foundations (e.g., piles or piers) in coastal areas.
-Require deep foundations in order to avoid erosion and scour.
-Prohibit all first floor enclosures below base flood elevation for all structures in flood hazard areas.
-Set the design flood elevation at or above expected future flooding levels.
Stricter building codes for new construction and existing facilities may help the City protect its building stock
from flooding as well as wind, and prolonged power outage. Targeted strategies include building code legislation
changes, adjustments to zoning regulations, incentive programs, and best practices guides. The goal is to adopt
new codes that will help to prevent flooding or allow flooded areas to bounce back from an event more quickly.
The areas where this may be most effective are generally near the coast, rivers, or canals, including: The
Willows, Emerton St, Forester St, Bridge St, Canal St, and The Point.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 86 of 96
December 2014
39Adaptation Strategy Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
35
36 Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
37
38 Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
40 Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Flood Proof Buildings
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Planning and Community Development , Inspection
Services Department, Legal Department
New York City - As part of New York City's "A Stronger, More Resilient New York," New York City is proposing
targeted strategies to improve building codes for new construction and existing buildings:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc/html/resiliency/stronger-buildings.shtml
International Code Council: http://www.iccsafe.org/Pages/default.aspx
American Society of Civil Engineers: http://ascelibrary.org/
Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule: http://www.isomitigation.com/bcegs/0000/bcegs0001.html
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
The City may review model building codes from the International Building Code (IBC) and International
Residential Code (IRC) to determine if they are appropriate to adopt the model code outright as their own or
with amendments and additional rules. A working group of city staff, developers, and building inspectors may be
formed to inform decisions.
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Elevate the Building
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 87 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
40
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on limiting or restricting residential development in future flooding areas.
Flooding may be mitigated by limiting or restricting how new or re-development occurs in future flooding areas
through actions such as:
-Prohibit or limit future flooding area development through regulatory and/or incentive-based measures.
-Limit the density of developments in the future flooding area.
-Require that future flooding area be kept as open space.
-Limit the percentage of allowable impervious surface within developed parcels.
-Develop a stream buffer ordinance to protect water resources and limit flood impacts.
-Prohibit any fill in future flooding areas.
Coastal erosion setbacks, sea level rise, increase coastal flood and surge elevations, and building elevations are
examples of what may be considered in flood-related ordinances. The first step is to review the existing
regulations and zoning ordinance, review historical flood events and insurance claims, review future flooding
levels, and determine implications to tax base and private property rights.
The areas where this may be most effective are generally near the coast, rivers, or canals, including: The
Willows, Emerton St, Forester St, Bridge St, Canal St, and The Point.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 88 of 96
December 2014
40Adaptation Strategy Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
35
36 Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
37
38 Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
39 Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
42
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Flood Proof Buildings
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Planning and Community Development , Housing
Authority, Legal Department
Model By-Law - A model bylaw for effectively managing coastal floodplain development was developed in
partnership between the Woods Hole Sea Grant, Cape Cod Commission, and the University of Hawaii Sea Grant:
http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawaut09001.pdf
WHOI Sea Grant, CCC, UH Sea Grant. 2009. Model Coastal Floodplain Development Bylaw. Available at:
http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/hawau/hawaut09001.pdf
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
In developing future flooding area regulations, the City may consider the floodplain management measures
required to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and expand on these to account for
future flooding. A robust public outreach and education campaign to solicit community feedback is important to
mediate potential challenges.
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
Elevate the Building
MA Coastal Zone Management, Massachusetts Bays National
Estuary Program
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Others:
Private Property Owners Conservation Commission
Page 89 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
41
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Improve Land Use Planning and Regulations
Prioritized Vulnerabilities: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
Sector(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on improving land use planning and regulations to prevent or manage
flooding. Land uses may be planned and regulated to minimize the impact of storm surge and mitigate future
losses resulting from extreme precipitation events and sea level rise. Possible measures to implement include:
-Adopt shoreline setback regulations and establish coastal setback lines.
-Adopt coastal zone management regulations.
-Plan for future storm surge heights due to sea level rise.
-Limit or prohibit development in areas along the coast subject to inundation by the future storm surge flood
event.
-Locate future critical facilities outside of areas susceptible to storm surge.
-Require that all critical facilities at least meet requirements of Executive Order 11988 and be built 1 foot above
the 500-year flood elevation (considering wave action) or even higher to take into account future flooding levels.
-Use zoning, subdivision regulations, and/or a sea level rise and storm surge overlay district to designate high-
risk areas and specify the conditions for the use and development of specific areas.
-Promote conservation and management of open space, wetlands, and/or sea level rise boundary zones to
separate developed areas from high-hazard areas.
