The URL can be used to link to this page

HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE 2020 City of Salem HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2020 UPDATE Draft Plan February 14, 2020 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE ii [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS This plan was prepared for the City of Salem by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) under the direction of the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) and the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). The plan was funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Pre- Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Grant Program. MAPC Officers MAPC Officers President Erin Wortman, Town of Stoneham Vice President Adam Chapdelaine, Town of Arlington Secretary Sandra Hackman, Town of Bedford Treasurer Sam Seidel, Gubernatorial Executive Director: Marc. D. Draisen Credits Project Manager and Lead Project Planner: Sam Cleaves Environmental Planning Director Martin Pillsbury Mapping/GIS Services: Caitlin Spence Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency Director: Samantha Philips Department of Conservation and Recreation Acting Commissioner: Jim Montgomery Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Gerry Giunta Fire Department Darya Mattes Seth Lattrell Mason Wells David Knowlton Planning Department Planning Department Planning Department Engineering Department Deborah Duhamel Engineering Department Jack Nessen Engineering Department Dennis Levasseur Fire/Emergency Management David Greenbaum Mary Butler Health Department Police Department CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE iv [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Page 1 Plan Review and Update Process 2 2 Previous Federal/State Disaster Declarations 6 3 Salem Characteristics 9 4 Local Hazard Mitigation Team Members 14 5 Attendance at Public Meetings 15 6 Hazard Risks Summary 19 7 Essex County Flood Events 21 8 Adaptation Strategies and the Vulnerabilities they Address 25 9 Essex County Coastal Flood Events, 2006-2018 30 10 Summary of Repetitive Losses and Claims 32 11 Hurricane Records for Massachusetts 34 12 Tornado Records for Middlesex County 37 Section Page 1 Executive Summary 1 2 Introduction 5 3 Planning Process and Public Participation 11 4 Risk Assessment 19 5 Hazard Mitigation Goals 87 6 Existing Mitigation Measures 89 7 Mitigation Measures from the 2012 Plan 99 8 Hazard Mitigation Strategy 103 9 Plan Adoption and Maintenance 119 10 List of References 123 Appendices A Hazard Mapping 126 B Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team 137 C Documentation of Public Participation 139 D Documentation of Plan Adoption 145 E Documentation of Plan Approval 147 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE vi 13 Essex County Thunderstorm Events 39 14 Severe Winter Storm Records for Massachusetts 43 15 Essex County Heavy Snow Events 44 16 Essex County Ice Storm Events 47 17 Historical Earthquakes in Massachusetts 48 18 Essex County Extreme Cold Occurrences 55 19 Essex County Extreme Heat Occurrences 56 20 Projected Temperature Changes 57 21 Chronology of Major Droughts in Massachusetts 61 22 Essex County Drought Occurrences 63 23 Salem Land Use 66 24 Summary of Salem Developments 2012-2019 69 25 Relationship of Potential Development to Hazard Areas 69 26 Critical Facilities and Relationship to Hazard Areas 71 27 Estimated Damages from Hurricanes 84 28 Estimated Damages from Earthquakes 85 29 Estimated Damages from Flooding 86 30 Existing Mitigation Measures 95 31 Mitigation Measures from the 2012 Plan 99 32 Mitigation Measure Prioritization 106 33 Recommended Mitigation Strategy 112 Figures 1 Ipswich River Gage Height, March-April 2010 23 2 Massachusetts Earthquake Probability Map 49 3 Massachusetts Wildfires 2001-2009 53 4 Massachusetts Wildfire Risk Areas 53 5 Wind Chill Temperature Index and Frostbite Risk 55 6 Heat Index Chart 56 7 Statewide Drought Levels using SPI Thresholds 60 8 Drought Conditions in Massachusetts, October 2016 62 9 Change in Frequency of Extreme Downpours, 1948 – 2011 64 10 Massachusetts Extreme Heat Scenarios 65 1 SECTION 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hazard Mitigation planning is a proactive effort to identify actions that can be taken to reduce the dangers to life and property from natural hazard events. In the communities of the Boston region of Massachusetts, hazard mitigation planning tends to focus most on flooding, the most likely natural hazard to impact these communities. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires all municipalities that wish to be eligible to receive FEMA funding for hazard mitigation grants, to adopt a local multi-hazard mitigation plan and update this plan in five-year intervals. Planning Process This is an update of the original Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan, which was adopted by Salem on September 13, 2012. Planning for the Hazard Mitigation Plan update was led by the Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team, composed of staff from a number of different City Departments. This team met on July 8, 2019 and discussed where the impacts of natural hazards most affect the City, goals for addressing these impacts, updates to the City’s existing mitigation measures and new or revised hazard mitigation measures that would benefit the City. Public participation in this planning process is important for improving awareness of the potential impacts of natural hazards and to build support for the actions the City takes to mitigate them. The City’s Conservation Commission hosted two public meetings, the first on August 8, 2019 and the second on February 18, 2020 and the draft plan update was posted on the City’s website for public review. Key City stakeholders and neighboring communities were notified and invited to review the draft plan and submit comments. See meeting documentation in Appendix C. Risk Assessment The Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan assesses the potential impacts to the City from flooding, high winds, winter storms, brush fire, geologic hazards, extreme temperatures, and drought. Flooding, driven by hurricanes, northeasters and other storms, clearly presents the greatest hazard to the City. These are shown on the map series (Appendix A). The Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team identified 180 Critical Facilities. These are also shown on the map series and listed in Table 23, identifying which facilities are located within the mapped hazard zones. A HAZUS-MH analysis provided estimates of damages from Hurricanes of category 2 and 4 ($39,011.47 thousand to $188,446.08 thousand) as well as earthquakes of magnitudes 5 and 7 ($913.75 million to $6,142 million). Flood damage estimates range from $50.24 million to $58.74 million. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 2 Hazard Mitigation Goals The Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team identified the following hazard mitigation goals for the City: 1. Prevent and reduce the loss of life, injury, public health impacts and property damages resulting from all identified natural hazards. 2. Build and enhance local mitigation capabilities to ensure individual safety, reduce damage to public and private property and ensure continuity of emergency services. 3. Increase cooperation and coordination among private entities, City officials and Boards, State agencies and Federal agencies. 4. Increase awareness of the benefits of hazard mitigation through outreach and education. Hazard Mitigation Strategy The Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team identified a number of mitigation measures that would serve to reduce the City’s vulnerability to natural hazard events. Salem would like to complete work on seawall infrastructure, complete work begun to mitigate coastal flooding in the Canal Street, Brooks Road/ Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond neighborhoods, install new tide gates at the North River and mitigate flooding along Bridge Street, continue to acquire priority vacant flood prone land and complete its upgrading of backup generating capacity at all its fire stations. Informed by its 2014 Coastal Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, the City’s 2018 Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP), risk assessment and management strategy addressing both coastal and inland hazards mitigation are key for building climate resilience and adaptation. Based on these, Salem wants to survey all coastal infrastructure, buildings and land impacted by Massachusetts General Law Chapter 91, mitigate flooding on Highland Ave near Walmart, participate in the National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System, assess which sewer pump stations can handle flooding, determine how to reduce flooding at Forest River at border with Marblehead and look at ways to update building, planning and zoning regulations to improve climate resilience and adaptation. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 3 Overall, the hazard mitigation strategy recognizes that mitigating hazards for Salem will be an ongoing process as our understanding of natural hazards and the steps that can be taken to mitigate their damages changes over time. Global climate change and a variety of other factors impact the City’s vulnerability and in the future. Local officials will need to work together across municipal lines and with state and federal agencies in order to understand and address these changes. The Hazard Mitigation Strategy will be incorporated into the City’s other related plans and policies. Plan Review and Update Process Table 1 Plan Review and Update Process Chapter Reviews and Updates III – Public Participation The Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team placed an emphasis on public participation for the update of the Hazard Mitigation Plan, discussing strategies to enhance participation opportunities at the first local committee meeting. During plan development, the plan was discussed at two public meetings hosted by the Conservation Commission. The plan was also available on the City’s website for public comment. IV – Risk Assessment MAPC gathered the most recently available hazard and land use data and met with City staff to identify changes in local hazard areas and development trends. City staff reviewed critical infrastructure with MAPC staff in order to create an up-to-date list. MAPC also used the most recently available version of HAZUS and assessed the potential impacts of flooding using the latest data. V - Goals The Hazard Mitigation Goals were reviewed and endorsed by the Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team. VI – Existing Mitigation Measures The list of existing mitigation measures was updated to reflect current mitigation activities in the City. VII & VIII – Hazard Mitigation Strategy Mitigation measures from the 2012 plan were reviewed and assessed as to whether they were completed, in-progress, or deferred. The Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team determined whether to carry forward measures into the 2020 Plan Update or modify or delete them. The Plan Update's hazard mitigation strategy reflects both new measures and measures carried forward from the 2012 plan. The Local Hazard Mitigation Team prioritized all of these measures based on current conditions. IX – Plan Adoption & Maintenance This section of the plan was updated with a new on-going plan implementation review and five year update process that will assist the City in incorporating hazard mitigation issues into other City planning and regulatory review processes and better prepare the City CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 4 for the next comprehensive plan update. As indicated on Table 28, Salem made progress on implementing mitigation measures identified in the 2012 Hazard Mitigation Plan. Several projects have been completed, including flood mitigation and drainage upgrades in the South River basin at Canal Street and Rosie’s Pond; the installation of a new living shoreline project in Collins Cove, the acquisition of key land parcels in the border area between Marblehead and Salem prone to flooding, and the partial completion of upgrades of seawalls at Daniels Street, Ocean Avenue and Willows Park. Moving forward into the next five-year plan implementation period there will be many more opportunities to incorporate hazard mitigation into the City’s decision-making processes. Though not formally done in the 2012 Plan, the City will document any actions taken within this iteration of the Hazard Mitigation Plan on challenges met and actions successfully adopted as part of the ongoing plan maintenance to be conducted by the Salem Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team, as described in Section IX, Plan Adoption and Maintenance. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 5 SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION Planning Requirements under the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act, passed in 2000, requires that after November 1 2004, all municipalities that wish to continue to be eligible to receive FEMA funding for hazard mitigation grants, must adopt a local multi-hazard mitigation plan and update this plan in five year intervals. This planning requirement does not affect disaster assistance funding. Federal hazard mitigation planning and grant programs are administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in collaboration with the states. These programs are administered in Massachusetts by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) in partnership with the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR). The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) subcontracted with the City of Salem to update its local Hazard Mitigation Plans, which was first adopted in 2012. The local Hazard Mitigation Plan update produced under this grant is designed to individually meet the requirements of the Disaster Mitigation Act for each community while listing regional concerns and hazards that impact the Town or City creating the plan. What is a Hazard Mitigation Plan? Natural hazard mitigation planning is the process of determining how to systematically reduce or eliminate the loss of life and property damage resulting from natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes. Hazard mitigation means to permanently reduce or alleviate the losses of life, injuries, and property resulting from natural hazards through long-term strategies. These long-term strategies include planning, policy changes, programs, projects, and other activities. Previous Federal/State Disasters The City of Salem, a part of Essex County, has experienced 22 natural hazards that triggered federal or state disaster declarations since 1991. These are listed in Table 2 below. The majority of these events involved flooding, while five were due to hurricanes or nor’easters, and four were due to severe winter weather. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 6 Table 2 Previous Federal/State Disaster Declarations DISASTER NAME (DATE OF EVENT) TYPE OF ASSISTANCE DECLARED AREAS Hurricane Bob (August 1991) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants Counties of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Salem, Hampden, Middlesex, Plymouth, Nantucket, Norfolk, Suffolk Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Counties of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Salem, Hampden, Middlesex, Plymouth, Nantucket, Norfolk, Suffolk (16 projects) No-Name Storm (October 1991) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants Counties of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Salem, Middlesex, Plymouth, Nantucket, Norfolk FEMA Individual Household Program Counties of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Salem, Middlesex, Plymouth, Nantucket, Norfolk Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Counties of Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Salem, Middlesex, Plymouth, Nantucket, Norfolk, Suffolk (10 projects) March Blizzard (March 1993) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants All 14 Counties January Blizzard (January 1996) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants All 14 Counties May Windstorm (May 1996) State Public Assistance Project Grants Counties of Plymouth, Norfolk, Bristol October Flood (October 1996) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants Counties of Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk FEMA Individual Household Program Counties of Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 7 DISASTER NAME (DATE OF EVENT) TYPE OF ASSISTANCE DECLARED AREAS Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Counties of Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk (36 projects) 1997 Community Development Block Grant-HUD Counties of Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Plymouth, Suffolk June Flood (June 1998) FEMA Individual Household Program Counties of Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Counties of Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester (19 projects) (1998)` Community Development Block Grant-HUD Counties of Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester March Flood (March 2001) FEMA Individual Household Program Counties of Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Counties of Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, Worcester (16 projects) February Snowstorm (Feb 17-18, 2003) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants All 14 Counties January Blizzard (January 22-23, 2005) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants All 14 Counties Hurricane Katrina (August 29, 2005) FEMA Public Assistance Project Grants All 14 Counties May Rainstorm/Flood (May 12-23, 2006) Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Statewide April Nor’easter (April 15-27, 2007) Hard Mitigation Grant Program Statewide Flooding (March 2010) FEMA Public Assistance FEMA Individuals and Households Program SBA Loan Bristol, Salem, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Plymouth, Worcester CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 8 DISASTER NAME (DATE OF EVENT) TYPE OF ASSISTANCE DECLARED AREAS Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Statewide Tropical Storm Irene (August 27-28, 2011) FEMA Public Assistance Statewide Hurricane Sandy (October 27-30, 2012) FEMA Public Assistance Statewide Severe snowstorm and Flooding (February 8-09, 2013 FEMA Public Assistance; Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Statewide Blizzard of 2015 (January 26-28, 2015) FEMA Public Assistance; Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Statewide Severe Winter Storm (March 2-3, 2018) FEMA Public Assistance; Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Salem, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable Counties Severe Winter Storm (March 13-14, 2018) FEMA Public Assistance; Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Salem, Suffolk, Norfolk, Worcester Counties Source: database provided by MEMA FEMA Funded Mitigation Projects The City of Salem has received funding from FEMA for one mitigation project under the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). Project Description/Title Scope of Work Total Project Cost (100%) Federal Funding Local Funding Project Status Sediment Forebay Project Install sediment forebay in South River $14,000 $0.00 $3500 Complete Community Profile Salem, a city of 8.1 square miles in area, is located in Essex County, approximately 16 miles northeast of Boston. It is one of the oldest urban centers on the North Shore, a subregion of the greater Boston area, which stretches along the coast from the Mystic to the Merrimack Rivers. Salem is bordered on the north by the Danvers River, Beverly CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 9 Harbor and the City of Beverly beyond. The eastern shore of Salem faces the Beverly and Salem Harbors and the Town of Marblehead. The southern land boundary of Salem abuts the towns of Marblehead and Swampscott and the City of Lynn. To the west is the City of Peabody. The city is divided by its natural features into several small neighborhoods. The Salem Neck neighborhood lies northeast of downtown, and North Salem lies to the west of it, on the other side of the North River. South Salem is south of the South River, lying mostly along the banks of Salem Harbor southward. Downtown Salem lies 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Boston, 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Gloucester and Cape Ann, and 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Lawrence, the other county seat of Essex County. The City's water rights extend along a channel into Massachusetts Bay between the water rights of Marblehead and Beverly. (2015 - 2022 Open Space and Recreation Plan and Wikipedia) The City is governed by a Mayor/City Council form of government. The 2010 population was 41,340 people and there were 19,130 housing units. There were 17,492 households out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.95. (2010 US Census) The City maintains a website at http://www.salem.com Table 3: Salem Characteristics Population = 43,559 people • 5.4% are under age 5 • 17.4% are under age 18 • 14.5% are over age 65 • 4.3% live in group quarters • 8.7% have a disability • 7.9% of households are limited English-speaking Number of Housing Units = 19,399 • 50.9% are renter-occupied housing units • 56.2% of housing units were built before 1940 Sources: US Census, 2017 American Community Survey CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 10 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 11 SECTION 3: PLANNING PROCESS & PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MAPC employs a six-step planning process based on FEMA’s hazard mitigation planning guidance focusing on local needs and priorities but maintaining a regional perspective matched to the scale and nature of natural hazard events. Public participation is a central component of this process, providing critical information about the local occurrence of hazards while also serving as a means to build a base of support for hazard mitigation activities. MAPC supports participation by the general public and other plan stakeholders through Regional and Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Teams, two public meetings hosted by the local Hazard Mitigation Team, posting of the plan to the City’s website, and invitations sent to neighboring communities, City boards and commissions, the local chamber of commerce, and other local or regional entities to review the plan and provide comment. Planning Process Summary The six-step planning process outlined below is based on the guidance provided by FEMA in the Local Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance. Public participation is a central element of this process, which attempts to focus on local problem areas and identify needed mitigation measures based on where gaps occur in the existing mitigation efforts of the municipality. MAPC is also able to identify regional opportunities for collaboration and facilitate communication between communities. In plan updates, the process described below allows staff to bring the most recent hazard information into the plan, including new hazard occurrence data, changes to a municipality’s existing mitigation measures, and progress made on actions identified in previous plans. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 12 • Map the Hazards – MAPC relies on data from a number of different federal, state, and local sources in order to map the areas with the potential to experience natural hazards. This mapping represents a multi-hazard assessment of the municipality and is used as a set of base maps for the remainder of the planning process. A particularly important source of information is the knowledge drawn from local municipal staff on where natural hazard impacts have occurred, which is collected. These maps can be found in Appendix A. • Assess the Risks & Potential Damages – Working with local staff, critical facilities, infrastructure, vulnerable populations, and other features are mapped and contrasted with the hazard data from the first step to identify those that might represent particular vulnerabilities to these hazards. Land use data and development trends are also incorporated into this analysis. In addition, MAPC develops estimates of the potential impacts of certain hazard events on the community. MAPC drew on the following resources to complete the plan: • City of Salem, City Ordinances • City of Salem, Zoning Ordinance • Ready for Tomorrow: City of Salem Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan, 2014 • Salem Community Resilience Building Workshop, 2018 Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program • City of Salem Open Space and Recreation Plan, 2015 -2022 • Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan, 2018 • FEMA, Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide; October 1, 2011 • FEMA, Flood Insurance Rate Maps for Essex County, MA, 2014 • Metropolitan Area Planning Council, GIS Lab, Regional Plans and Data. • New England Seismic Network, Boston College Weston Observatory, http://aki.bc.edu/index.htm • Northeast Wildfire Risk Assessment Geospatial Work Group • NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ • Northeast States Emergency Consortium, http://www.nesec.org/ • USGS, National Water Information System, http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis • US Census, 2010 and 2015 • Review Existing Mitigation – Municipalities in the Boston Metropolitan Region have an active history in hazard mitigation as most have adopted flood plain zoning districts, wetlands protection programs, and other measures as well as enforcing the State building code, which has strong provisions related to hazard resistant building requirements. All current municipal mitigation measures must be documented. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 13 • Develop Mitigation Strategies – MAPC works with the local municipal staff to identify new mitigation measures, utilizing information gathered from the hazard identification, vulnerability assessments, and the community’s existing mitigation efforts to determine where additional work is necessary to reduce the potential damages from hazard events. Additional information on the development of hazard mitigation strategies can be found in Chapter VII. • Plan Approval & Adoption – Once a final draft of the plan is complete it is sent to MEMA for the state level review and, following that, to FEMA for approval. Typically, once FEMA has approved the plan the agency issues a conditional approval (Approval Pending Adoption), with the condition being adoption of the plan by the municipality. More information on plan adoption can be found in Chapter IX and documentation of plan adoption can be found in Appendix D. • Implement & Update the Plan – Implementation is the final and most important part of any planning process. Hazard Mitigation Plans must also be updated on a five-year basis making preparation for the next plan update an important on-going activity. Chapter IX includes more detailed information on plan implementation. The Local Multiple Hazard Community Planning Team MAPC worked with the local community representatives to organize a local Multiple Hazard Community Planning Team for Salem (Local Committee). MAPC briefed the local representatives as to the desired composition of that team as well as the need for representation from the business community, civic organizations and citizens at large. The Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team is central to the planning process as it is the primary body tasked with developing a mitigation strategy for the community. The local team was tasked with working with MAPC to set plan goals, provide information on the hazards that impact the City, existing mitigation measures, and helping to develop new mitigation measures for this plan update. The Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team membership can be found in Table 4 below. The Salem Conservation Commission, Zoning Board of Appeals and City Council, as well as the Salem Conservation Commission, are the primary entities responsible for regulating development in City. Feedback from these groups was assured through the participation of the Core Team and the Planning Department staff, both of whom communicate regularly with the Mayor and City boards and commissions. The Conservation Commission hosted two public meetings on the plan, 0n August 8, 2019 and February 18, 2020. In addition, MAPC, the State designated regional planning authority for Salem, works with all agencies that that regulate development in the region, including the listed municipal entities and state agencies, such as the MassDOT. On July 8, 2019 MAPC conducted a meeting of the Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Team. The meeting was organized by Conservation Agent Darya Mattes. The purpose of the meeting was to review and develop hazard mitigation goals, review the status of mitigation measures identified in the 2012 hazard mitigation plan, identify new potential CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 14 mitigation measures and to gather information on local hazard mitigation issues and sites or areas related to these. The meeting also covered measures to be carried forward from the previous plan and to prioritize new measures. The following Table lists the members of the team. The meeting agenda is included in Appendix B. Table 4 Membership of the Salem Hazard Mitigation Planning Team Name Representing Gerry Giunta Fire Department Darya Mattes Planning Department Seth Lattrell Planning Department Mason Wells Planning Department David Knowlton Engineering Department Deborah Duhamel Engineering Department Jack Nessen Engineering Department Dennis Levasseur Fire/Emergency Management David Greenbaum Health Department Mary Butler Police Department Public Meetings Public participation in the hazard mitigation planning process is important, both for plan development and for later implementation of the plan. Residents, business owners, and other community members are an excellent source for information on the historic and potential impacts of natural hazard events and particular vulnerabilities the community may face from these hazards. Their participation in this planning process also builds understanding of the concept of hazard mitigation, potentially creating support for mitigation actions taken in the future to implement the plan. To gather this information and educate residents on hazard mitigation, the City hosted two public meetings, one during the planning process and one after a complete draft plan is available for review. Natural hazard mitigation plans unfortunately rarely attract much public involvement in the Boston region, unless there has been a recent hazard event. One of the best strategies for overcoming this challenge is to include discussion of the hazard mitigation plan on the agenda of an existing board or commission. With this strategy, the meeting receives widespread advertising and a guaranteed audience of the board or commission members plus those members of the public who attend the meeting. These board and commission members represent an engaged audience that is informed and up to date on many of the issues that relate to hazard mitigation planning in the locality and will likely be involved in plan implementation, making them an important audience with which to build support for hazard mitigation measures. In addition, these meetings frequently receive press CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 15 coverage, expanding the audience that has the opportunity to hear the presentation and provide comment. The public had an opportunity to provide input to the Salem hazard mitigation planning process during a Conservation Commission meeting on August 8, 2019 held in the City Hall Annex. The draft plan update was presented at a Conservation Commission meeting held on February 18, 2020 in Salem City Hall Annex. All meetings were publicized as regular meetings of Conservation Commission according to the Massachusetts Public Meeting Law. The attendance list for each meeting can be found in Table 5. See public meeting documentation in Appendix C. Table 5 Salem Public Meetings Name Representing Meeting #1 August 8, 2019 Gregory St. Louis, Chair Salem Conservation Commission Tyler R. Glode Salem Conservation Commission Gail Kubik Salem Conservation Commission Scott Sheehan Salem Conservation Commission Melissa Vieira Salem Conservation Commission Darya Mattes Conservation Agent Arthur C. Sargent III City Council Liaison Approximately 11 members of the public Meeting #2 February 18, 2020 Brittany Dolan Conservation Agent TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Approximately [TBD] members of the public CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 16 Local Stakeholder Involvement The local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team was encouraged to reach out to local stakeholders that might have an interest in the Hazard Mitigation Plan including neighboring communities, agencies, businesses, nonprofits, and other interested parties. Notice was sent to the following organizations and neighboring municipalities inviting them to review the Hazard Mitigation Plan and submit comments to the City: See meeting notifications and press releases in Appendix C. Town of Marblehead Town of Swampscott Town of Danvers City of Beverly City of Peabody City of Lynn Salem Chamber of Commerce Salem Sound Coastwatch Council on Aging Salem Housing Authority North Shore Community Development Coalition Salem State University Salem Harbor Port Authority Salem Maritime National Historic Site North Shore Medical Center Historic Salem, Inc. Salem Historical Commission Salem Sustainability, Energy, and Resiliency Committee North Shore Chamber of Commerce Salem City Council Salem Zoning Board of Appeals Salem News Salem Department Heads City Web Site The draft Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update was posted on the City’s website following the second public meeting. Members of the public could access the draft document and submit comments or questions to the City. [TBD] public comments were received by the City. Continuing Public Participation Following the adoption of the plan update, the planning team will continue to provide residents, businesses, and other stakeholders the opportunity to learn about the hazard mitigation planning process and to contribute information that will update the City’s understanding of local hazard. As updates and a review of the plan are conducted by the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team, these will be placed on the City’s web site, and any meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team will be publicly noticed in accordance with City and state open meeting laws. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 17 Planning Timeline July 8, 2019 Meeting of the Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team August 8, 2019 First Public Meeting with Salem Conservation Commission February 18, 2020 Second Public Meeting with Salem Conservation Commission TBD Draft Plan Update submitted to MEMA following posting and review TBD Draft Plan submitted to FEMA TBD Approval Pending Adoption issued by FEMA TBD Final Plan adopted by the City TBD Final Plan Approval issued by FEMA Post-Plan Approval Implementation Timeline After the plan has been approved by FEMA, the City will observe the following timeline to implement the plan over the five-year approval period and prepare for the next plan update. If the City wishes to apply for a FEMA grant to prepare the next plan update, due in 2025, a grant application should be submitted approximately two years before this plan expires, in order to allow time for the grant to be approved, and the next plan update to be completed before this plan expires. See Section 9 for more details on plan adoption and maintenance. 2022 Conduct Mid-Term Plan Survey on Progress 2023 Seek FEMA grant to prepare next plan update 2024 Begin process to update the plan 2025 Submit Draft 2025 Plan Update to MEMA and FEMA 2025 FEMA approval of 2025 Plan Update CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 18 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 19 SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT The risk assessment analyzes the potential natural hazards that could occur within the City of Salem as well as the relationship between those hazards and current land uses, potential future development, and critical infrastructure. Climate change is projected to have significant impacts on many natural hazards. The City completed climate vulnerability assessments and planning under both the 2014 Ready for Tomorrow: City of Salem Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan and through the Salem Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Workshop held by the City in 2018. Information from the 2012 Hazard Mitigation Plan was incorporated into both the 2014 assessment and adaptation plan and the MVP Workshop. Both risk assessment and potential mitigation identified in both of those plans are incorporated in this updated Hazard Mitigation Plan. This section also includes a vulnerability assessment that estimates the potential damages that could result from certain large-scale natural hazard events. Update Process In order to update Salem’s risk assessment, MAPC gathered the most recently available hazard and land use data and met with City staff to identify changes in local hazard areas and development trends. MAPC also used FEMA’s damage estimation software, HAZUS (described below). Overview of Hazards and Impacts The Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan provides an in-depth overview of natural hazards in Massachusetts. Previous state and federal disaster declarations since 1991 are summarized in Table 2. Table 6 below summarizes the hazard risks for Salem. This evaluation takes into account the frequency of the hazard, historical records, and variations in land use. This analysis is based on the vulnerability assessment in the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. The statewide assessment was modified to reflect local conditions in Salem using the definitions for hazard frequency and severity listed below. Table 6 - Hazard Risks Summary Hazard Frequency Severity Massachusetts Salem Massachusetts Salem Flooding High High Serious Serious Dam failures Very Low NA Extensive NA Hurricane/Tropical Storm Medium Medium Serious Serious Tornadoes Medium Very Low Serious Serious Thunderstorms High High Minor Minor Nor’easter High High Minor Minor Winter-Blizzard/Snow High High Minor Minor CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 20 Winter-Ice Storms Medium Medium Minor Minor Earthquakes Very Low Very Low Serious Serious Landslides Low Very Low Minor Minor Brush fires Medium High Minor Minor Extreme Temperatures Medium Medium Minor Minor Drought Low Low Minor Minor Coastal Hazards High High Serious Serious Tsunami Very Low Very Low Extensive Extensive Major Urban Fires Low N/A Serious N/A Ice Jams Low N/A Minor N/A Source, Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, modified for Salem Note: Of the hazards listed in the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, several categories are not applicable to Salem: • Major Urban Fires, due to the lack of significant wildfire areas in close proximity to urban development that could pose a significant threat of urban fire. • Also, due to the very low probability of Tsunamis, the City chose to include this hazard as a secondary hazard, profiled under earthquake hazards. • Dam Failures- there are no publicly or privately owned dams in Salem. • Ice jams are not a hazard in Salem. The US Army Corps Ice Jam Database shows no record of ice jams in Salem. All other natural hazards listed above will be addressed in this plan. Definitions used in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan Frequency Very low frequency: events that occur less frequently than once in 100 years (less than 1% per year) Low frequency: events that occur from once in 50 years to once in 100 years (1% to 2% per year); Medium frequency: events that occur from once in 5 years to once in 50 years (2% to 20% per year); High frequency: events that occur more frequently than once in 5 years (Greater than 20% per year). Severity Minor: Limited and scattered property damage; limited damage to public infrastructure and essential services not interrupted; limited injuries or fatalities. Serious: Scattered major property damage; some minor infrastructure damage; essential services are briefly interrupted; some injuries and/or fatalities. Extensive: Widespread major property damage; major public infrastructure damage (up to several days for repairs); essential services are interrupted from several hours to several days; many injuries and/or fatalities. Catastrophic: Property and public infrastructure destroyed; essential services stopped; numerous injuries and fatalities. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 21 Flood Related Hazards Flooding was the most prevalent serious natural hazard identified by local officials in Salem. Flooding is generally caused by hurricanes, nor’easters, severe rainstorms, and thunderstorms. Global climate change has the potential to exacerbate these issues over time with the potential for changing rainfall patterns leading to heavier storms. Regionally Significant Floods There have been a number of major floods that have affected the Metro Boston region over the last fifty years. Significant historic flood events in Salem have included: • The Blizzard of 1978 • January 1979 • April 1987 • October 1991 • October 1996 • June 1998 • March 2001 • April 2004 • May 2006 • April 2007 • March 2010 • December 2010 • March 2013 • January 2018 • March 2018 The best available local data on previous occurrences of flooding are provided by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information for Essex County, which includes Salem. Essex County experienced 50 flood events from 1996 to 2018 (see Table 7). There were 2 deaths and 3 injuries reported and the total property damage in the county was $20.69 million dollars. Locally, the hazard mitigation team identified Table 7 Essex County Flood Events, 1996- 2019 Date Deaths Injuries Property Damage $ 10/22/1996 0 0 0.00K 06/17/1998 0 0 0.00K 06/18/1998 0 0 0.00K 03/05/2001 0 0 0.00K 04/03/2004 0 0 0.00K 10/15/2005 0 0 50.00K 10/25/2005 0 0 45.00K 05/13/2006 2 0 7.000M 07/11/2006 0 0 10.00K 07/28/2006 0 0 20.00K 03/02/2007 0 0 20.00K 04/16/2007 0 0 45.00K 02/13/2008 0 0 30.00K CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 22 Date Deaths Injuries Property Damage $ 03/08/2008 0 0 0.00K 08/08/2008 0 0 25.00K 09/06/2008 0 0 5.00K 03/14/2010 0 1 9.800M 03/30/2010 0 2 3.270M 04/01/2010 0 0 0.00K 08/05/2010 0 0 7.00K 08/25/2010 0 0 0.00K 10/04/2011 0 0 305.00K 06/23/2012 0 0 0.00K 08/10/2012 0 0 0.00K 06/24/2013 0 0 5.00K 07/01/2013 0 0 0.00K 07/27/2014 0 0 0.00K 10/23/2014 0 0 30.00K 12/09/2014 0 0 0.00K 08/18/2015 0 0 0.00K 09/30/2015 0 0 0.00K 06/29/2016 0 0 0.00K 04/06/2017 0 0 0.00K 06/27/2017 0 0 2.00K 07/08/2017 0 0 0.00K 07/18/2017 0 0 0.00K 09/06/2017 0 0 0.00K 09/15/2017 0 0 10.00K 09/30/2017 0 0 4.00K 10/25/2017 0 0 0.00K 01/13/2018 0 0 5.00K 08/11/2018 0 0 10.00K 08/12/2018 0 0 0.00K 11/03/2018 0 0 0.00K 11/03/2018 0 0 0.00K 04/15/2019 0 0 0.00K 07/31/2019 0 0 3.00K 07/31/2019 0 0 0.00K 09/02/2019 0 0 10.00K 09/02/2019 0 0 0.50K TOTAL 2 3 20.72 M Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 23 Most severe flooding event within last 10 years The most severe flooding event in Essex County in the last 10 years occurred during March 2010, when a total of 14.83 inches of rainfall accumulation was recorded by the National Weather Service (NWS). The weather pattern that consisted of early springtime prevailing westerly winds that moved three successive storms, combined with tropical moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, across New England. Torrential rainfall caused March 2010 to be the wettest month on record. One indication of the extent of flooding is the gage height at the nearest USGS streamflow gauging station, which is on the Ipswich River in South Middleton. The USGS gage height, shown in Figure 1, exceeded 8 feet on March 16, 2010 and exceeded 7 feet on March 31, 2010. Normal gage height in March is about 4 feet. Figure 1- Ipswich River Gage Heights, March-April 2010 Source, US Geological Service, National Water Information System Coastal Hazards and Flooding Coastal flooding is associated with severe coastal storms that, through the combination of winds and tides, drive tidal waters to higher levels than normally experienced. This can lead to the inundation of low-lying land areas and the overtopping of seawalls. Coastal flooding issues in Salem include tidal surge and sea level rise; as well as coastal erosion (beaches, dunes, banks). Impacts to infrastructure, such as flooded roads, culverts blown CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 24 out or clogging with debris, and power lines knocked down from high winds are also a significant concern in Salem. The City of Salem is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and associated coastal hazards being a coastal community located in Essex County, Massachusetts. The Salem city boundary stretches out approximately seven miles into the Salem Sound and contains approximately 10 square miles of aquatic environment in both Salem Harbor and Salem Sound. Salem has 11.2 miles of coastal frontage and has three tidal rivers — the North River, Forest River, and the South River — that flow into Salem Harbor. Much of the natural coastline and inland water bodies have been filled to accommodate centuries of development, and very few of the original plant and animal communities have been left untouched by the same forces. However, within its small area, Salem retains a variety of natural landscapes: wetlands, rivers and streams, ponds, tidal flats, coves and harbors, rocky shores, upland ledges, and scrub forest. (City of Salem Open Space and Recreation Plan Update, 2015-2022) Salem completed its Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan (CCVAAP) in 2014. The City focused on key climate change impacts, many of them related directly to coastal flooding and climate change, that are considered most likely to have significant consequences for Salem. Today, many areas in Salem are prone to serious flooding and the City invests heavily in the management of flood risks. There have been six major flooding events since 1996. However, only one of the City’s flood hazard management initiatives to date has considered the impacts of climate change. When climate change is taken into account, flooding in the City is expected to get worse. For this reason, extreme precipitation events, sea level rise, and storm surge were chosen as key climate change impacts to incorporate into the CCVAAP. In addition, extreme heat events were included as a key climate change impact because many areas in the Northeast are not currently equipped to handle frequent temperatures of this degree and scientists are confident that these events will occur more often. (Salem Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan, 2014) The City’s 2014 vulnerability assessment and adaptation plan had six main steps: 1. Determine Future Climate Change Impacts. 2. Identify Affected Sectors. 3. Conduct Vulnerability Assessment. 4. Prioritize Vulnerabilities. 5. Develop Adaptation Strategies. 6. Publish Plan and Incorporate into Other Plans and Projects. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 25 Following these steps, the City developed adaptation strategies designed to address the prioritized vulnerabilities identified during the vulnerability assessment and the identification of impacted sectors, with the adaptation strategies and prioritized vulnerabilities shown below in Table 8. Table 8. Adaptation Strategies and the Prioritized Vulnerabilities they Address Ineffective seawalls Ineffective tide gates, Inadequate tide gates at Lafayette Street Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to remove water from streets and neighborhoods Flooding and disrupted operation of pump stations Flooding of the transportation network infrastructure from storm drain overflow and overwhelmed seawalls Flooding of evacuation routes Loss of power at critical city buildings Backup power failure at critical city facilities Downed power lines Critical emergency preparedness communication Poor air quality Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities Property damage or loss at Salem State University Flooding of emergency response facilities Property damage or loss of historic properties Flooding of residential areas Overtopping of Rosie's Pond* ADAPTATION S ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TRATEGIES A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q 1 Seawall Repair: Installation of Drainage Features ✓ 2 Seawall Repair: Increase Crest/Top of Structure Height ✓ 3 Seawall Repair: Installation of Structural Toe Protection ✓ 4 Seawall Repair: Installation of Recurved Cap Systems ✓ 5 Seawall Repair: Bulkhead Materials ✓ 6 Seawall Repair: Living Shorelines ✓ 7 Seawall Repair: Beach Nourishment ✓ 8 Installation/Upgrades of Tide Gates ✓ ✓ ✓ 9 Tide Gate Alternative: Duckbill/Tide Flex ✓ ✓ ✓ 10 Tide Gate Alternative: Buoyant or Self- Regulating Structures ✓ ✓ ✓ 11 Water Level Monitoring and Alert System ✓ 12 Conduct a Drainage Study ✓ ✓ ✓ 13 Enlarging and Supplementing the Drainage System ✓ ✓ 14 Installation of Above Ground or Subsurface Stormwater Storage Systems ✓ ✓ ✓ 15 Installation/Upgrade of Pump Stations ✓ ✓ ✓ 16 Installation of Deployable Floodwalls ✓ ✓ ✓ 17 Green Infrastructure - Bioretention/Street Planters ✓ ✓ CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 26 18 Green Infrastructure - Green Roofs ✓ ✓ 19 Green Infrastructure - Permeable Pavements ✓ ✓ 20 Infrastructure Design and Materials in the Transportation Network ✓ ✓ ✓ 21 Elevate or Relocate Transportation Infrastructure ✓ ✓ ✓ Table 7. Adaptation Strategies and the Prioritized Vulnerabilities they Address (continued) Ineffective seawalls Ineffective tide gates, Inadequate tide gates at Lafayette Street Insufficient capacity and drainage in the stormwater system to remove water from streets and neighborhoods Flooding and disrupted operation of pump stations Flooding of the transportation network infrastructure from storm drain overflow and overwhelmed seawalls Flooding of evacuation routes Loss of power at critical city buildings Backup power failure at critical city facilities Downed power lines Critical emergency preparedness communication Poor air quality Property damage or loss of emergency and critical city facilities Property damage or loss at Salem State University Flooding of emergency response facilities Property damage or loss of historic properties Flooding of residential areas Overtopping of Rosie's Pond* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q 22 Increase Energy Efficiency in Critical City Buildings ✓ 23 Install and Elevate Backup Power Sources ✓ ✓ 24 Install Renewable Energy Backup Power Sources ✓ 25 Bury the Electrical Distribution System ✓ 26 Maintain Overhead Distribution System ✓ 27 Improve Utility and City Communication ✓ ✓ 28 Increase Awareness of Climate Change Risks and Safety ✓ 29 Assist Vulnerable Populations ✓ 30 Community Health Impact Assessment and Public Outreach during Poor Air Quality Events ✓ 31 Redundancy of Evacuation Routes ✓ 32 Review Local Public Health Care Sectors Readiness ✓ 33 Promote and Expand Urban Forestry ✓ 34 Evaluation of Buildings for Flood Proofing Opportunities ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 35 Development of New Critical Use Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 36 Re-Development Existing Facilities Outside Future Flooding Levels ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 27 37 Elevate the Building ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 38 Elevate a Building's Critical Uses ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 39 Adopt and Enforce Updated Building Codes ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 40 Limit or Restrict Development in Future Flooding Areas ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 41 Improve Land Use Planning and Regulations ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 42 Flood Proof Buildings ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 43 Perform Wharf Area Water Study ✓ Source: Salem Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan, 2014 This 2020 hazard mitigation plan update includes some mitigation actions drawn from the adaptation strategies in the CCVAAP addressing coastal flooding issues through drainage studies and updates, seawall repairs and Living Shorelines. Some of this work has already been completed, such as the Collins Cove/Forrester Street Living Shorelines project constructed in 2018 and work begun under the South River Drainage and Flood Mitigation Study. Sites carried over from the Salem 2013 natural hazard mitigation plan now reclassified for coastal flooding areas the following Areas of Concern, shown on Map 8: • Canal Street- The City has begun construction work to upgrade resiliency and drainage along Canal Street and projects to complete this work by 2022. Part of the South River watershed, the Canal Street neighborhood is impacted by coastal surge, impaired infrastructure and stormwater storage issues. • Brooks Road/Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond neighborhood- City plans to have under construction by winter of 2020 and finish by end of 2020. These areas are impacted by coastal surge and stormwater conveyance capacity issues. • Daniels Street, Ocean Avenue and Willows Park neighborhood- The City anticipates beginning seawall repair work in an area that suffers from coastal storm surge. There are issues with repairs to privately owned seawalls. • Tide gates and culvert at mouth of the North River and Bridge St. flooding- MA DOT issue- Some green infrastructure work has been done in an area susceptible to coastal storm surge and flooding. New coastal flooding sites added by the local team for the 2020 plan update included: • Derby Wharf-floods during storms and King Tides. • Walmart parking lot off Highland Avenue floods during high precipitation events. In 2018, the City conducted a community resiliency building workshop through the Massachusetts Municipal Vulnerability Program (MVP). With the completion of the CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 28 program and submittal of findings of the workshop to the MVP program, Salem became an MVP Certified Community and eligible to apply for MVP Action Grants. Recommendations from the workshop to address climate resiliency as they relate to coastal hazards often mirrored work already begun through natural hazard mitigation planning and the 2014 CCVAAP, including for the City included the following actions: • Reduce flooding on Highland Ave near Walmart. • Reduce flooding at 114/Bridge St./North River. • Participate in the National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System so property owners may receive flood insurance discounts. • Strengthen zoning and building ordinances and regulations to increase resilience, adaptations and sustainability. • Assess which pump stations can handle flooding - examine backup power and need for flood barriers. • Update codes for seawalls being rebuilt to take future flooding into account (Palmer/Point, Juniper Cove, Collins and others). • Hold a forum with coastal resilience and protection experts to talk to staff and residents about seawalls, coastal resilience and coordinated efforts. • When repairing or replacing existing parking lots and bus shelters, use green infrastructure and canopy solar (in large parking lots) to reduce heat islands and create clean, renewable energy. The top four actions from the 2018 Salem MVP workshop, prioritized for high priority, high level of risk and high severity included: • Assess and identify critical roads for emergency vehicles (Jefferson, Canal, Highland, Bridge, Derby, Lafayette, Washington, Szetela, Webb, Kernwood, and bridges to Beverly). • Identify key road networks and develop safe evacuation routes; Install evacuation route signage; Develop alternative methods of evacuation (including water). • Reduce flooding on Highland Ave near Walmart. • Reduce flooding at Forest River at border with Marblehead. In 2019, the City of Salem was awarded a Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) Grant in the amount of $320,861 in order to complete resiliency projects at Gallows Hill Park, Bertram Field, and to plant additional new street trees downtown. The grant will allow the City to plant street trees downtown using permeable tree pits allowing for CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 29 stormwater infiltration, reduce flooding and the heat island effect. At Gallows Hill Park the City has begun to add pervious paving and additional trees, a raingarden to reduce down-watershed flooding and will be adding educational signage. At Bertram Field, the City is incorporating green infrastructure to increase infiltration and reduce flooding along the North and South Rivers further down the watershed as well as adding trees, a new stormwater treatment system and making building facilities more energy efficient. The best available local data coastal flooding occurrences is for Essex County through the National Centers for Environmental Information (see Table 9). Essex County, which includes the City of Salem, experienced 33 coastal flood events from 2006 to 2019. No deaths or injuries were reported and the total reported property damage in the county was $7.10 million dollars. Damages from the February and March 2013 coastal floods in Essex County accounted for $6.8 million of that total. Photo of Coastal Flooding in Salem Coastal Flooding- The Willows-Salem, MA- January 4, 2018 1 1 Photo courtesy of Salem Patch and Sarah Phipps Gordon 2018 30 Table 9- Essex County Coastal Flood Events, 2006-2019 Date Deaths Injuries Property Damage $ 1/31/2006 0 0 60.00K 4/15/2007 0 0 5.00K 4/16/2007 0 0 5.00K 4/17/2007 0 0 20.00K 11/3/2007 0 0 10.00K 11/25/2008 0 0 0.00K 6/21/2009 0 0 0.00K 1/2/2010 0 0 0.00K 2/25/2010 0 0 0.00K 3/1/2010 0 0 0.00K 3/4/2010b 0 0 0.00K 3/15/2010 0 0 0.00K 12/27/2010 0 0 75.00K 10/30/2011 0 0 10.00K 6/2/2012 0 0 0.00K 6/3/2012 0 0 30.00K 6/4/2012 0 0 0.00K 6/4/2012 0 0 0.00K 12/27/2012 0 0 0.00K 2/9/2013 0 0 5.800M 3/7/2013 0 0 1.000M 1/2/2014 0 0 0.00K 1/3/2014 0 0 0.00K 1/27/2015 0 0 50.00K 1/24/2016 0 0 0.00K 2/8/2016 0 0 0.00K 5/25/2017 0 0 40.00K 1/4/2019 0 0 0.00K 1/30/2018 0 0 0.00K 3/2/2018 0 0 0.00K 10/27/18 0 0 0.00K 11/25/18 0 0 0.00K 1028/19 0 0 0.00K TOTAL 0 0 7.105M Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information The NOAA records for Essex County show a total of $7.1 million in damages from coastal flooding from 2006 to 2019. Based on the record of previous occurrences coastal flooding in Salem is a high frequency event as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 31 Mitigation Plan. This hazard may occur more frequently than once in 5 years (greater than 20% chance per year). Areas of Flooding and Coastal Flooding Information on potential flood hazard areas was taken from two sources. The first was the National Flood Insurance Rate Maps. The FIRM flood zones are shown on Map 3 in Appendix A and their definitions are listed below. Flood Insurance Rate Map Zone Definitions The second source of information was the local Hazard Mitigation Team. The locally identified areas of flooding listed below were identified by City staff as areas where flooding occurs. These areas do not necessarily coincide with the flood zones from the FIRM maps. They may be areas that flood due to inadequate drainage systems or other local conditions rather than location within a flood zone. The numbers correspond to the numbers on Map 8, “Hazard Areas”. The numbers do not reflect priority order. Locally Identified Areas of Flooding Flood Insurance Rate Map Zone Definitions Zone A (1% annual chance): Zone A is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study (FIS) by approximate methods. Because detailed hydraulic analyses are not performed for such areas, no BFEs (base flood elevations) or depths are shown within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. Zone AE and A1-A30 (1% annual chance): Zones AE and A1-A30 are the flood insurance rate zones that correspond to the 100-year floodplains that are determined in the FIS by detailed methods. In most instances, BFEs derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. Zone X500 (0.2% annual chance): Zone X500 is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 500-year floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study (FIS) by approximate methods. Because detailed hydraulic analyses are not performed for such areas, no BFEs (base flood elevations) or depths are shown within this zone. Zone VE (1% annual chance): Zone VE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. BFEs derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 32 1) South River Watershed: Canal Street neighborhood impacted by coastal surge impaired infrastructure and stormwater storage issues 2) South River Watershed: Rosie’s Pond, Jefferson Avenue, and Brooks Road impacted by coastal surge and stormwater conveyance capacity issues. 3) Forrester Street neighborhood: coastal surge and impaired infrastructure causes water backup and flooding 4) North River/Bridge Street neighborhoods: coastal storm surge flooding 5) Columbus Avenue at Willows Park: flooding due to storm surge 8) Walmart parking lot 9) Derby Wharf area Repetitive Loss Structures As defined by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), a repetitive loss property is any property which the NFIP has paid two or more flood claims of $1,000 or more in any given 10-year period since 1978. For more information on repetitive losses see http://www.fema.gov/business/nfip/replps.shtm. There are 17 repetitive loss structures in Salem, four more than were listed in the 2012 plan. Ten of the properties are single family residences. Table 10 summarizes the number and type of repetitive loss structures located within Salem and the number of losses and total claims associated with them. Table 10- Summary of Repetitive Losses and Claims in Salem Single Family Residential Other Residential Non-Residential Total Claims Paid Number of Properties 10 3 4 17 Number of Losses 25 9 12 46 Claims Paid $252,047.39 $82,867.39 $367,293.38 $ 702,208.16 Source: Department of Conservation and Recreation, FEMA Repetitive Loss data Based on the record of previous occurrences flooding events in Salem are a High frequency event as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 33 hazard may occur more frequently than once in five years, or a greater than 20% chance per year. Dams and Dam Failure Dam failure can occur as a result of structural failure, independent of a hazard event, or as the result of the impacts of a hazard event such as flooding associated with storms or an earthquake. In the event of a dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam can cause loss of life and property damage if there are people or buildings downstream. The number of fatalities from a dam failure depends on the amount of warning provided to the population and the number of people in the area in the path of the dam’s floodwaters. DCR defines dam hazard classifications as follows: High: Dams located where failure or mis-operation will likely cause loss of life and serious damage to homes(s), industrial or commercial facilities, important public utilities, main highways(s) or railroad(s). Significant: Dams located where failure or mis-operation may cause loss of life and damage home(s), industrial or commercial facilities, secondary highway(s) or railroad(s) or cause interruption of use or service of relatively important facilities. Low: Dams located where failure or mis-operation may cause minimal property damage to others. Loss of life is not expected. Dam failure is a highly infrequent occurrence but a severe incident could result in loss of lives and significant property damage. Since 1984, three dams have failed in or very near to Massachusetts, one of which resulted in a death. There are no dams, either municipal or privately owned, listed for Salem by the Massachusetts Office of Dam Safety, Inventory of Dams as of August 2018. Wind Related Hazards Wind-related hazards include hurricanes, tropical storms, and tornadoes as well as high winds during Nor’easters and thunderstorms. As with many communities, falling trees that result in downed power lines and power outages are an issue in Salem. Information on wind related hazards can be found on Map 5 in Appendix A. Hurricanes and Tropical Storms A hurricane is a violent wind and rainstorm with wind speeds of 74-200 miles per hour. A hurricane is strongest as it travels over the ocean and is particularly destructive to CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 34 coastal property as the storm hits the land. The City's entire area is vulnerable to hurricanes. Hurricanes occur between June and November. A tropical storm has similar characteristics, but wind speeds are below 74 miles per hour. Since 1900, 39 tropical storms have impacted New England (NESEC). Massachusetts has experienced approximately 32 tropical storms, nine Category 1 hurricanes, five Category 2 hurricanes and one Category 3 hurricane. A hurricane or storm track is the line that delineates the path of the eye of a hurricane or tropical storm. There has been one recorded storm tracks through Salem, a tropical storm in 1923. However, Salem experiences the impacts of hurricanes and tropical storms regardless of whether the storm track passes directly through the City, and numerous hurricanes have affected the communities of eastern Massachusetts (see Table 10) The hazard mapping indicates that the 100 year wind speed in Salem is 110 miles per hour (see Appendix A). Table 10- Hurricane Records for Massachusetts, 1938 – 2019 Hurricane Event Date Great New England Hurricane* September 21, 1938 Great Atlantic Hurricane* September 14-15, 1944 Hurricane Doug September 11-12, 1950 Hurricane Carol* August 31, 1954 Hurricane Edna* September 11, 1954 Hurricane Diane August 17-19, 1955 Hurricane Donna September 12, 1960 Hurricane Gloria September 27, 1985 Hurricane Bob August 19, 1991 Hurricane Earl September 4, 2010 Tropical Storm Irene August 28, 2011 Hurricane Sandy October 29-30, 2012 *Category 3. Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane intensity is measured according to the Saffir/Simpson scale, which categorizes hurricane intensity linearly based upon maximum sustained winds, barometric pressure, and storm surge potential. These are combined to estimate potential damage. The following gives an overview of the wind speeds, surges, and range of damage caused by different hurricane categories: Scale No. (Category) Winds(mph) Storm Surge (ft.) Potential Damage 1 74 – 95 4 - 5 Minimal 2 96 – 110 6 - 8 Moderate 3 111 – 130 9 - 12 Extensive 4 131 – 155 13 - 18 Extreme 5 > 155 >18 Catastrophic Source: NOAA CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 35 Hurricanes typically have regional impacts beyond their immediate tracks. Falling trees and branches are a significant problem because they can result in power outages when they fall on power lines or block traffic and emergency routes. Hurricanes are a City- wide hazard in Salem. Potential hurricane damages to Salem have been estimated using HAZUS-MH. Total damages are estimated at $39,011.47 for a Category 2 hurricane and $188,446.08 (thousands) for a Category 4 hurricane. Other potential impacts such as debris disposal and sheltering needs are detailed in Table 21. Based on records of previous occurrences, hurricanes in Salem are a Medium frequency event as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard occurs from once in 5 years to once in 50 years, or a 2% to 20% chance per year. Tornadoes A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. These events are spawned by thunderstorms and occasionally by hurricanes and may occur singularly or in multiples. They develop when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, causing the warm air to rise rapidly. Most vortices remain suspended in the atmosphere. Should they touch down, they become a force of destruction. Some ingredients for tornado formation include: • Very strong winds in the mid and upper levels of the atmosphere • Clockwise turning of the wind with height (from southeast at the surface to west aloft) • Increasing wind speed with altitude in the lowest 10,000 feet of the atmosphere (i.e., 20 mph at the surface and 50 mph at 7,000 feet.) • Very warm, moist air near the ground with unusually cooler air aloft • A forcing mechanism such as a cold front or leftover weather boundary from previous shower or thunderstorm activity Tornado damage severity is measured by the Fujita Tornado Scale, in which wind speed is not measured directly but rather estimated from the amount of damage. As of February 01, 2007, the National Weather Service began rating tornados using the Enhanced Fujita- scale (EF-scale), which allows surveyors to create more precise assessments of tornado severity. The EF-scale is summarized below: CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 36 Source: Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan The frequency of tornadoes in eastern Massachusetts is low; on average, there are six tornadoes that touchdown somewhere in the Northeast region every year. The strongest tornado in Massachusetts history was the Worcester Tornado in 1953 (NESEC). The most recent tornado events in Massachusetts were in Springfield in 2011, Revere in 2014 and most recently in Concord (Middlesex County) on August 23, 2016. The Concord EF-1 tornado damaged 39 homes but no injuries or deaths were reported. (Source: Concord Patch). Most recently, on July 23, 2019 there was a n EF1 tornado on Cape Cod that affected Hyannis Port, West Yarmouth, and Harwich. This tornado caused $4.9 million in damages, bur resulted in no injuries or deaths. The Springfield tornado caused significant damage and resulted in 4 deaths in June of 2011. The Revere tornado touched down in Chelsea just south of Route 16 and moved north into Revere’s business district along Broadway and ended near the intersection of Routes 1 and 60. The path was approximately two miles long and 3/8 mile wide, with wind speeds up to 120 miles per hour. Approximately 65 homes had substantial damages and 13 homes and businesses were uninhabitable. Although there have been no recorded tornadoes within the limits of the City of Salem, team members recall a tornado warning issued for the City in 2018. Children at the Carleton School took shelter there during the warning. Since 1956 there have been 11 tornadoes in surrounding Essex County recorded by the National Centers for Environmental Information (Table 12), No tornados were F3, one was F2, eight were F1 and two were F 0. These 11 tornadoes resulted in no fatalities and four injuries and up to $560,280 in damages. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 37 Table 12 - Tornado Records for Essex County Date Type Fujita Scale Deaths Injuries Property Damage $ Length Width 6/13/1956 Tornado F1 0 0 2500 1 10 11/21/1956 Tornado F2 0 0 25000 0.8 17 12/18/1956 Tornado F1 0 0 250 0.5 23 7/13/1960 Tornado F0 0 0 30 0.1 33 7/21/1962 Tornado F1 0 3 25000 2.7 33 5/19/1964 Tornado F0 0 0 2500 0.1 300 5/19/1964 Tornado F1 0 0 2500 2 300 8/10/1965 Tornado F1 0 0 0 3.6 33 7/1/1968 Tornado F1 0 1 250000 0.3 100 7/21/1972 Tornado F1 0 0 2500 0.3 20 8/15/1991 Tornado F1 0 0 250000 0.8 300 0 4 $560,280 Source: National Centers for Environmental Information Buildings constructed prior to current building codes may be more vulnerable to damages caused by tornadoes. Evacuation of impacted areas may be required on short notice. Sheltering and mass feeding efforts may be required along with debris clearance, search and rescue, and emergency fire and medical services. Key routes may be blocked by downed trees and other debris, and widespread power outages are also typically associated with tornadoes. Although tornadoes are a potential City-wide hazard in Salem, tornado impacts are relatively localized compared to severe storms and hurricanes. Damages from any tornado in Salem would greatly depend on the track of the tornado. Generally the downtown, Bridge Street Neck, Point and South Salem neighborhoods are more densely developed and would likely be subject to more damage in the event of a tornado. Based on the record of previous occurrences since 1950, Tornado events in Salem are a Medium frequency event as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard may occur from once in 5 years to once in 50 years, or a 2% to 20% chance per year. Nor’easters A northeast coastal storm, known as a nor’easter, is typically a large counter-clockwise wind circulation around a low-pressure center. Featuring strong northeasterly winds blowing in from the ocean over coastal areas, nor’easters are relatively common in the winter months in New England occurring one to two times a year. The storm radius of a nor’easter can be as much as 1,000 miles and these storms feature sustained winds of 10 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 38 to 40 mph with gusts of up to 70 mph. These storms are accompanied by heavy rains or snows, depending on temperatures. Previous occurrences of Nor'easters include the following: February 1978 Blizzard of 1978 October 1991 Severe Coastal Storm ("Perfect Storm") December 1992 Great Nor'easter of 1992 January 2005 Blizzard/N or’easter October 2005 Coastal Storm/Nor'easter April 2007 Severe Storms, Inland & Coastal Flooding/Nor'easter January 2011 Winter Storm/Nor'easter October 2011 Severe Storm/Nor'easter Blizzard of 2013 February 2013 Blizzard of 2015 January 2015 January 2018 Severe Storm, Coastal Flooding/Nor'easter Many of the historic flood events identified in the previous section were precipitated by nor’easters, including the “Perfect Storm” event in 1991. More recently, blizzards in December 2010, October 2011, February 2013, January 2015 and January 2018 were all large nor’easters that caused significant snowfall amounts. Salem is vulnerable to both the wind and precipitation that accompanies nor’easters. High winds can cause damage to structures, fallen trees, and downed power lines leading to power outages. Intense rainfall can overwhelm drainage systems causing localized flooding of rivers and streams as well as urban stormwater ponding and localized flooding. Fallen tree limbs as well as heavy snow accumulation and intense rainfall can impede local transportation corridors, and block access for emergency vehicles. The entire City of Salem could be at risk from the wind, rain or snow impacts from a nor’easter, depending on the track and radius of the storm, with low lying coastal areas at greatest risk. Examples of some areas that suffered damage, power loss and flooding associated with Nor’easters occurred with storms in 2015 and 2018 included the Columbus Avenue, Forrester Street, Collins Cove, Juniper Cove, areas near the Saltonstall School, Bridge Street, Canal Street, Willows Park, Derby Wharf, Forest River Park, and Ocean Avenue. Based on the record of previous occurrences, nor’easters in Salem are high frequency events as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard may occur more frequently than once in 5 years (greater than 20% per year). CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 39 Severe Thunderstorms While less severe than the other types of storms discussed, thunderstorms can lead to localized damage and represent a hazard risk for communities. Generally defined as a storm that includes thunder, which always accompanies lightning, a thunderstorm is a storm event featuring lightning, strong winds, and rain and/or hail. Thunderstorms sometime give rise to tornados. On average, these storms are only around 15 miles in diameter and last for about 30 minutes. A severe thunderstorm can include winds of close to 60 mph and rain sufficient to produce flooding. The City's entire area is potentially subject to severe thunderstorms. The City does not keep records of thunderstorms but estimates that at least eight to ten occur each year. Team members remembered several microbursts with sudden high winds and severe thunderstorms occurring in the Forest River neighborhood in 2017 with the loss of five or six utility poles, trees downed and a loss of power for 2 to 3 days. The Saltonstall neighborhood had a severe storm with trees knocked down and a 24 hour loss of power occur in 2018.Most recently there was a microburst in October 2019 in Salem. The best available data on previous occurrences of thunderstorms in Salem is for Essex County through the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEC). Between 2000 and 2019 NCEC records show 87 thunderstorm events in Essex County communities (Table 13). These storms resulted in a total of $2.573 million in property damages. There were two injuries and no deaths reported. Table 13 Essex County Thunderstorm Wind Events, 2000-2019 Date Magnitude- (knots) Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 6/27/2000 50 0 0 0 7/18/2000 50 0 0 0 5/12/2001 50 0 0 0 6/30/2001 50 0 0 0 7/1/2001 50 0 0 0 8/10/2001 50 0 0 0 5/31/2002 50 0 0 4000 6/2/2002 50 0 0 5000 7/23/2002 50 0 0 15000 6/27/2003 50 0 0 15000 7/2/2004 50 0 0 15000 8/20/2004 50 0 0 10000 6/26/2005 50 0 0 10000 6/29/2005 50 0 0 10000 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 40 Date Magnitude- (knots) Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 7/27/2005 50 0 0 15000 8/5/2005 50 0 0 60000 5/21/2006 50 0 0 30000 5/21/2006 50 0 0 10000 7/11/2006 78 0 0 515000 7/28/2006 50 0 0 10000 6/1/2007 50 0 0 0 6/2/2007 50 0 0 0 7/5/2007 50 0 0 0 7/6/2007 50 0 0 0 7/28/2007 50 0 0 0 9/8/2007 50 0 0 28000 5/27/2008 50 0 0 3000 6/10/2008 50 0 0 34000 6/27/2008 50 0 0 12500 7/1/2008 50 0 0 27000 7/2/2008 50 0 1 10000 7/3/2008 50 0 1 13000 7/18/2008 50 0 0 3000 7/19/2008 50 0 0 15000 9/9/2008 50 0 0 20000 7/26/2009 50 0 0 25000 7/31/2009 50 0 0 50500 6/3/2010 50 0 0 71000 6/5/2010 50 0 0 60000 6/6/2010 52 0 0 79500 6/24/2010 50 0 0 50000 6/24/2010 50 0 0 15750 7/12/2010 50 0 0 30000 7/19/2010 50 0 0 25000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 111000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 15000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 5000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 15000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 10000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 25000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 20000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 3000 6/9/2011 50 0 0 3000 7/4/2011 50 0 0 31000 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 41 Date Magnitude- (knots) Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 7/18/2011 39 0 0 20000 8/19/2011 50 0 0 60000 10/4/2011 50 0 0 10000 6/23/2012 50 0 0 75500 6/25/2012 40 0 0 5000 7/4/2012 50 0 0 5000 6/24/2013 50 0 0 25000 7/1/2013 50 0 0 18000 7/3/2014 50 0 0 100000 7/15/2014 50 0 0 15000 7/28/2014 50 0 0 15000 9/2/2014 45 0 0 5000 9/6/2014 50 0 0 2385000 5/28/2015 61 0 0 50000 5/28/2015 50 0 0 81000 6/23/2015 60 0 0 5000 7/27/2015 45 0 0 1000 8/4/2015 50 0 0 65000 2/25/2016 50 0 0 21000 6/29/2016 50 0 0 25000 7/1/2016 50 0 0 15000 7/18/2016 70 0 0 105000 7/23/2016 50 0 0 155000 9/11/2016 50 0 0 10000 05/18/2017 50 0 0 29.00K 06/23/2017 50 0 0 26.5.00K 06/27/2017 50 0 0 10.00K 06/18/2018 50 0 0 46.50K 09/18/2018 61 0 0 16.00K 06/30/2019 40 0 0 6.00K 07/17/2019 50 0 0 1.75K 07/31/2019 50 0 0 40.00K 08/21/2019 50 0 0 3.00K TOTAL 0 2 2.75 M Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information Magnitude refers to maximum wind speed in knots. Severe thunderstorms are a City-wide hazard for Salem. The City's vulnerability to severe thunderstorms is similar to that of Nor'easters. High winds can cause falling trees and power outages, as well as obstruction of key routes and emergency access. Heavy precipitation may also cause localized flooding, both riverine and urban drainage related. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 42 Based on the record of previous occurrences, severe thunderstorms in Salem are high frequency events as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard may occur more frequently than once in 5 years (greater than 20% per year). Winter Storms Winter storms, including heavy snow, blizzards, and ice storms, are the most common and most familiar of the region’s hazards that affect large geographic areas. The majority of blizzards and ice storms in the region cause more inconvenience than they do serious property damage, injuries, or deaths. However, periodically, a storm will occur which is a true disaster, and necessitates intense large-scale emergency response. Heavy Snow and Blizzards A blizzard is a winter snowstorm with sustained or frequent wind gusts to 35 mph or more, accompanied by falling or blowing snow reducing visibility to or below ¼ mile. These conditions must be the predominant condition over a 3-hour period. Extremely cold temperatures are often associated with blizzard conditions, but are not a formal part of the definition. The hazard created by the combination of snow, wind and low visibility increases with temperatures below 20 degrees. Winter storms are a combination hazard because they often involve wind, ice and heavy snow fall. The National Weather Service defines “heavy snow fall” as an event generating at least 4 inches of snowfall within a 12 hour period. Winter Storms are often associated with a Nor’easter event, a large counter-clockwise wind circulation around a low-pressure center often resulting in heavy snow, high winds, and rain. The Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS) developed by Paul Kocin of The Weather Channel and Louis Uccellini of the National Weather Service (Kocin and Uccellini, 2004) characterizes and ranks high impact northeast snowstorms. These storms have large areas of 10 inch snowfall accumulations and greater. NESIS has five categories: Extreme, Crippling, Major, Significant, and Notable. NESIS scores are a function of the area affected by the snowstorm, the amount of snow, and the number of people living in the path of the storm. The largest NESIS values result from storms producing heavy snowfall over large areas that include major metropolitan centers. The NESIS categories are summarized below: CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 43 Source: Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan The most significant winter storm in recent history was the “Blizzard of 1978,” which resulted in over 3 feet of snowfall and multiple day closures of roadways, businesses, and schools. In Salem blizzards and severe winter storms have occurred in the following years: Table 14- Severe Winter Storm Records for Massachusetts Blizzard of 1978 February 1978 Blizzard March 1993 Blizzard January 1996 Severe Snow Storm March 2001 Severe Snow Storm December 2003 Severe Snow Storm January 2004 Severe Snow Storm January 2005 Severe Snow Storm April, 2007 Severe Snow Storm December 2010 Severe Snow Storm January 2011 Blizzard of 2013 February 2013 Blizzard of 2015 January 2015 Blizzard of 2018 January, 2018 Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The average annual snowfall north Salem is 48 - 72 inches and 36 – 48 inches in south Salem (See Map 6 in Appendix A). The City of Salem does not keep local records of winter storms. Examples of some areas that suffered damage, power loss and flooding associated with severe storms and blizzards occurred with storms most recently in 2015 and 2018 included the Columbus Avenue, Forrester Street, Collins Cove, Juniper Cove, areas near the Saltonstall School, Bridge Street, Canal Street, Willows Park, Derby Wharf, Forest River Park, and Ocean Avenue. The team indicated that Data for Essex County, which includes Salem, is the best available data to help understand previous occurrences and impacts of heavy snow events. According to the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) records, from 1995 to CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 44 January, 2017, Essex County experienced 113 heavy snowfall events, resulting in no deaths, no injuries, and $7.353 million dollars in property damage. See Table 15 for heavy snow events and impacts in Essex County. Table 15 - Heavy Snow events and Impacts in Essex County 1996 – 2019 Date Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 1/2/1996 0 0 0 1/7/1996 0 0 2000000 1/10/1996 0 0 0 1/12/1996 0 0 0 2/2/1996 0 0 0 2/16/1996 0 0 0 3/2/1996 0 0 0 3/7/1996 0 0 0 4/9/1996 0 0 0 4/9/1996 0 0 0 12/6/1996 0 0 0 12/7/1996 0 0 1360000 2/16/1997 0 0 0 3/31/1997 0 0 0 4/1/1997 0 0 0 11/14/1997 0 0 0 12/23/1997 0 0 0 1/15/1998 0 0 0 1/14/1999 0 0 0 3/6/1999 0 0 0 3/15/1999 0 0 0 1/13/2000 0 0 0 2/18/2000 0 0 0 12/30/2000 0 0 0 1/20/2001 0 0 0 2/5/2001 0 0 0 3/5/2001 0 0 0 3/9/2001 0 0 0 3/30/2001 0 0 0 12/8/2001 0 0 0 2/1/2003 0 0 0 3/16/2004 0 0 0 2/21/2005 0 0 0 1/23/2006 0 0 20000 12/13/2007 0 0 0 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 45 Date Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 12/16/2007 0 0 0 12/19/2007 0 0 0 1/14/2008 0 0 20000 2/22/2008 0 0 0 12/19/2008 0 0 0 12/21/2008 0 0 0 12/31/2008 0 0 0 1/11/2009 0 0 0 1/18/2009 0 0 0 3/1/2009 0 0 0 3/9/2009 0 0 0 12/20/2009 0 0 0 1/18/2010 0 0 0 2/16/2010 0 0 15000 1/12/2011 0 0 0 1/26/2011 0 0 0 2/8/2013 0 0 0 3/7/2013 0 0 0 3/18/2013 0 0 0 12/14/2013 0 0 0 12/17/2013 0 0 0 1/2/2014 0 0 0 1/18/2014 0 0 10000 2/5/2014 0 0 0 2/13/2014 0 0 0 2/18/2014 0 0 0 1/24/2015 0 0 0 1/26/2015 0 0 0 2/2/2015 0 0 0 2/8/2015 0 0 0 2/14/2015 0 0 0 2/5/2016 0 0 40000 3/14/17 0 0 0 11/15/18 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 0 $7,353,000 Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information The City’s overall vulnerability to heavy snow and blizzards is primarily related to restrictions on travel on roadways, temporary road closures, school closures, and potential CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 46 restrictions on emergency vehicle access. Other vulnerabilities include power outages due to fallen trees and utility lines, and damage to structures due to heavy snow loads. Blizzards are considered to be high frequency events based on past occurrences, as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard occurs more than once in five years, with a greater than 20 percent chance of occurring each year. Ice Storms The ice storm category covers a range of different weather phenomena that collectively involve rain or snow being converted to ice in the lower atmosphere leading to potentially hazardous conditions on the ground. Hail size typically refers to the diameter of the hailstones. Warnings and reports may report hail size through comparisons with real- world objects that correspond to certain diameters: Description Diameter (inches) Pea 0.25 Marble or Mothball 0.50 Penny or Dime 0.75 Nickel 0.88 Quarter 1.00 Half Dollar 1.25 Walnut or Ping Pong Ball 1.50 Golf ball 1.75 Hen's Egg 2.00 Tennis Ball 2.50 Baseball 2.75 Tea Cup 3.00 Grapefruit 4.00 Softball 4.50 While ice pellets and sleet are examples of these, the greatest hazard is created by freezing rain conditions, which is rain that freezes on contact with hard surfaces leading to a layer of ice on roads, walkways, trees, and other surfaces. The conditions created by freezing rain can make driving particularly dangerous and emergency response more difficult. The weight of ice on tree branches can also lead to falling branches damaging electric lines. City-specific data for previous ice storm occurrences are not collected by the City of Salem. The best available local data is for Essex County through the National Centers for Environmental Information (see Table 15). Essex County, which includes the City of Salem, experienced one ice storm event from 1995 – 2019. No deaths or injuries were reported and the total reported property damage in the county was $2.0 million dollars. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 47 Table 16- Essex County Ice Storm Events, 1995- 2019 Date Date Type Deaths Injuries Damage-$ WESTERN SALEM (ZONE) 12/11/2008 Ice Storm 0 0 $2,000,000 Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information Ice storms are considered to be medium frequency events based on past occurrences, as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2013. This hazard occurs once in 5 years to once in 50 years, with 2% to 20% chance of occurring each year. The impacts of winter storms are often related to the weight of snow and ice, which can cause roof collapses and also causes tree limbs to fall which can in turn cause property damage and potential injuries. Winter storms are a potential City-wide hazard in Salem. The City’s vulnerability is primarily related to restrictions to travel on roadways, temporary road closures, school closures, and potential restrictions on emergency vehicle access. The City works to clear roads and carries out general snow removal operations, and bans on-street parking during snow removal to ensure that streets can be plowed and public safety vehicle access is maximized. Transit operations may also be impacted, as they were in the 2015 and 2018 blizzards which caused the closure of the MBTA system for one day and limited services on several transit lines for several weeks. Another winter storm vulnerability is power outages due to fallen trees and utility lines. Winter storms are considered to be high frequency events based on past occurrences, as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. This hazard occurs more than once in five years, with a greater than twenty percent chance of occurring each year. Geologic Hazards Geologic hazards include earthquakes and landslides. Although new construction under the most recent building codes generally will be built to seismic standards, there are still many structures which pre-date the most recent building code. Information on geologic hazards in Salem can be found on Map 4 in Appendix A. Earthquakes Damage in an earthquake stems from ground motion, surface faulting, and ground failure in which weak or unstable soils, such as those composed primarily of saturated sand or silts, liquefy. The effects of an earthquake are mitigated by distance and ground materials between the epicenter and a given location. An earthquake in New England affects a much wider area than a similar earthquake in California due to New England’s solid bedrock geology (NESEC). CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 48 Seismologists use a Magnitude scale (Richter scale) to express the seismic energy released by each earthquake. The typical effects of earthquakes in various ranges are summarized below. Richter Magnitudes Earthquake Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt, but recorded 3.5- 5.4 Often felt, but rarely causes damage Under 6.0 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. 6.1-6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 km. across where people live. 7.0- 7.9 Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 or greater Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred meters across. Source: Nevada Seismological Library (NSL), 2005 According to the State Hazard Mitigation Plan, New England experiences an average of five earthquakes per year. From 1668 to 2010, 544 earthquakes were recorded in Massachusetts (NESEC). Most have originated from the La Malbaie fault in Quebec or from the Cape Anne fault located off the coast of Rockport. The region has experienced larger earthquakes, including a magnitude 5.0 earthquake in 1727 and a 6.0 earthquake that struck in 1755 off the coast of Cape Ann. More recently, a pair of damaging earthquakes occurred near Ossipee, NH in 1940, and a 4.0 earthquake centered in Hollis, Maine in October 2012 was felt in the Boston area. Historical records of some of the more significant earthquakes in the region are shown in Table 17. Table 17- Historical Earthquakes in Massachusetts or Surrounding Area Location Date Magnitude MA - Cape Ann 11/10/1727 5 MA - Cape Ann 12/29/1727 NA MA – Cape Ann 2/10/1728 NA MA – Cape Ann 3/30/1729 NA MA – Cape Ann 12/9/1729 NA MA – Cape Ann 2/20/1730 NA MA – Cape Ann 3/9/1730 NA MA - Boston 6/24/1741 NA MA - Cape Ann 6/14/1744 4.7 MA - Salem 7/1/1744 NA MA - Off Cape Ann 11/18/1755 6 MA – Off Cape Cod 11/23/1755 NA MA - Boston 3/12/1761 4.6 MA - Off Cape Cod 2/2/1766 NA MA - Offshore 1/2/1785 5.4 MA – Wareham/Taunton 12/25/1800 NA CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 49 Table 17- Historical Earthquakes in Massachusetts or Surrounding Area Location Date Magnitude MA - Woburn 10/5/1817 4.3 MA - Marblehead 8/25/1846 4.3 MA - Brewster 8/8/1847 4.2 MA - Boxford 5/12/1880 NA MA - Newbury 11/7/1907 NA MA - Wareham 4/25/1924 NA MA – Cape Ann 1/7/1925 4 MA – Nantucket 10/25/1965 NA MA – Boston 12/27/74 2.3 VA –Mineral 8/23/11 5.8 MA - Nantucket 4/12/12 4.5 ME - Hollis 10/17/12 4.0 Source: (NESEC). One measure of earthquake risk is ground motion, which is measured as maximum peak horizontal acceleration, expressed as a percentage of gravity (1 g). The range of peak ground acceleration in Massachusetts is from 10g to 20g, with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Salem is in the middle part of the range for Massachusetts, at 14g to 16g, making it a relatively moderate area of earthquake risk within the state, although the state as a whole is considered to have a low risk of earthquakes compared to the rest of the country (Figure 2). There have been no recorded earthquake epicenters within Salem (see Map 4 in Appendix A). Figure 2: Massachusetts Earthquake Probability Map CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 50 Source: Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan Although New England has not experienced a damaging earthquake since 1755, seismologists state that a serious earthquake occurrence is possible. There are five seismological faults in Massachusetts, but there is no discernible pattern of previous earthquakes along these fault lines. Earthquakes occur without warning and may be followed by aftershocks. Most older buildings and infrastructure were constructed without specific earthquake resistant design features. Earthquakes are a hazard with multiple impacts beyond the obvious building collapse. Buildings may suffer structural damage which may or may not be readily apparent. Earthquakes can cause major damage to roadways, making emergency response difficult. Water lines and gas lines can break, causing flooding and fires. Another potential vulnerability is equipment within structures. For example, a hospital may be structurally engineered to withstand an earthquake, but if the equipment inside the building is not properly secured, the operations at the hospital could be severely impacted during an earthquake. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides. Earthquakes are a potential City-wide hazard in Salem. The City has many older buildings that pre-date current building code which could be vulnerable in the event of a severe earthquake. Potential earthquake damages to Salem have been estimated using HAZUS-MH. Total building damages, including business interruption losses are estimated at $81.81 million for a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and $474.52 million for a 7.0 magnitude earthquake. Other potential impacts are detailed in Table 22. According to the Boston College Weston Observatory, in most parts of New England, there is a one in ten chance that a potentially damaging earthquake will occur in a 50 year time period. The Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan classifies earthquakes as "very low" frequency events that occur less frequently than once in 100 years, or a less than 1% per year. Landslides According to the USGS, “The term landslide includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Although gravity acting on an over steepened slope is the primary reason for a landslide, there are other contributing factors.” Among the contributing factors are: erosion by rivers or ocean waves over steepened slopes; rock and soil slopes weakened through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains; earthquakes create stresses that make weak slopes fail; and excess weight from accumulation of rain or snow, and stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from man-made structures. Landslides can result from human activities that destabilize an area or can occur as a secondary impact from another natural hazard such as flooding. In addition to structural damage to buildings and the blockage of transportation corridors, landslides can lead to CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 51 sedimentation of water bodies. Typically, a landslide occurs when the condition of a slope changes from stable to unstable. Natural precipitation such as heavy snow accumulation, torrential rain and run-off may saturate soil creating instability enough to contribute to a landslide. The lack of vegetation and root structure that stabilizes soil can destabilize hilly terrain. There is no universally accepted measure of landslide extent but it has been represented as a measure of the destructiveness. The table below summarizes the estimated intensity for a range of landslides. For a given landslide volume, fast moving rock falls have the highest intensity while slow moving landslides have the lowest intensity. Estimated Volume Expected Landslide Velocity (m3) Fast moving landslide (Rock fall) Rapid moving landslide (Debris flow) Slow moving landslide (Slide) <0.001 Slight intensity <0.5 Medium intensity >0.5 High intensity <500 High intensity Slight intensity 500-10,000 High intensity Medium intensity Slight intensity 10,000 – 50,000 Very high intensity High intensity Medium intensity >500,000 Very high intensity High intensity >>500,000 Very high intensity Source: A Geomorphological Approach to the Estimation of Landslide Hazards and Risks in Umbria, Central Italy, M. Cardinali et al, 2002 The entire City has been classified as having a low incidence risk for landslides, less than 1.5 % of the area is involved in land sliding. (Map 4, Appendix A) The City does not have records of any damages caused by landslides in Salem. Because of this, no specific mitigation measures for landslides have been included in the plan update. Potential damages would depend on how many properties were affected. Given the relatively high assessed value of property in Salem, damages affecting a single residence could exceed $500,000, and damages affecting several homes or business properties could theoretically extend from $1 million to several million. However, there are no data available on landslide damages in Salem, as there are no records of any damages caused by landslides in the City. Should a landslide occur in the future, the type and degree of impacts would be highly localized, and the City’s vulnerabilities could include damage to structures, damage to transportation and other infrastructure, and localized road closures. Injuries and casualties, while possible, would be unlikely given the low extent and impact of landslides in Salem. Based on past occurrences and the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan, landslides are of Low frequency, events that can occur once in 50 to 100 years (a 1% to 2% chance of occurring each year). CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 52 Tsunami An additional natural hazard associated with earthquakes are tsunamis. Tsunamis are created when the epicenter of an earthquake, the area of the fault where a sudden rupture occurs, is beneath the ocean floor. This can sometimes create immense sea waves if the earthquake causes upward or downward movement of the sea floor. According to the National Centers for Environmental Information, there have been no Tsunami’s reported in the Northeast area of the United States. The Massachusetts Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan reports tsunamis have a very low frequency with extensive severity across the coast of Massachusetts. Salem has a very low risk frequency of tsunami but if it were to occur, the damage would likely be extensive. Fire Related Hazards A brush fire is an uncontrolled fire occurring in a forested or grassland area. In the Boston Metro region these fires rarely grow to the size of a wildfire as seen more typically in the western U.S. As their name implies, these fires typically burn no more than the underbrush of a forested area. Wildfire season can begin in March and usually ends in late November. The majority of wildfires typically occur in April and May, when most vegetation is void of any appreciable moisture, making them highly flammable. Once "green-up" takes place in late May to early June, the fire danger usually is reduced somewhat. These fires can present a hazard where there is the potential for them to spread into developed or inhabited areas, particularly residential areas where sufficient fuel materials might exist to allow the fire the spread into homes. The Salem Fire Department responds to approximately 12 woods, brush, and grass fires of varying sizes annually. In 2016, there was an extensive brush fire caused by lightening within the Highland Woods area that lasted approximately three to four days and was probably precipitated by the drought occurring at that time, according to the hazard mitigation team. Within the past year there were no wildfires that resulted in significant property damage. Salem’s wildfires tend to be in the more remote wooded areas. The most common cause of these fires has been unattended youth playing with matches and campfires. The following areas of City were identified as having the highest potential for brush fires. The numbers correspond to the numbers on Map 8, “Hazard Areas”: 6) Brush Fires: Willows Park area 7) Brush Fires: Salem Woods area 10) Spring Pond area Wildfires in Massachusetts are measured by the number of fires and the sum of acres burned. The most recent data available for wildfires in Massachusetts, shown in Figure 2 below, indicates that the wildfire extent in Salem consists of .26 - 9 acres burned, with 0- 20 fires from 2001 to 2009. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 53 Figure 3 Massachusetts Wildfires 2001-2009 Source: Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan According the National Wildfire Risk Assessment, Salem is located in an area that does not have a significant risk of wildfires (Figure 4) Figure 4: Massachusetts Wildfires Risk Areas Source: Northeast Wildfire Risk Assessment Geospatial Work Group, 2009 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 54 Potential vulnerabilities to wildfires include damage to structures and other improvements, and impacts on natural resources such as the wooded lands off Southern Avenue. Smoke and air pollution from wildfires can be a health hazard, especially for sensitive populations including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Potential damages from wildfires in Salem would depend on the extent and type of land affected. There could be the need for post-fire revegetation to restore burned properties, which could cost from a few thousand dollars to tens of thousands for an extensive area. However, there are no data on actual wildfire damages. Based on past occurrences and the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation Plan 2013, brushfires are of High frequency, events that occur more frequently than once in 5 years (Greater than 20% per year) Extreme Temperatures Extreme temperatures occur when either high temperature or low temperatures relative to average local temperatures occur. These can occur for brief periods of time and be acute, or they can occur over long periods of time when there is a prolonged period of excessively hot or cold weather. Salem has four well-defined seasons. The seasons have several defining factors, with temperature the most significant. Extreme temperatures can be defined as those which are far outside of the normal seasonal range for Massachusetts. The average temperatures for Massachusetts are: winter (Dec-Feb) Average = 31.8°F and summer (Jun-Aug) Average = 71°F. Extreme temperatures are a City-wide hazard. Extreme Cold For extreme cold, temperature is typically measured using Wind Chill Temperature Index, which is provided by the National Weather Service (NWS). The latest version of the index was implemented in 2001 and it meant to show how cold conditions feel on unexposed skin. The index is provided in Figure 5 below. Extreme cold is also relative to the normal climatic lows in a region. Temperatures that drop decidedly below normal and wind speeds that increase can cause harmful wind-chill factors. The wind chill is the apparent temperature felt on exposed skin due to the combination of air temperature and wind speed. Extreme cold is a dangerous situation that can result in health emergencies for susceptible people, such as those without shelter or who are stranded or who live in homes that are poorly insulated or without heat. The elderly and people with disabilities are often most vulnerable. In Salem, 14.5 percent of the population are over 65 and 8.7% of the population under age 65 has a disability. (US Census Quick Facts) CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 55 Figure 5 - Wind Chill Temperature Index and Frostbite Risk Source: National Weather Service The City of Salem does not collect data for previous occurrences of extreme cold. The City’s emergency heating and cooling center is located in the Community Life Center on Bridge Street. The best available local data are for Essex County, 1995- 2019, through the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCDC). There are four extreme cold events on record which caused no deaths and no injuries, and no property damage (see Table 18). Table 18 – Essex County Extreme Cold and Wind Chill Occurrences Date Type Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 2/15/2015 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 0 0 2/16/2015 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 0 0 2/13/2016 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 0 0 2/13/2016 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill 0 0 0 Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information Extreme Heat While a heat wave for Massachusetts is defined as three or more consecutive days above 90°F, another measure used for identifying extreme heat events is through a Heat Advisory from the NWS. These advisories are issued when the heat index (Figure 6) is forecast to exceed 100 degree Fahrenheit (F) for 2 or more hours; an excessive heat advisory is issued if forecast predicts the temperature to rise above 105 degree F. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 56 Figure 6- Heat Index Chart Source: National Weather Service Extreme heat poses a potentially greater risk to the elderly, children, and people with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease. However, even young and healthy individuals can succumb to heat if they participate in strenuous physical activities during hot weather. Hot summer days can also worsen air pollution. With increased extreme heat, urban areas of the Northeast are likely to experience more days that fail to meet air quality standards. The City of Salem does not collect data on excessive heat occurrences. The best available local data are for Essex County, through the National Centers for Environmental Information. From 1995 – 2019, there has been a total of one excessive heat event, with no reported deaths, no injuries, and no property damage resulting from excessive heat (see Table 19). Table 19 – Essex County Extreme Heat Occurrences 1995 to November, 2018 Date Type Deaths Injuries Damage 7/22/2011 Excessive Heat 0 0 0 Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information Extreme temperature events are projected to be medium frequency events based on past occurrences, as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Both extreme cold and hot weather events occur between once in five years to once in 50 years, or a 2 percent to 20 percent chance of occurring each year. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 57 Heat Islands MAPC performed a heat island analysis to ascertain the areas of Salem that are most at risk to extreme heat. A heat island is defined as an area whose temperature ranges more than 1.8-.5.4˚ F greater during the daytime or up to 22˚ F greater in the evening than the surrounding areas. MAPC used LANDSAT satellite imagery at 30 m resolution to ascertain land surface temperatures during the daytime in the warmest months of 2016. This analysis is shown in Map 10 in Appendix A. The hottest 5% areas, or “hot spots,” generally follow the Washington Street and Canal Street corridors in downtown Salem, as well as the commercial area along parts of Highland Avenue (Rt. 107). Map 10 also shows the range of tree cover across the City. Areas with higher tree coverage are the coolest areas on the heat island map, showing the clear benefits of trees to mitigate extreme heat. The greatest amount of tree cover is in the area of Highland Park and in the southern part of Salem along the borders with Lynn and Swampscott. Extreme Temperatures and Climate Change Global temperatures increased by nearly 2 degrees in the last century and even small changes in temperature have widespread and significant changes to our climatic system. For example, the northeast has experienced a 10-day increase in the growing season in since 1980. Extreme cold events are predicted to decrease in the future, while extreme heat is projected to increase. Future temperature projections for the Boston Harbor watershed are shown below (Table 19). The projections show an increase in average temperatures and an increasing likelihood of heat waves, as indicated by the increased number of days over 90 and 100 degrees each year. Table 20. Projected Temperature Change for the Boston Harbor Watershed Temperature (F°) Observed Baseline 1971-2000 Projected 2020-2049 Projected 2040-2069 Projected 2060-2089 Projected 2080-2099 Annual temperature 50° 52-54° 53-56° 53-59° 54-61° Days over 90 ° (days/year) 8 13-23 16-37 17-57 19-75 Days over 100 °(days/year) 0.05 .29-2 .37-4 .52-9 .60-16 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 58 The projected increase in extreme heat and heat waves is the source of one of the key health concerns related to climate change. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause heat- related illnesses, such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and death. Heat exhaustion is the most common heat-related illness and if untreated, it may progress to heat stroke. People who perform manual labor, particularly those who work outdoors, are at increased risk for heat- related illnesses. Prolonged heat exposure and the poor air quality and high humidity that often accompany heat waves can also exacerbate pre- existing conditions, including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and mental illnesses. The senior population is often at elevated risk due to a high prevalence of pre-existing and chronic conditions. People who live in older housing stock (as is often the case with public housing), and in housing without air conditioning have increased vulnerability to heat-related illnesses. Power failures are more likely to occur during heat waves, affecting the ability of residents to remain cool during extreme heat. Individuals with pre-existing conditions and those who require electric medical equipment may be at increased risk during a power outage. Drought Drought is a temporary irregularity in precipitation and differs from aridity since the latter is restricted to low rainfall regions and is a permanent feature of climate. Drought is a period characterized by long durations of below normal precipitation. Drought conditions occur in virtually all climatic zones yet its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another, since it is relative to the normal precipitation in that region. Drought can affect agriculture, water supply, aquatic ecology, wildlife, and plant life. In Massachusetts, droughts are caused by the prevalence of dry northern continental air and a decrease in coastal- and tropical-cyclone activity. During the 1960's, a cool drought occurred because dry air from the north caused lower temperatures in the spring and summer of 1962-65. The northerly winds drove frontal systems to sea along the Southeast Coast and prevented the Northeastern States from receiving moisture (U.S. Geological Survey). This is considered the drought of record in Massachusetts. Average annual precipitation in Massachusetts is 44 inches per year, with approximately 3 to 4 inch average amounts for each month of the year. Regional monthly precipitation ranges from zero to 17 inches. Statewide annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 61 inches. Thus, in the driest calendar year (1965), the statewide precipitation total of 30 inches was 68 percent of average. Although Massachusetts is relatively small, it has a number of distinct regions that experience significantly different weather patterns and react differently to the amounts of CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 59 precipitation they receive. The DCR precipitation index divides the state into six regions: Western, Central, Connecticut River Valley, Northeast, Southeast, and Cape and Islands. Salem is located in the Northeast Region. In Salem drought is a potential City-wide hazard. Five levels of drought have been developed to characterize drought severity: Normal, Advisory, Watch, Warning, and Emergency. These drought levels are based on the conditions of natural resources and are intended to provide information on the current status of water resources. The levels provide a basic framework from which to take actions to assess, communicate, and respond to drought conditions. They begin with a normal situation where data are routinely collected and distributed, move to heightened vigilance with increased data collection during an advisory, to increased assessment and proactive education during a watch. Water restrictions might be appropriate at the watch or warning stage, depending on the capacity of each individual water supply system. A warning level indicates a severe situation and the possibility that a drought emergency may be necessary. A drought emergency is one in which mandatory water restrictions or use of emergency supplies is necessary. Drought levels are used to coordinate both state agency and local response to drought situations. As dry conditions can have a range of different impacts, a number of drought indices are available to assess these various impacts. Massachusetts uses a multi-index system that takes advantage of several of these indices to determine the severity of a given drought or extended period of dry conditions. Drought level is determined monthly based on the number of indices which have reached a given drought level. Drought levels are declared on a regional basis for each of six regions in Massachusetts. County by county or watershed-specific determinations may also be made. A determination of drought level is based on seven indices: 1. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) reflects soil moisture and precipitation. 2. Crop Moisture Index: (CMI) reflects soil moisture conditions for agriculture. 3. Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is designed for fire potential assessment. 4. Precipitation Index is a comparison of measured precipitation amounts to historic normal precipitation. 5. The Groundwater Level Index is based on the number of consecutive month’s groundwater levels are below normal (lowest 25% of period of record). 6. The Stream flow Index is based on the number of consecutive months that stream flow levels are below normal (lowest 25% of period of record). 7. The Reservoir Index is based on the water levels of small, medium and large index reservoirs across the state, relative to normal conditions for each month. Determinations regarding the end of a drought or reduction of the drought level focus on two key drought indicators: precipitation and groundwater levels. These two factors have the greatest long-term impact on stream flow, water supply, reservoir levels, soil moisture and potential for forest fires. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 60 Previous Occurrences Salem does not collect data relative to drought events. Because drought tends to be a regional natural hazard, this plan references state and county data as the best available data for drought. The statewide scale is a composite of six regions of the state. Regional composite precipitation values are based on monthly values from six stations, and three stations in the smaller regions (Cape Cod/Islands and West). Figure 7 depicts the incidents of drought levels’ occurrence in Massachusetts from 1850 to 2012 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) parameter alone. On a monthly basis, the state would have been in a Drought Watch to Emergency condition 11 percent of the time between 1850 and 2012. Table 21 summarizes the chronology of major droughts from 1929 to 2018. Figure 7 - Statewide Drought Levels using SPI Thresholds (Source: Mass. State Drought Management Plan Drought Emergency Drought emergencies have been reached infrequently, with 5 events occurring in the period between 1850 and 2012: in 1883, 1911, 1941, 1957, and 1965-1966. The 1965- 1966 drought period is viewed as the most severe drought to have occurred in modern times in Massachusetts because of its long duration. On a monthly basis over the 162- year period of record, there is a one percent chance of being in a drought Emergency. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 61 Table 21 - Chronology of Major Droughts in Massachusetts Date Area affected Recurrence interval (years) Remarks 1929-32 Statewide 10 to >50 Water-supply sources altered in 13 communities. Multistate. Statewide 15 to >50 More severe in eastern and extreme western Massachusetts. Multistate. 1957-59 Statewide 5 to 25 Record low water levels in observation wells, northeastern Massachusetts. 1961-69 Statewide 35 to >50 Water-supply shortages common. Record drought. Multistate. 1980-83 Statewide 10 to 30 Most severe in Ipswich and Taunton River basins; minimal effect in Nashua River basin. Multistate. 1985-88 Housatonic River basin 25 Duration and severity unknown. Streamflow showed mixed trends elsewhere. 2016 Statewide N/A Drought declaration began in July 2016 with a Drought Watch, which was upgraded to a Drought Warning in August 2016. The Central and Northeast regions were the most severely affected. Source: Mass. Drought Management Plan Drought Warning Drought Warning levels not associated with drought Emergencies have occurred five times, in 1894, 1915, 1930, and 1985, and 2016. On a monthly basis over the 162-year period of record, there is a two percent chance of being in a drought Warning level. Drought Watch Drought Watches not associated with higher levels of drought generally have occurred in three to four years per decade between 1850 and 1950. In the 1980s, there was a lengthy drought Watch level of precipitation between 1980 and 1981, followed by a drought Warning in 1985. A frequency of drought Watches at a rate of three years per decade resumed in the 1990s (1995, 1998, 1999). In the 2000s, Drought Watches occurred in 2001 and 2002. The overall frequency of being in a Drought Watch is 8 percent on a monthly basis over the 162-year period of record. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 62 Drought of 2016 The most significant recent drought in Massachusetts occurred in 2016 (Figure 8). On July 8, 2016, following four continuous months of unusually dry weather, Massachusetts Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) Secretary Matthew Beaton declared a Drought Watch for Central and Northeast Massachusetts, which includes the City of Salem, and a Drought Advisory for Southeast Massachusetts and the Connecticut River Valley. In August 2016 the Northeast Region was upgraded to a Drought Warning. As of January 1, 2017, four of the six statewide regions in Massachusetts were listed in Drought Warning, the second highest drought stage, and the Northeast Region was listed in the third-ranked Drought Watch stage. By June 1, 2017 all areas of the state were listed as being in a normal condition. Figure 8: Drought Conditions in Massachusetts, October 2016 Source: US Drought Monitor, National Drought Mitigation Center Data on drought occurrences for Essex County, is available through the National Centers for Environmental Information. From 1995 – 2019, there have been a total of 8 months of drought events, with no reported deaths, no injuries, and no property damage resulting from drought (see Table 22). CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 63 Table 22 – Essex County Drought Occurrences 1995- December, 2019 Date Type Deaths Injuries Damage-$ 4/12/2012 Drought 0 0 0 7/5/2016 Drought 0 0 0 8/1/2016 Drought 0 0 0 9/1/2016 Drought 0 0 0 10/1/2016 Drought 0 0 0 11/1/2016 Drought 0 0 0 12/1/2016 Drought 0 0 0 1/1/2017 Drought 0 0 0 Source: NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information Under a severe long term drought the Salem drinking water supply, through the Beverly and Salem Water District, could be vulnerable to restrictions on water supply. Potential damages of a severe drought could include losses of landscaped areas if outdoor watering is restricted and potential loss of business revenues if water supplies were severely restricted for a prolonged period. As this hazard has never occurred in Salem, there are no data or estimates of potential damages, but under a severe drought scenario it would be reasonable to expect a range of potential damages from several million to tens of millions of dollars. However, given the resilience of the MWRA water system due to its large amount of storage in the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs, (equivalent to five years of water demand), severe impacts on the City is unlikely. For example, even during the multi-year drought of record in the 1960s, there were no severe limitations of supply from the regional water system, which at the time was operated by the Metropolitan District Commission. Probability of Future Occurrences The state has experienced Emergency Droughts five times between 1850 and 2012. Even given that regional drought conditions may occur at a different interval than state data indicates, droughts remain primarily regional and state phenomena in Massachusetts. Emergency Drought conditions over the 162 period of record in Massachusetts are a Low Frequency natural hazard event that can occur from once in 50 years to once in 100 years (1% to 2% chance per year), as defined by the Massachusetts State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Impacts of Climate Change Many of the natural hazards that Salem has historically experienced are likely to be exacerbated by climate change in future years. This is particularly true for flooding caused by extreme precipitation and extreme heat. These are described in more detail below. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 64 Climate Change Impacts: Extreme Precipitation Salem's average annual precipitation is 47 inches. While total annual precipitation has not changed significantly, according to the 2012 report When It Rains It Pours – Global Warming and the Increase in Extreme Precipitation from 1948 to 2011 intense rainstorms and snowstorms have become more frequent and more severe over the last half century in the northeastern United States. Extreme downpours are now happening 30 percent more often nationwide than in 1948 (see Figure 9). In other words, large rain or snow storms that happened once every 12 months, on average, in the middle of the 20th century, now happen every nine months. Not only are these intense storm events more frequent, they are also more severe: the largest annual storms now produce 10 percent more precipitation, on average, than in 1948. In particular, the report finds that New England has experienced the greatest change with intense rain and snowstorms occurring 85 percent more often than in 1948. Figure 9- Changes in Frequency of Extreme Downpours, 1948 – 2011 Source: When It Rains It Pours – Global Warming and the Increase in Extreme Precipitation, Environment America Research and Policy Center, July 2012 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 65 At the other extreme, changes in precipitation patterns and the projected future rising temperatures due to climate change (discussed below) will likely increase the frequency of short-term (one- to three-month) droughts and decrease stream flow during the summer. Climate Change Impacts: Extreme Heat Recent temperature trends suggest greater potential impacts to come due to climate change. In the report “Confronting Climate Change in the U.S. Northeast,” (2007), the Union of Concerned Scientists presented temperature projections to 2099 based on two scenarios, one with lower carbon dioxide emissions, and the other with high emissions. Figure 10 – Mass. Extreme Heat Scenarios Between 1961 and 1990, Boston experienced an average of 11 days per year over 90°F. That could triple to 30 days per year by 2095 under the low emissions scenario, and increase to 60 days per year under the high emissions scenario. Days over 100°F could increase from the current average of one day per year to 6 days with low emissions or 24 days with high emissions By 2099, Massachusetts could have a climate similar to Maryland's under the low emissions scenario, and similar to the Carolinas' with high emissions (Figure 10). Furthermore, the number of days with poor air quality could quadruple in Boston by the end of the 21st century under higher emissions scenario, or increase by half under the lower emissions scenario. These extreme temperature trends could have significant impacts on public health, particularly for those individuals with asthma and other respiratory system conditions, which typically affect the young and the old more severely. Source: Union of Concerned Scientists CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 66 Land Use and Development Trends Existing Land Use The most recent land use statistics available from the state are from aerial photography done in 2005. Table 23 shows the acreage and percentage of land in 30 categories. If the five residential categories are aggregated, residential uses make up 33.19 % of the area of the City (5,374.35) acres). The highest percentage single use is forested lands which comprise 23.79 %, 1278.86 acres. Table 23- Salem Land Use, 2005 Land Use Type Acres Percent Pasture 8.85 0.16 Forest 1278.86 23.79 Wetland 157.11 2.92 Mining 50.80 0.94 Open Land 146.63 2.73 Participation Recreation 119.64 2.22 Spectator Recreation 1.06 0.02 Water-based Recreation 2.52 0.05 Multifamily Residential 757.03 14.08 High Density Residential 786.80 14.64 Medium Density Residential 192.77 3.59 Low Density Residential 47.12 0.88 Very Low Density Residential 30.29 0.56 Saltwater Wetland 48.37 0.90 Commercial 403.34 7.50 Industrial 219.65 4.09 Urban Open 2.93 0.05 Transportation 47.0 0.87 Waste Disposal 16.75 0.31 Water 76.20 1.42 Power line 49.24 0.92 Saltwater Beach 50.98 0.95 Golf Course 189.50 3.53 Marina 5.93 1.10 Urban Public 252.09 4.69 Cemetery 165.70 3.08 Nursery 1.02 0.02 Forested Wetland 127.78 2.38 Junkyards 15.68 0.29 Brush land/Succession 74.34 1.38 Total 5,374.35 100 Source: Mass. GIS For more information on how the land use statistics were developed and the definitions of the categories, please go to http://www.mass.gov/mgis/lus.htm. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 67 Description and Economic Elements While Salem does not have a quantitative measure of the impact of specific businesses, industries, or areas on its local economic conditions, there are several economic drivers within the City that face potential damage during a coastal natural hazard flooding event. These are the businesses located along the waterfront, most especially in the Derby Street, Bridge Street, Fort Avenue and Shetland Industrial Park areas. Historic, Cultural, and Natural Resource Areas Salem, the “City of Peace”, is a small city with a big history. Founded in 1626 by Roger Conant, Salem has a rich history that includes a key role in the spice trade with the East Indies and is the home of the infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692. Salem Common is the site of the country’s first muster (1637), the birthplace of the National Guard. Salem is the second incorporated city in Massachusetts (April, 1836) and the second oldest settlement in New England (settled four years before the settlement of Boston). In Salem, the birthplace of celebrated author Nathaniel Hawthorne, you will find mansions of some of the country’s first millionaires. Notable historic resources include Fort Lee, Fort Pickering, Baker’s Island Light Station, Judge Jonathan Corwin House (the Witch House), Pioneer Village, Salem Maritime National Historic Site (where you can visit the Friendship, a reconstructed merchant ship) and the House of the Seven Gables. The Peabody Essex Museum also boasts several historic homes in their museum neighborhood. Located in the Essex National Heritage Area, Salem has a long tradition of community- wide preservation efforts. It was one of the first Massachusetts’ communities to establish a local historic district, creating its first district in 1971. There are currently 4 local historic districts, comprising over 600 properties. There are 45 properties and districts listed on the National Register of historic places, (including 8 National Historic Landmarks) and over 4000 inventoried properties (the third highest in the Commonwealth). Salem Woods, Forest River Conservation Area and Park, Winter Island Park, and Salem Willows Park stand out as breathtaking natural resources and good examples of the City’s shoreline resources, but other parks include Mack Park and the Salem Common. Development Trends Salem conforms to the historic pattern of settlement on the North Shore: coastal lowlands and lowland valleys first, river basins second and uplands last. After World War II, Salem’s population had already passed its peak and residential development pressures were not strong enough to overcome the high cost of development in the ledge- and marsh-filled southern part of the City. In the center-west part of the City, the Witchcraft CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 68 Heights subdivision was built in the 1960s and in the southeast the Pickman Park subdivision appeared in the 1970s. When the first urban renewal plan began in the 1970s with the demolition of several historic buildings, citizen outcry redirected the process towards adaptive reuse and infill projects. The Essex Street pedestrian mall and the Pickering Wharf complex were products of the downtown revitalization movement of the 1970s. The regional real estate boom of the late 1970s and the 1980s fueled limited residential and commercial growth in Salem. The existing commercial development along Highland Avenue and Loring Avenue expanded, attracting shoppers who formerly patronized downtown stores. New infill condominium developments and condominium conversions of existing buildings proliferated in the already built-up parts of the City. In addition, new condominium complexes in South Salem were built off Highland Avenue and Loring Avenue. Infill development has continued in recent years as Salem has seen the influx of many new residents from Boston seeking affordable housing and a lower cost of living. These residents tend to be younger, want more value for their dollar, and are willing to commute to Boston via car, train, bus, or ferry. MAPC predicts the population of Salem will grow 20 percent above its 1990 level by the year 2030. The consequences of this may be enormous in scope because Salem has limited land available for development and it needs to balance development pressures and preservation of open space. According to MassGIS, between 1985 and 1999 Salem saw an increase in multi-family residential acres (68%), high density residential areas (.5%), medium density residential acres (13%), and commercial acres (7%). Forested acreage (already limited) decreased 13 percent, and wetland acreage stayed the same. (Salem Open Space and Recreation Plan, 2007-2012) Largely built out and one of the more densely populated communities in Massachusetts, Salem’s economy is strongly linked to tourism, a large share of its local employment is in service industries, municipal and State government, health care, and education. The city’s largest employers include the City of Salem, North Shore Medical Center, Salem State University, the Peabody Essex Museum, and Salem Five Savings Bank, all of which offer competitive jobs and whose employees and patrons support many of the city’s smaller businesses. Salem also maintains an extensive legal community, including both governmental and private institutions. The Essex County Registry of Deeds and the District Attorney’s Office are located in Salem, as well as the District, Superior, Juvenile, and Probate Courts. The completion of the J. Michael Ruane Judicial Center in 2011 will result in an expansive courts complex consisting of a new 190,000 square foot facility adjacent to the existing Probate and Family Court/Registry of Deeds building. However, the Registry of Deeds relocated to the Shetland Industrial Park. (2010 Salem Consolidated Plan) CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 69 Recent and Potential Future Development MAPC consulted with City staff to determine areas that have been recently developed or may be developed in the future, based on the City’s comprehensive planning efforts and current trends and projects. These areas are shown in Table 24 below. In order to characterize any change in the City’s vulnerability associated with new developments, a GIS mapping analysis was conducted which overlaid the development sites with the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map. The analysis shows that none of the sites are located in a flood hazard zone (Table 25). All of the developments are in the areas defined as “Low Landslide Incidence.” None of the developments are in locally identified areas at high risk for brush fires. Other hazards are categorized at the same level throughout City. With respect to wind, there is no variation across different sites in the City; the hazard map depicts the entire City of Salem within a 100-year wind speed of 110 miles per hour. (See hazard maps in Appendix A). Table 24- Summary of Built Salem Developments 2013-2019 Developments Completed 2012-2019 Acres Housing Units Project Type Strongwater Crossing 142 131 Residential subdivision being built in 10 phases. The Woodlands 36 11 Residential subdivision,11 single family homes Witch Hill Subdivision 43 23 Residential subdivision,23 single family homes Total 221 165 Table 25- Relationship of Recent and Potential Development to Hazard Areas Parcel Landslide risk Flood Zone Brush Fire Area Strongwater Crossing Low incidence No No The Woodlands Low incidence No No Witch Hill Subdivision Low incidence No No Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 70 Critical infrastructure includes facilities that are important for disaster response and evacuation (such as emergency operations centers, fire stations, water pump stations, etc.) and facilities where additional assistance might be needed during an emergency (such as nursing homes, elderly housing, day care centers, etc.). There are 180 facilities identified in Salem. These are listed in Table 26 and are shown on the maps in Appendix A. Explanation of Columns in Table 26 Column 1: ID #: The first column in Table 10 is an ID number which appears on the maps that are part of this plan. See Appendix B. Column 2: Name: The second column is the name of the site. If no name appears in this column, this information was not provided to MAPC by the community. Column 3: Landslide Risk The fourth column indicates the degree of landslide risk for that site. This information came from NESEC. The landslide information shows areas with either a low susceptibility or a moderate susceptibility to landslides based on mapping of geological formations. This mapping is highly general in nature. For more information on how landslide susceptibility was mapped, refer to http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1183/pp1183.html. Column 4: FEMA Flood Zone: The fourth column addresses the risk of flooding. A “No” entry in this column means that the site is not within any of the mapped risk zones on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM maps). If there is an entry in this column, it indicates the type of flood zone. as follows: Zone AE (1% annual chance) - Zones AE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year floodplains that are determined in the FIS by detailed methods. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. Zone VE (1% annual chance) - Zone VE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 100-year coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with storm waves. BFEs derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone. Mandatory flood insurance purchase requirements apply. Zone X (.2% annual chance) - Zones X is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 500-year floodplains. Column 5: Locally-Identified Area of Flooding: The fifth column indicates the risk of flooding in local hazard areas. A “No” entry in this column means that the site is not within any of the mapped flood hazard zones. If there is an entry in this column, it indicates the local hazard area. Column 6: Brush Fire Area: The sixth column indicates the risk of brush fire in local hazard areas. A “No” entry in this column means that the site is not within any of the mapped brush fire hazard zones. If there is an entry in this column, it indicates the local hazard area. Column 7: Hot spots indicates areas that are within the 5% of hottest areas in the MAPC region based on satellite data from 2015. Column 8: Includes infrastructure that is within the projected new MHHW line with 3 feet of sea level rise. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 71 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 1 Dominion Energy Salem Harbor Station Low incidence No No No No No 2 Keyspan Energy Delivery Low incidence X: 0.2% Annual Chance of Flooding No No No No 3 Veterans Memorial Bridge Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No Yes 4 B&M Tunnel Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 5 South Essex Sewage District Low incidence No No No No No 6 Salem Police Dept Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 7 Salem Fire Dept Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 8 Cingular Wireless Cell Tower Low incidence No Walmart Parking Lot No No No 9 AT&T Broadband Tower Low incidence No Walmart Parking Lot No No No 10 DPW Headquarters Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 11 Salem Municipal Pool Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No Yes CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 72 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 12 Kernwood Bridge Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No Yes 13 Mass Electric Substation #2 Low incidence No No No No No 14 Mass Electric Substation #3 Low incidence No No No No No 15 Mass Electric Substation #4 Low incidence No No No No No 16 Mass Electric Substation #5 Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 17 Mass Electric Substation #6 Low incidence No No No No No 18 Mass Electric Substation #7 Low incidence No No No No No 19 Mass Electric Substation #8 Low incidence X: 0.2% Annual Chance of Flooding No No No No 20 Mass Electric Substation #1 Low incidence No No No No No 21 City Hall Low incidence No No No Yes No 22 City Hall Annex Low incidence No No No Yes No 23 Park And Rec Head Quarters Low incidence No No No No No 24 Railroad Tracks Low incidence No No No No No 25 North River Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No Yes 26 Forest River Beach Low incidence VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 73 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 27 Waikiki Beach Low incidence VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 28 Willows Pier Beach Low incidence VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 29 Dead Horse Beach Low incidence VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 30 Collins Cove VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 31 Steps Beach Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE Columbus Avenue @Willows Park No No Yes 32 Bates Elementary School Low incidence No No No No No 33 St Joseph Elementary School Low incidence No No No No No 34 Pequot Highland Apts. Low incidence No No No No No 35 Salem State College Academic Bldg. Low incidence No No No No No 36 Colonial Terrace Low incidence No No No No No 37 Phillips House Low incidence No No No No No 38 Salem YMCA Afterschool Day Care Location Low incidence No No No Yes No 39 Fairweather Apartments Low incidence No No No No No 40 Little Darlings Preschool Low incidence No No No No No 41 Kiddie Koop Day Care Low incidence No No No No No 42 John Berthram House Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 74 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 43 Witchcraft Elementary School Low incidence No No No No No 44 Salem State College Alumni House Low incidence No No No No No 45 Run-a-muck Child Care Center Low incidence No No No No No 46 Norton Terrace Low incidence No No No No No 47 Salem State College O'keefe Ctr. Low incidence No Canal Street No Yes No 48 Horace Mann Laboratory School Low incidence No No No No No 49 Salem State College Preschool Program. Low incidence No No No No No 50 Grosvenor Park Nursing Center Low incidence No No No No No 51 Plumber Home For Boys Low incidence No No No No No 52 Brookhouse Home Low incidence No No No No No 53 Leefort Terrace Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 54 Salem Housing Authority Low incidence No No No Yes No 55 Morency Manor Low incidence No No No Yes No 56 Salem State College, Peabody Hall Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 75 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 57 Salem State College, Meier Hall Low incidence No No No No No 58 Boys & Girls Fun Club Low incidence No No No No No 59 Bates Terrace Low incidence No No No No No 60 House Of Seven Gables Preschool Low incidence No No No No No 61 Salem State College - Sullivan Bldg. Low incidence No No No No No 62 Linden St. Apt. Low incidence No No No No No 63 Dalton Housing Low incidence No No No Yes No 64 Salem State College Admin Office Low incidence No No No No No 65 Pioneer Terrace Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 66 Salem State College Bates Town House Low incidence No No No No No 67 Salem Heights Apts. Low incidence No No No No No 68 J. Michael Ruane Low incidence No No No No No 69 Kinder Care Learning Center #668 Low incidence No No No No No 70 Green House School Low incidence No No No No No 71 The Essex Condominium Low incidence No No No Yes No 72 Bertram Terrace Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 76 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 73 Salem Housing Authority Office & Res. Low incidence No No No No No 74 Carlton Innovation School Low incidence No No No No No 75 Nathaniel Bowditch School Low incidence No No No No No 76 Henny Penny Nursery School Low incidence No No No No No 77 Salem Community Child Care Low incidence No No No No No 78 Northshore Head Start Low incidence No No No No No 79 Salem State College Harrington Bldg. Low incidence No No No No No 80 Crombie St. Church/Salem Mission Low incidence No No No Yes No 81 Salem State College, Food Court Low incidence No No No No No 82 Salem State College, Ellison Ctr. Low incidence No No No No No 83 Salem YMCA Children's Corner Location 2 Low incidence No No No Yes No 84 Salem Hospital Low incidence No No No Yes No 85 Loring Towers Low incidence No No No No No 86 Salem State College, Bowditch Hall Low incidence No Canal Street No No No 87 Puddle Jumpers Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 77 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 88 Bentley Elementary School Low incidence No No No No No 89 The Phoenix School Low incidence No No No Yes No 90 Salem State College Library Low incidence No No No No No 91 Stephen Zisson Low incidence No No No Yes No 92 North Shore Head Start Low incidence No No No No No 93 North Shore Infant Toddler Developmental Low incidence No No No No No 94 Young World Nursery School Low incidence No No No Yes No 95 Salem Council Aging Low incidence No No No No No 96 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 97 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 98 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 99 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 100 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 101 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 102 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No Yes No 103 Salem Traffic Control Point Low incidence No No No No No 104 Salem High Low incidence No No No Yes No 105 Collins Middle Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 78 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 106 Saltonstall School Low incidence No No No No No 107 Fire Station # 4 Low incidence No No No No No 108 Northshore Community Health Inc. Low incidence No No No No No 109 Fire Station # 5 Low incidence No Canal Street No No No 110 Shaughnessy- Kaplan Rehab Hospital Low incidence No No No No No 111 Fire Station # 2 Low incidence No No No No No 112 Pioneer Beach VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 113 Blaney St. Ferry Dock VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No Yes 114 Broad St. Cemetery Low incidence No No No No No 115 CVS Pharmacy Low incidence No No No No No 116 CVS Pharmacy Low incidence No No No Yes No 117 CVS Pharmacy Low incidence No No No Yes No 118 Charter St. Cemetery Low incidence No No No No No 119 Elementary School, Horace Mann Laboratory Low incidence No No No No No 120 Essex Institute Museum Low incidence No No No Yes No 121 Full-Spychalski Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 122 Gonet Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 79 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 123 Greenlawn Cemetery Low incidence No No No No No 124 Hamilton Hall Low incidence No No No No No 125 Harmony Grove Cemetery Low incidence No No No No No 126 Hawthorne Commons Low incidence No No No No No 127 Crosby's Market Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE Canal Street No No No 128 District Court Low incidence No No No Yes No 129 Salem State College International House (SC) Low incidence No No No No No 130 Salem State College Police Station (CC) Low incidence No No No No No 131 Salem State College Preschool Program (SC) Low incidence No No No No No 132 Salem Waterfront Hotel Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 133 Salem Witch Museum Low incidence No No No No No 134 Salem-Beverly Railroad Bridge AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No Yes 135 Shaw’s Supermarket Low incidence No No No Yes No 136 Small Fry Nursery School Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 80 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 137 Southern Essex County Registry of Deeds Low incidence No No No No No 138 Stanetsky Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 139 Superior Court Low incidence No No No Yes No 140 TCP - Washington St. & Bridge St. Low incidence No No No No No 141 The Phoenix School Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 142 Thermal Circuits Low incidence No No No No No 143 US Custom House Low incidence No No No No No 144 Univar USA Inc. Low incidence No No No No No 145 US Post Office Low incidence No No No No No 146 Verizon Telephone Exchange Low incidence No No No Yes No 147 Market Basket Low incidence No No No Yes No 148 Murphy Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 149 Hawthorne Cove Marina Low incidence VE: High Risk Coastal Area No No No No 150 Hawthorne Hotel Low incidence No No No No No 151 Home Depot Low incidence No No No Yes No 152 Juvenile Court Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 81 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise 153 Levesque Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 154 Lincoln Hotel Low incidence No No No Yes No 155 O'Donnell Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 156 Peabody Essex Museum Low incidence No No No Yes No 157 Perkin Elmer Low incidence No No No No No 158 Pickering Wharf Marina Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 159 Probate Court Low incidence No No No Yes No 160 Puddle Jumpers Low incidence No No No No No 161 Saint Mary's Cemetery Low incidence No No No No No 162 Salem Access