-Prohibit the redevelopment of areas destroyed by storms or chronic erosion in order to prevent future losses.
-Establish setbacks in high-risk areas that account for potential sea level rise.
-Acquire and use easements (e.g., conservation) to prevent development in known hazard areas.
-Incorporate low-impact development techniques.
The areas where this may be most effective are generally near the coast, rivers, or canals, including: The
Willows, Emerton St, Forester St, Bridge St, Canal St, and The Point.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 90 of 96
December 2014
41Adaptation Strategy Improve Land Use Planning and Regulations
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
39 Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
40 Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
Project Type:
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Department of Planning and Community Development , Legal
Department
Planning Tools - The Georgetown Climate Center produced a comprehensive summary of land use planning tools
available to local governments to adapt to sea-level rise. More information is available at:
http://www.southernclimate.org/pages/data-tools
MA Smart Growth/Smart Energy Toolkit: http://www.mass.gov/envir/smart_growth_toolkit/pages/mod-lid.html
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Land use planning tools and regulations vary by type (planning, regulatory, spending, or tax and market-based
tool), policy objective (protection, accommodation, preservation, retreat), and type of land uses that the tool
may be used to adapt (critical infrastructure, existing development, developable lands, and undevelopable
lands). The City may review excising land use policies and regulations and study the legal and administrative
feasibility of improving or implementing new tools.
1-2 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 91 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
42
Adaptation Strategy Description:
This adaptation strategy focuses on flood proofing to protect the existing buildings, critical systems and
equipment. There are two techniques for flood proofing a building: "dry flood proofing" and "wet flood
proofing". "Dry flood proofing" is applied to building entrances, windows and surrounding equipment rooms
located within the flood prone area. The goal is to seal a building to ensure that a building is watertight from
floodwaters such as with flood panels for interior spaces. An effective dry flood proofing retrofit may include
the following steps:
-Detailed site evaluation
-Detailed building evaluation
-Careful evaluation of all of the dry flood proofing measures, including a consideration of residual risk
-Design by a qualified registered design professional
-Verification/testing that the constructed systems provide the desired flood proofing effectiveness
-Flood proofing certificate for non-residential structures for the dry flood proofing design
-A plan for deploying any active dry flood proofing measures that require human intervention
-Sufficient warning time to deploy active dry flood proofing measures and vacate the building
"Wet flood proofing" is another method were water is allowed to enter into the structure intentionally. Wet
flood proofing allows the water to equalize on both sides of the wall, reducing the risk of structural damage. This
method requires that all critical utilities be raised or protected by curbs and water tight enclosures. The use of
flood-damage-resistant materials and construction techniques are used to minimize the effects of flooding. The
design may consider replacing building material with materials that clean-up easily and are less likely to be
damaged from water.
These concepts may be considered for buildings, fueling stations, transformers, or any fixed equipment that
must remain in the flood zone. Ultimately, the goal is to provide the most effective level of flood protection for
all critical building systems and spaces.
Critical structures should be examined by a structural engineer. When necessary, modifications may be made to
resist all flood-related loads and conditions, including hydrostatic loads, break wave action debris impact, rapid
rise and drawdown of water.
(continued on next page)
L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
O. Property damage or loss of historic properties (CB4, CB9, CB17)
M. Property damage or loss at Salem State University (CB15)
N. Flooding of emergency response facilities (VP14, VP24)
P. Flooding of residential areas (VP15, VP20)
Flood Proof Buildings
Prioritized Vulnerabilities:
Sector(s):
Adaptation Strategy
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
Extreme Heat Events
Extreme Precipitation Events Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building Infrastructure
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
Page 92 of 96
December 2014
42 Flood Proof BuildingsAdaptation Strategy
Adaptation Strategy Description, continued:
Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
34
35 Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
36 Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels
37 Elevate the Building
38 Elevate a Building's Critical Uses
39 Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes
40
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
If openings exist that could allow flood water to enter the building, flood barriers may be used. These may help
limit damage to the building. For example, flood protection walls may be constructed around critical interior
rooms to reduce flood damage. Another example is to waterproof partitions and openings by using flood gates
around mechanical equipment. The goal is to limit the amount of water that may penetrate a building to a few
inches in depth.
The FEMA provides guidance for incorporating flood damage-resistance techniques as it’s related to design and
construction of building utilities. FEMA requires that equipment and system components be above flooding
levels. This may be done by putting equipment's and system components on pedestals, platforms or fill,
suspending systems from structural elements or moving them to upper floors or attics. Another option is to
ensure equipment and system components are in watertight enclosures, protective utility shafts, and anchoring
systems.
Coastal Resiliency grants and funding sources may be available.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Inspectional Services
Potential Partnerships
Project Timeframe:
Project Type:
Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities
Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas
This is applicable to all buildings, including:
-Emergency and critical buildings: Department of Public Works, Police Headquarters, Fire Headquarters and
Stations 5, City Hall, South Essex Sewerage District, schools serving as emergency shelters
-Residential and commercial properties near: Rt 1A, The Point, the Willows neighborhood, Pioneer Terrace,
Lafayette St, Kernwood St, Emerton St, Forester St, Commercial St, Canal St
-Historic areas and properties: Fort Lee, Salem Commons, Emerton St, Forester St, Derby Wharf, Bridge St,
Maritime Historic District, House of Seven Gables, Custom House and Bonded Warehouse
-Institutional properties: Salem State's Central, North, and South campuses, the O'Keefe Center, Salem Academy
Charter School, Carlton School, Bentley School, Salem Early Childhood School
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
Page 93 of 96
December 2014
42 Flood Proof BuildingsAdaptation Strategy
Case Studies:
References:
FEMA, 1999, Principle and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems
(FEMA 384).
FM Global, 2014, Property Loss Prevention Data Sheet 1-40, Flood. Section 2.2.4.5.
Fall River, MA - Flood doors and reinforcement to the exterior doors were added at the Cove Street and Central
Street pump stations. This strategy also allowed for the retrofit of these pump stations to prevent the
infiltration of flood water to these deep well pump stations during flooding events. The strategy included the
installation of roof hatches to allow access to the building during flooding conditions.
Henrico County, VA - Upgrades were made to the pump stations and included the installation of a flood door
assembly and relocation of wall openings above the flood level of the Roanoke River.
DC Water, Washington, D.C. - A deep well storm interceptor with ground level entrance was strategically located
above the 500 year flood plain of the Potomac River at the Tunnel Dewatering Station/Enhanced Clarification
Facility.
Narragansett Bay Commission, RI - Modifications to the protective barrier dike at the Bucklin Point wastewater
treatment facility were made to raise it above the new flood plain.
Page 94 of 96
December 2014
City of Salem, Massachusetts
43 Perform Wharf Area Water Study
Adaptation Strategy Description:
Sector(s):
Adaptation Strategy
Prioritized Vulnerability: L. Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities (CB2,
CB6, CB14, W13)
Due to this/these
Climate Impact(s):
This adaptation strategy focuses on performing a wharf area water system study and field investigation. This
study will include review of public and private water piping systems in the wharf area to update the GIS data and
mapping. More accurate mapping will immediately benefit Salem by allowing Department of Public Works staff
to more quickly locate and operate key valves in the system during an storm or emergency. New data will be
used to evaluate the wharf area piping systems and recommend the most appropriate location for any new
emergency shutdown gate valves to protect against wider spreading of distribution system failure or potential
contamination, in the event of a wharf water piping failure.
Extreme Heat
Extreme Precipitation Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise
Critical Building
Drinking Water and Wastewater
Vulnerable Populations
Stormwater
Transportation
Energy
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Adaptation Strategies with Similar Benefits
Technical, Implementation, and Financial Considerations:
Case Studies:
References:
MA DEP Guidelines for Public Water Systems, Handbook for Water Supply Emergencies
EPA Hurricane Preparedness Tips for Water Systems Tips: http://www.epa.gov/safewater/hurricane/pre-
hurricane.html
AWWA, Public Water System Response to Loss of Pressure to All or Part of the Distribution System, Standard
ANSI/AWWA C651-92 for Disinfecting Water Mains.
Primary City Department(s) or Staff:Engineering Department, Department of Public Works
Project Type:
Project Timeframe:
Potential Partnerships
Horizontal survey or GPS equipment are likely to be required to spatially show water system features or
structures not currently shown included in Salem water GIS mapping. This study would benefit from the
participation of and field assistance from Salem Public Works personnel to discuss potential improvements to
existing emergency response procedures and to assist in the location of key water infrastructure features. Once
the study is completed the city could seek funding to design and install the recommended emergency shutdown
valves or repairs to any existing non-functioning valves in the wharf area.
1-2 years 6-10 years2-5 years 10+ years
Planning DesignOrdinance/Zoning Construction
Program StudyEducation/Outreach Operations
Hospitals MEMA
MAPC National Grid
Police Department
DEPEPA
Neighboring CitiesFire Department FEMA
<1 year
Salem Sound CoastwatchDOER
Salem Alliance for the Environment (SAFE)
MBTA
North Shore Community Development Coalition (CDC)
Private Property Owners
Others:
Conservation Commission
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