Television Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 163 Salem Athenaeum Low incidence No No No No No 164 Salem Fire Department Low incidence No No No No No 165 Salem Mission Low incidence No No No Yes No 166 Salem Public Library Low incidence No No No No No 167 Salem State College Admissions (NC) Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 168 Salem State College Affirmative Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 82 Table 26- Critical Infrastructure in Hazard Areas Map ID Name Landslides Within FEMA Flood Zone Within Locally Identified Area of Flooding Within Brush Fire Area Within Hot Spot Inundated by 3ft Sea Level Rise Action Bldg. (NC) 169 Salem State College Auditorium (NC) Low incidence No No No No No 170 Salem State College Bertoloni School of Business Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 171 Salem State College Bookstore (Central Campus) Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 172 Salem State College Cat Cove Marine Lab Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 173 Salem State College Central Campus Dorms (CC) Low incidence No No No No No 174 Salem State College Enterprise Center (CC) Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No Yes No 175 Wal-Mart Low incidence No Walmart Parking Lot No No No 176 Winter Island Yacht Yard Low incidence AE: 1% Annual Chance of Flooding; with BFE No No No No 177 AT&T Broadband Tower Low incidence No No No No No 178 MBTA Train Tunnel Low incidence No No No Yes No 179 Berube & Sons Funeral Home Low incidence No No No No No 180 Cingular Wireless Cell Tower Low incidence No No No No No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 83 Vulnerability Assessment The purpose of the vulnerability assessment is to estimate the extent of potential damages from natural hazards of varying types and intensities. A vulnerability assessment and estimation of damages was performed for hurricanes, earthquakes, and flooding. The methodology used for hurricanes and earthquakes was the HAZUS-MH software. The methodology for flooding was developed specifically to address the issue in many of the communities where flooding was not solely related to location within a floodplain. Introduction to HAZUS-MH HAZUS- MH (multiple-hazards) is a computer program developed by FEMA to estimate losses due to a variety of natural hazards. The following overview of HAZUS-MH is taken from the FEMA website. For more information on the HAZUS-MH software, go to http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/hazus/index.shtm “HAZUS-MH is a nationally applicable standardized methodology and software program that contains models for estimating potential losses from earthquakes, floods, and hurricane winds. HAZUS-MH was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under contract with the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). Loss estimates produced by HAZUS-MH are based on current scientific and engineering knowledge of the effects of hurricane winds, floods and earthquakes. Estimating losses is essential to decision-making at all levels of government, providing a basis for developing and evaluating mitigation plans and policies as well as emergency preparedness, response and recovery planning. HAZUS-MH uses state-of-the-art geographic information system (GIS) software to map and display hazard data and the results of damage and economic loss estimates for buildings and infrastructure. It also allows users to estimate the impacts of hurricane winds, floods and earthquakes on populations.” There are three modules included with the HAZUS-MH software: hurricane wind, flooding, and earthquakes. There are also three levels at which HAZUS-MH can be run. Level 1 uses national baseline data and is the quickest way to begin the risk assessment process. The analysis that follows was completed using Level 1 data. Level 1 relies upon default data on building types, utilities, transportation, etc. from national databases as well as census data. While the databases include a wealth of information on the City of Salem, it does not capture all relevant information. In fact, the HAZUS training manual notes that the default data is “subject to a great deal of uncertainty.” However, for the purposes of this plan, the analysis is useful. This plan is attempting to generally indicate the possible extent of damages due to certain types of natural disasters and to allow for a comparison between different types of disasters. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 84 Estimated Damages from Hurricanes The HAZUS software was used to model potential damages to the community from a 100 year and 500 year hurricane event; storms that are 1% and .0.2% likely to happen in a given year, and roughly equivalent to a Category 2 and Category 4 hurricane. The damages caused by these hypothetical storms were modeled as if the storm track passed directly through the City, bringing the strongest winds and greatest damage potential. Though there are no recorded instances of a hurricane equivalent to a 500 year storm passing through Massachusetts, this model was included in order to present a reasonable “worst case scenario” that would help planners and emergency personnel evaluate the impacts of storms that might be more likely in the future, as we enter into a period of more intense and frequent storms. Table 27 - Estimated Damages from Hurricanes 100 Year 500 Year Building Characteristics Estimated total number of buildings 11,078 Estimated total building replacement value (2019 $) $5,723 Millions of dollars Building Damages # of buildings sustaining minor damage 378 1,892 # of buildings sustaining moderate damage 25 303 # of buildings sustaining severe damage 2 28 # of buildings destroyed 1 17 Population Needs # of households displaced 5 151 # of people seeking public shelter 2 72 Debris Building debris generated (tons) 6,670 24,798 Tree debris generated (tons) 2,264 6,486 # of truckloads to clear building debris 176 732 Value of Damages (Thousands of dollars) Total property damage (buildings and content) $39,011.47 $188,446.08 Total losses due to business interruption $2,938.63 $19,863.41 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 85 Estimated Damages from Earthquakes The HAZUS earthquake module allows users to define an earthquake magnitude and model the potential damages caused by that earthquake as if its epicenter had been at the geographic center of the study area. For the purposes of this plan, two earthquakes were selected: magnitude 5.0 and a magnitude 7.0. Historically, major earthquakes are rare in New England, though a magnitude 5 event occurred in 1963. Table-28 Estimated Damages from Earthquakes Magnitude 5.0 Magnitude 7.0 Building Characteristics Estimated total number of buildings 11,078 Estimated total building replacement value (2019 $) Millions of dollars $5,723 Building Damages # of buildings sustaining slight damage 3,120 360 # of buildings sustaining moderate damage 1,923 2,062 # of buildings sustaining extensive damage 653 2,786 # of buildings completely damaged 183 5,837 Population Needs # of households displaced 1,332 12,563 # of people seeking public shelter 730 6,886 Debris Building debris generated ( million tons) 0.2 1.38 # of truckloads to clear debris (@ 25 tons/truck) 730 55,120 Value of Damages (Millions of dollars) Total property damage $913.75 6,142$ Total losses due to business interruption $165.79 865.28$ CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 86 Estimated Damages from Flooding The HAZUS-MH flood risk module was used to estimate damages to the municipality at the 100 and 500 return periods. These return periods correspond to flooding events that have a 1% and a 0.2% likelihood of occurring in any given year. Table-29 Estimated Damages from Flooding 100 Year Flood 500 Year Flood Building Characteristics Estimated total number of buildings 11,078 Estimated total building replacement value (2019 $) Millions of dollars $5,723 Building Damages # of buildings sustaining slight damage ( 1-10%) 65 59 # of buildings sustaining moderate damage (11-50%) 6 41 # of buildings sustaining substantial damage (>50%) 0 0 Value of Damages (millions of dollars) Total property damage $50.24 $58.74 Total losses due to business interruption $22.53 $34.52 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 87 SECTION 5: HAZARD MITIGATION GOALS The Salem Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team reviewed and discussed the goals from the 2012 Hazard Mitigation Plan for the City of Salem. The Team modified their 2012 goals to reflect a more inclusive and streamlined approach for this plan update. All of the goals are considered critical for the City and they are not listed in order of importance. 1. Prevent and reduce the loss of life, injury, public health impacts and property damages resulting from all identified natural hazards. 2. Build and enhance local mitigation capabilities to ensure individual safety, reduce damage to public and private property and ensure continuity of emergency services. 3. Increase cooperation and coordination among private entities, City officials and Boards, State agencies and Federal agencies. 4. Increase awareness of the benefits of hazard mitigation through outreach and education. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 88 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 89 SECTION 6: EXISTING MITIGATION MEASURES The existing protections in the City of Salem are a combination of zoning, land use, and environmental regulations, infrastructure maintenance and drainage infrastructure improvement projects. Infrastructure maintenance generally addresses localized drainage clogging problems, while large scale capacity problems may require pipe replacement or invert elevation modifications. These more expensive projects are subject to the capital budget process and lack of funding is one of the biggest obstacles to completion of some of these. The City's existing mitigation measures are listed by hazard type here and are summarized in Table 30 below. Flooding – Existing City-wide mitigation Salem employs a number of practices to help minimize potential flooding and impacts from flooding, and to maintain existing drainage infrastructure. Existing City-wide mitigation measures include the following: National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) – Salem participates in the NFIP with 655 policies in force as of the February 28, 2019. FEMA maintains a database on flood insurance policies and claims. This database can be found on the FEMA website at https://bsa.nfipstat.fema.gov/reports/1011.htm The City complies with the NFIP by enforcing floodplain regulations, maintaining up-to- date floodplain maps, and providing information to property owners and builders regarding floodplains and building requirements. The following information is provided for the City of Salem: Flood insurance policies in force ( as of February 28, 2019) 655 Coverage amount of flood insurance policies $186,375,200 Premiums paid $782,951 Total Number of Closed Paid Losses 117 Number of Substantial Damage Closed Paid Losses 4 Closed Paid Losses $1,363,802 Massachusetts State Building Code – The Massachusetts State Building Code contains many detailed regulations regarding wind loads, earthquake resistant design, flood- proofing, and snow loads. The City has adopted the state building code. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 90 Existing Multi-Hazard Mitigation Measures Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) – Every community in Massachusetts is required to have a Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan. These plans address mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery from a variety of natural and man-made emergencies. These plans contain important information regarding flooding, hurricanes, tornadoes, dam failures, earthquakes, and winter storms. Therefore, the CEMP is a mitigation measure that is relevant to all of the hazards discussed in this plan. Communications Equipment – The City utilizes the Incident Command Unit, a mobile communications center available to the City through the MA State Police and The MA Department of Fire Services. The City has a Reverse 911 system in place. Emergency Power Generators –There are up to date generators in the two primary emergency shelters, the High School and the Bowditch School. The DPW Facility and Fire Stations Two and Five need fixed generator capacity. Massachusetts State Building Code – The Massachusetts State Building Code contains many detailed regulations regarding wind loads, earthquake resistant design, flood- proofing, and snow loads. Southern Essex Regional Emergency Management Planning Committee (REPC) – Salem is a member of a regional emergency planning committee together with Danvers, Essex, Gloucester, Lynn, Manchester-by-the-Sea, Marblehead, Nahant, Peabody, Rockport, Salem, Swampscott Public Information & Outreach – The City provides information to residents and business owners relating to a range of potential natural hazards, most especially with regard to flooding, hurricanes, and northeasters. Public Works Operations/Maintenance Activities – The Public Works Department actively maintains the City’s storm drain system. The following specific activities serve to maintain the capability of the drainage system through the reduction of sediment and litter build up and proper maintenance and repair. o Street sweeping – Street sweeping is conducted twice times annually, with downtown area streets swept weekly. Public comment: Street sweeping is not effective in the McIntyre District since the City changed sweeping its regime in 2010. o Catch basin cleaning –2000 catch basins cleaned annually (some biannually as needed). CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 91 o Roadway treatments – Calcium Chloride is used for snow/ice treatment. o Drainage maintenance- Approximately 80 % of the City’s catch basins and drain lines are now digitally mapped. 2007-2012 Open Space and Recreation Plan- In order to provide enhanced flood plain protection, two of the Plan’s top priorities are to identify filled wetlands and work with the owners to restore them as well as placing conservation restrictions on any wetlands in flood plain districts. Wetlands and Flood Overlay District – Zoning is intended to protect the public health and safety through the regulation of land use. The Salem Zoning Ordinance includes a Floodplain District (Section 8-1). The purposes of this district are: 1. To protect the health and safety of the occupants of lands subject to seasonal or periodic flooding. 2. To protect persons and property from hazard and loss through the regulation of future development of lands adjoining water-courses. 3. To preserve the natural flood-control characteristics and the water storage capacity of wetlands and floodplains and to protect against pollution and contamination of such water supplies and to conserve valuable habitats for wildlife, including fisheries and shellfisheries. 4. To ensure the control and containment of sewage, and the safety of gas, electric, fuel and other utilities from breaking, leaking, short-circuiting, igniting or any other damage due to flooding. 5. To comply with applicable federal standards for flood prone areas. The Wetlands and Floodplain Overlay District is an overlay district, defined by the 100- year floodplain as designated by FEMA. Within the District, the following requirements must be met: • All existing and anticipated development and uses will not obstruct or divert flood flow; substantially reduce natural floodwater storage capacity in the local d rainage area; destroy valuable habitat for wildlife, including fisheries or shellfisheries; adversely affect groundwater resources or increase stormwater runoff velocity so that water levels on other land are substantially raised or the danger from floodin g increased. • The floor of the basement or, if none, the lowest floor of new construction or substantial improvement of structures for residential uses shall be at or above the 100-year flood level. • The floor of the basement or, if none, the lowest floor of new construction or substantial improvement of structures for nonresidential uses shall be at or above the one-hundred-year flood level or the structures shall be flood-proofed to that level in compliance with the applicable requirements of the Massachusetts State Building Code. Flood-proofing measures shall ensure that the structure is watertight and that structural components have the capability of resisting hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads and the effects of buoyancy. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 92 • Where the proposed use will be located within a coastal high hazard area (Zone V3 on the FIA Flood Insurance Rate Maps), the following conditions must be fulfilled: o New structures or substantial improvements shall be located landward of the reach of mean high tide. o New structures or substantial improvements shall be elevated on adequately anchored pilings or columns and securely anchored to such pilings or columns so that the lowest portion of the structural members the lowest floor (excluding the pilings or columns) is elevated to or above the one hundred-year flood level. o The support of new structures or substantial improvements shall not be, in whole or in part, by the use of fill. Subdivision Rules and Regulations - The Salem Subdivision Rules and Regulations contains provisions intended to reduce the impacts of floods and erosion. Through its design and layout standards, the bylaws contribute to the City’s overall efforts to mitigate the risks for damage through flooding. Some of the contributing provisions include the following: • Any proposed subdivision within a flood prone area must meet the requirements of the Salem Wetlands and Flood Hazard Overlay District regulations. • Cluster Developments are allowed with a 5-acre minimum lot size and must preserve at least 20% of the parcel as common open space. Wetlands Protection Ordinance – The purpose of the Wetlands Protection Regulations is to further protect the City’s shores, ponds, rivers, and wetlands for, among other reasons, flood control, erosion and sedimentation control, and public safety. The ordinance matches the protections found under the State Wetlands Protection Act and regulations. The Wetlands Ordinance also adds a 100-foor buffer to the FEMA 1% flood zones. Conservation Overlay District- This overlies Highland Park, one of the last remaining undisturbed acreage in Salem and limits development within the District. Stormwater Management and Construction Site Management Ordinance –Currently being reviewed in final draft form by Salem, the City’s stormwater ordinance will apply to: • any development or redevelopment that alters more than 10,000 square feet of land, • any disturbance of land less than 10,000 square feet but which is part of a common plan where land disturbance will exceed 10,000 square feet; • Certain Approval Not Required parcels. These must comply with the City’s stormwater management ordinance, whose standards match the MA Stormwater Management Standards, including no increase in post- development peak runoff rates compared to pre-development rates. The ordinance also CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 93 prohibits illegal stormwater connections, and implements development standards for erosion control and land contour changes. Mosquito Control Ditch Maintenance – City representatives noted that the mosquito control district had a program of ditch cleaning that helped keep drainage ditches clear of debris. With the advent of West Nile virus, the mosquito control district has shifted funding from maintenance to monitoring. The result is that drainage ditches are not as well maintained. Seawalls, Jetties and Dikes- Salem’s coastline have a significant number of seawalls. Many of the seawalls are privately owned. Though repairs to some have been included in past Capital Improvement Programs, the City has not undertaken a comprehensive study of the condition of all its seawalls. Existing Wind Hazard Mitigation Measures CEMP – The Salem Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan contains a section on hurricanes. It lists five generic mitigation measures: • Develop and disseminate emergency public information and instructions concerning hurricane preparedness and safety. • Community leaders should ensure that Salem is enrolled in the National Flood Insurance Program. • Develop and enforce local building codes to enhance structural resistance to high winds and flooding. Build new construction in areas that are not vulnerable to direct hurricane effects. • Make informed decisions concerning protecting natural attributes such as beaches and dunes with breakwaters and sea walls. Review National Flood Insurance Rate Maps and Hurricane Evacuation Maps for possible impact on the community. • Maintain plans for managing all hurricane emergency response activities. The Salem CEMP outlines three generic mitigation measures for tornadoes. • Develop and disseminate emergency public information and instructions concerning tornado safety, especially guidance regarding in-home protection and evacuation procedures, and locations of public shelters. • Strict adherence should be paid to building code regulations for all new construction. • Maintain plans for managing tornado response activities. Refer to the non- institutionalized, special needs and transportation resources listed in the Resource Manual. Massachusetts State Building Code – The City enforces the Massachusetts State Building Code whose provisions are generally adequate to protect against most wind damage. The CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 94 code’s provisions are the most cost-effective mitigation measure against tornados given the extremely low probability of occurrence. If a tornado were to occur, the potential for severe damages would be extremely high. Tree-trimming program – The City conducts its own tree maintenance and also uses its own equipment to trim and remove trees as needed and grind stumps. National Grid also maintains its utility line corridors on a rotating, 3-year cycle. Existing Winter Hazard Mitigation Measures Snow disposal – Regular plowing and snow/ice removal is performed by the City. Calcium chloride is used primarily for road treatments. Sand is very rarely used as it creates siltation and clean up problems. Existing Brush Fire Hazard Mitigation Measures Burn Permits – Outdoor burning is not allowed in the City of Salem. Subdivision/Development Review – The Fire Department participates in the review of new subdivisions and development projects. Existing Geologic Hazard Mitigation Measures Massachusetts State Building Code – The State Building Code contains a section on designing for earthquake loads (780 CMR 1612.0). Section 1612.1 states that the purpose of these provisions is “to minimize the hazard to life to occupants of all buildings and non-building structures, to increase the expected performance of higher occupancy structures as compared to ordinary structures, and to improve the capability of essential facilities to function during and after an earthquake”. This section goes on to state that due to the complexity of seismic design, the criteria presented are the minimum considered to be “prudent and economically justified” for the protection of life safety. The code also states that absolute safety and prevention of damage, even in an earthquake event with a reasonable probability of occurrence, cannot be achieved economically for most buildings. Section 1612.2.5 sets up seismic hazard exposure groups and assigns all buildings to one of these groups according to a Table 1612.2.5. Group II includes buildings which have a substantial public hazard due to occupancy or use and Group III are those buildings having essential facilities which are required for post-earthquake recovery, including fire, rescue and police stations, emergency rooms, power-generating facilities, and communications facilities. CITYOF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2017 UPDATE 95 Table 30- Existing Mitigation Measures Type of Existing Mitigation Measures Area Covered Effectiveness/ Enforcement Improvements/ Changes Needed MULTIPLE HAZARDS Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) City-wide. Emphasis is on emergency response. None. Communications Equipment City-wide. Effective None. Massachusetts State Building Code City-wide. Effective for new construction. None. Emergency Power Generators City-wide. Effective. Complete installing generator backup at all Fire Stations. Participation in the Southern Essex Regional Emergency Planning Committee (REPC) City-wide. A forum for cooperation on natural and manmade disasters. None. FLOOD HAZARDS Participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Areas identified on the FIRM maps. There are 655 policies in force. Encourage all eligible homeowners to obtain insurance. Public Works Operations/Maintenance City-wide. Somewhat effective. Provide more resources for more frequent maintenance of city- owned drainage facilities. Master Plan City-wide Include a new section on Climate Change in the next update. Open Space Plan City-wide Target acquisition of open space parcels with flood storage capacity. Zoning – Floodplain District and Climate Resilience City-wide. Effective for new construction. Working with FEMA to update Floodplain District, including language and Community Rating System updates. Incorporate green CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 96 Type of Existing Mitigation Measures Area Covered Effectiveness/ Enforcement Improvements/ Changes Needed infrastructure, stormwater retention, and revised parking and landscaping regulations to decrease runoff and urban heat island impacts; implement parking maximum and incentivize walking and transit oriented development. Subdivision Rules and Regulations City-wide Effective. Incorporate stormwater retention updates under MS4 stormwater permit. Wetlands Protection Ordinance Resource Areas Effective. None. Open Space Residential Design Subdivisions New subdivision s Effective. Make as first option for all new subdivisions. Stormwater Management Ordinance City-wide Effective. Enforce ordinance. DCR Dam Safety Regulations Dams Effective. NA: no dams in Salem Mosquito Control Ditch Maintenance City-wide. Somewhat effective. Ditches need more maintenance. Seawalls, Jetties, and Dikes Coastline Not as effective. Continue with repair and maintenance. Update codes for seawalls being rebuilt to take future flooding/SLR into account (Palmer/Point, Juniper Cove, Collins and others) Additional funding required. WIND HAZARDS CEMP City-wide Effective. Update to address emergency flood evacuation procedures and emergency preparedness outreach CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 97 Type of Existing Mitigation Measures Area Covered Effectiveness/ Enforcement Improvements/ Changes Needed and communication particularly for non- English speaking people. The Massachusetts State Building Code City-wide. Effective for most situations except severe storms. None. Tree trimming and management. City-wide. Satisfactory. Create city-owned tree data base and track overall health, maintenance and re- planting schedule. Set goals for establishing a city wide tree program that uses trees to reduces extreme heat impacts, reduces runoff and provides wind impacts. WINTER HAZARDS Snow Removal City-wide. Effective. None. BRUSH FIRE HAZARDS Development Review City-wide. Effective. None. Public Education City-wide Effective. None. GEOLOGIC HAZARDS The Massachusetts State Building Code City-wide. Effective. None. Local Capacity for Implementation Under the Massachusetts system of “Home Rule,” the City of Salem is authorized to adopt and from time to time amend a number of local ordinances and regulations that support the City’s capabilities to mitigate natural hazards. These include Zoning Bylaws, Subdivision and Site Plan Review Regulations, Wetlands Ordinances, Health Regulations, Public Works regulations, and local enforcement of the State Building Code. Local Ordinances may be amended by the City Council to improve the City’s capabilities, and changes to most regulations simply require a public hearing and a vote of the authorized board or commission, such as the Planning Board or Conservation Commission. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 98 The City of Salem has recognized several existing mitigation measures that require implementation or improvements, and has the capacity within its local boards and departments to address these. The Salem Department of Public Works and Engineering Departments will address the needs for catch basin cleaning, repairs and upgrades to drainage infrastructure. The Planning and Community Development Department will address the updates to the Master Plan and implementation of the Zoning Ordinance, Floodplain District, and Subdivision Rules and Regulations. The Conservation Commission will oversee implementation of the Wetlands Bylaw and the Open Space Plan. The Department of Public Works, together with the Conservation Commission will coordinate implementation and enforcement of the Stormwater Bylaw. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 99 SECTION 7: MITIGATION MEASURES FROM 2013 PLAN Implementation Status of the Previous Plan At a meeting of the Salem Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee, City staff reviewed the mitigation measures identified in the 2012 Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan and determined whether each measure had been implemented or deferred. Of those measures that had been deferred, the committee evaluated whether the measure should be deleted or carried forward into this Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. The decision on whether to delete or retain a particular measure was based on the committee’s assessment of the continued relevance or effectiveness of the measure and whether the deferral of action on the measure was due to the inability of the City to take action on the measure. Table 31 summarizes the status of mitigation measures, and mitigation projects completed are described in more detail below. Table 31- Mitigation Measures from the 2012 Plan Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Implementation Current Status Include in 2020 Plan? Priority South River Drainage and Flood Mitigation Study: Finish Canal Street drainage project design and construction . High Engineering Not complete- Project has been started and will complete by 2022 Yes- High South River Drainage and Flood Mitigation Study: Brooks Road/Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond Design and Construction High Engineering Not complete-Plan to have under construction winter of 2020 and finish by end of 2020. Yes- High Storm surge/ precipitation flooding mitigation: Forrester Street/Collins Cove neighborhood High Engineering Complete: Living Shoreline project completed in 2018 No CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 100 Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Implementation Current Status Include in 2020 Plan? Priority Identify resources to maintain City drainage infrastructure on an ongoing basis. High Engineering Not complete. Yes-carry over as Medium priority for 2020 plan as ongoing climate resilience issue for the City. Complete repairs to finish Daniels Street, Ocean Avenue and Willows Park sea wall repairs High Engineering Not completed Yes-Ocean Avenue piece is partially complete Install new tide gates at mouth of North River. High Engineering Not completed-MA DOT issue Yes- High Acquisition of Vacant Flood Prone Lands High Planning/ Conservation Commission Partially completed: Lead Mills property acquired but this is an ongoing management issue. Yes- Medium Install Fixed Generators at DPW and Fire Stations High DPW/Fire Dept. Mostly complete: Station 2 Completed and Station 5 in process. DPW complete. No Survey all coastal infrastructure, buildings and land impacted by Massachusetts General Law Chapter 91. Medium Conservation/ Engineering Not completed Yes- Medium Assess the earthquake vulnerability of all public buildings. Investigate options to make all public buildings earthquake Medium Fire Department Not completed Yes- Medium Salem has made progress on implementing mitigation measures identified in the 2012 Hazard Mitigation Plan, including drainage upgrades and flooding protection along Canal Street, the installation of a Living Shoreline project in Collins Cove, substantial upgrades CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 101 to Willows Park and several seawalls throughout the City, the acquisition of flood prone lands at the former Lead Mills property, the work to improve drainage and prevent flooding in the Brooks Road/Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond neighborhood and the upgrades to fixed backup generating capacity at the DPW facility and City fire stations. Critically, the City took part in climate resilience planning actions through the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan planning process in 2014 and conducted a climate vulnerability preparedness workshop with the MA Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness (MVP) Program in 2018, of which it is now a certified community. Through those plans, it has begun to establish climate resilience priorities. Both risk assessment and mitigation from the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan and the MVP Workshop are incorporated in this updated Hazard Mitigation Plan. Overall, eight mitigation measures from the 2012 plan will be carried forward in the plan update. Moving forward into the next five-year plan implementation period there will be many more opportunities to incorporate hazard mitigation into the City’s decision-making processes. Those will include mitigation found in the 2014 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan and the City’s 2018 MVP Workshop. The challenges the City faces in implementing these measures are primarily due to limited funding and available staff time. This plan should help the City prioritize the best use of its limited resources for enhanced mitigation of natural hazards. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 102 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 103 SECTION 8: HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGY What is Hazard Mitigation? Hazard mitigation means to permanently reduce or alleviate the losses of life, injuries and property resulting from natural hazards through long-term strategies. These long-term strategies include planning, policy changes, education programs, infrastructure projects and other activities. FEMA currently has three mitigation grant programs: the Hazards Mitigation Grant Program (HGMP), the Pre-Disaster Mitigation program (PDM), and the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program. The three links below provide additional information on these programs. http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/hmgp/index.shtm http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/pdm/index.shtm http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/fma/index.shtm Hazard Mitigation Measures can generally be sorted into the following groups: • Prevention: Government administrative or regulatory actions or processes that influence the way land and buildings are developed and built. These actions also include public activities to reduce hazard losses. Examples include planning and zoning, building codes, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and stormwater management regulations. • Property Protection: Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings or infrastructure to protect them from a hazard or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, elevation, relocation, structural retrofits, flood proofing, storm shutters, and shatter resistant glass. • Public Education & Awareness: Actions to inform and educate citizens, elected officials, and property owners about the potential risks from hazards and potential ways to mitigate them. Such actions include outreach projects, real estate disclosure, hazard information centers, and school-age and adult education programs. • Natural Resource Protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses also preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. These actions include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation. • Structural Projects: Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the impact of a hazard. Such structures include storm water controls (e.g., culverts), floodwalls, seawalls, retaining walls, and safe rooms. • Emergency Services Protection: Actions that will protect emergency services before, during, and immediately after an occurrence. Examples of these actions include protection of warning system capability, protection of critical facilities, and protection of emergency response infrastructure. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 104 (Source: FEMA Local Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning Guidance) Regional and Inter-Community Considerations Some hazard mitigation issues are strictly local. The problem originates primarily within the municipality and can be solved at the municipal level. Other issues are inter- community issues that involve cooperation between two or more municipalities. There is a third level of mitigation which is regional; involving a state, regional or federal agency or an issue that involves three or more municipalities. Regional Partners In the densely developed communities of the study area, mitigating natural hazards, particularly flooding, is more than a local issue. The drainage systems that serve these communities are a complex system of storm drains, roadway drainage structures, pump stations and other facilities owned and operated by a wide array of agencies including but not limited to the MBTA, Northeast Massachusetts Mosquito Control Board, the Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR), , and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MA DOT). The planning, construction, operations and maintenance of these structures are integral to the flood hazard mitigation efforts of communities. These agencies must be considered the communities regional partners in hazard mitigation. These agencies also operate under the same constraints as communities do including budgetary and staffing constraints and numerous competing priorities. In the sections that follow, the plan includes recommendations for activities to be undertaken by these other agencies. Implementation of these recommendations will require that all parties work together to develop solutions. According to members of the Salem Multiple Hazard Community Planning Team, the primary current regional issue is addressing mitigation for the North River tide gate. There are ownership issues involved with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation ( MA DOT) that have delayed this critical infrastructure improvement. Without mitigation, Bridge Street and the surrounding neighborhood remain vulnerable to coastal flooding during winter storm or other climate driven high wind events. The City’s MVP workshop prioritized two other regional emergency transportation issues- assessing and identifying critical roads for emergency vehicles, including the bridges to Beverly and the need to identify safe land and alternative water evacuation routes and install evacuation signage. Reducing flooding along the Forest River with neighboring Marblehead is also a regional issue that was noted during the MVP process. Process for Setting Priorities for Mitigation Measures The last step in developing Salem’s mitigation strategy is to assign a level of priority to each mitigation measure so as to guide the focus of the City’s limited resources towards those actions with the greatest potential benefit. At this stage in the process, the Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team had limited access to detailed analyses of the cost and CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 105 benefits of any given mitigation measure, so prioritization is based on the local team members’ understanding of existing and potential hazard impacts and an approximate sense of the costs associated with pursuing any given mitigation measure. Priority setting was based on local knowledge of the hazard areas, including impacts of hazard events, the extent of the area impacted, and the relation of a given mitigation measure to the City’s goals. In addition, the local Hazard Mitigation Planning Team also took into consideration factors such as the number of homes and businesses affected, whether or not road closures occurred and what impact closures had on delivery of emergency services and the local economy, anticipated project costs, whether any environmental constraints existed, and whether the City would be able to justify the costs relative to the anticipated benefits. Table 32 demonstrates the prioritization of the recommended mitigation measures for the City’s hazard mitigation strategy. For each mitigation measure, the geographic extent of the potential benefiting area is identified as is an estimate of the overall benefit and cost of the measures. The benefits, costs, and overall priority were evaluated in terms of: Estimated Benefits High Action will result in a significant reduction of hazard risk to people and/or property from a hazard event Medium Action will likely result in a moderate reduction of hazard risk to people and/or property from a hazard event Low Action will result in a low reduction of hazard risk to people and/or property from a hazard event Estimated Costs High Estimated costs greater than $100,000 Medium Estimated costs between $10,000 to $100,000 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Priority High Action very likely to have political and public support and necessary maintenance can occur following the project, and the costs seem reasonable considering likely benefits from the measure Medium Action may have political and public support and necessary maintenance has potential to occur following the project Low Not clear if action has political and public support and not certain that necessary maintenance can occur following the project CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 106 Table 32- Mitigation Measure Prioritization Mitigation Action Geographic Coverage Estimated Benefit Estimated Cost Priority Flooding/Coastal Flooding Canal Street Design and construction- drainage and flood prevention for Canal Street neighborhood within South River watershed South River watershed/Canal Street area High High High Brooks Road/Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond design and construction- complete work begun to prevent flooding and improve drainage. South River watershed/Canal Street area High High High Identify resources to maintain City drainage and climate resilience infrastructure on an ongoing basis. City wide High High Medium Conduct comprehensive hydraulic study of the South River watershed. South River watershed area High High Medium Complete upgrades to finish Daniels Street, Ocean Avenue and Willows Park sea walls. South Salem High Medium High Install new tide gates at mouth of North River. North Salem and Downtown High High Medium Acquisition of Vacant Flood Prone Lands. City wide Medium High Low Survey all coastal infrastructure, buildings and land impacted by Massachusetts General Law Chapter 91. City wide Medium Medium Medium Mitigate flooding on Highland Ave near Walmart. Highland Avenue neighborhood Medium Medium High Mitigate flooding at Derby Wharf Derby Wharf and Derby Street neighborhood Medium High High Participate in the National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System so property owners may receive flood insurance discounts. (MVP) City-wide Medium Low High CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 107 Assess which pump stations can handle flooding - examine backup power and need for flood barriers. (MVP) City-wide High Medium High Update codes for seawalls being rebuilt to take future flooding into account (Palmer/Point, Juniper Cove, Collins and others). (MVP) City-wide High Medium High Reduce flooding at Forest River at border with Marblehead. Lafayette St., Riverway Rd., Riverbank Rd., Sunset Rd. neighborhood Medium High High High Wind Mitigation Adopt tree ordinance that creates a city-wide data base of all city owned trees and creates schedule for new plantings and removal of diseased and dead trees from high hazard areas. City-wide Medium Low Medium Winter Storms Mitigation Install new fixed generators at DPW, Community Life Center and Fire Stations. City wide High Medium Medium Brushfire Mitigation Forest Protection and Management – Fire Dept., City committees and staff should work with local and regional non-profit partners to better understand the fire risks and impacts of climate change on the forested areas of the City. City-Wide Medium High Medium Acquire 4x4 brushfire vehicle with tanks and hose. City-Wide Medium High Medium CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 108 Earthquake Mitigation Assess the earthquake vulnerability of all public buildings. Investigate options to make buildings earthquake resistant. City wide Medium Low Low Extreme Temperature Mitigation Green Site Design to increase tree plantings near buildings, increase the percentage of trees used in parking areas, and along public ways. Promote Green Infrastructure, adopt Net Zero Water Use policies and regulations City-Wide Medium Medium Medium Promote Green Building and Cool Roof designs. City-Wide Medium Low Medium Assess placement of cooling centers at schools, senior center and emergency shelters. City-wide Medium Low High Drought Mitigation Promote Green Infrastructure, adopt Net Zero Water Use policies and regulations, use drought tolerant landscaping and site design measures. City-Wide Medium Low Medium Climate Resilience/Adaptation Strengthen zoning and building ordinances and regulations to increase resilience, adaptations and sustainability. (MVP) City-wide High Medium High Incorporate climate resilience/adaptation actions and policies into City capital, strategic, open space, and master plans update. City-Wide High Low High CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 109 When repairing or replacing existing parking lots and bus shelters, use green infrastructure and canopy solar (in large parking lots) to reduce heat islands and create clean, renewable energy. (MVP) City-Wide High Medium Medium Hold a forum with coastal resilience and protection experts to talk to staff and residents about seawalls, coastal resilience and coordinated efforts. (MVP) City-wide Medium Low High Climate Resiliency Municipal Outreach & Education Program – Develop and implement a program using a “top down” approach led by the City’s Emergency Management/Public Health and other municipal committees and boards. City-wide High Low High Community Database - Create and maintain a database of vulnerable citizens. City-wide High Low High Multi-hazard Update Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) with the following: (1).Assess and identify critical roads for emergency vehicles (Jefferson, Canal, Highland, Bridge, Derby, Lafayette, Washington, Szetela, Webb, Kernwood, and bridges to Beverly). )2).Identify key road networks and develop safe evacuation routes; Install evacuation route signage; Develop alternative methods of evacuation (including water). (MVP) City-wide High Low High CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 110 Create multi-faceted Emergency Warning Systems and Supplies – development of a comprehensive system of communications and provisions/services for the public in times of emergency City-wide High Low High Introduction to Recommended Mitigation Strategy (Table 33) Description of the Mitigation Measure – The description of each mitigation measure is brief and cost information is given only if cost data were already available from the community. The cost data represent a point in time and would need to be adjusted for inflation and for any changes or refinements in the design of a particular mitigation measure. Priority – As described above and summarized in Table 29, the designation of high, medium, or low priority was done considering potential benefits and estimated project costs, as well as other factors in the STAPLEE analysis. Implementation Responsibility – The designation of implementation responsibility was done based on a general knowledge of what each municipal department is responsible for. It is likely that most mitigation measures will require that several departments work together and assigning staff is the sole responsibility of the governing body of each community. Time Frame – The time frame was based on a combination of the priority for that measure, the complexity of the measure and whether or not the measure is conceptual, in design, or already designed and awaiting funding. Because the time frame for this plan is five years, the timing for all mitigation measures has been kept within this framework. The identification of a likely time frame is not meant to constrain a community from taking advantage of funding opportunities as they arise. Potential Funding Sources – This column attempts to identify the most likely sources of funding for a specific measure. The information on potential funding sources in this table is preliminary and varies depending on a number of factors. These factors include whether or not a mitigation measure has been studied, evaluated or designed, or if it is still in the conceptual stages. MEMA and DCR assisted MAPC in reviewing the potential eligibility for hazard mitigation funding. Each grant program and agency has specific eligibility requirements that would need to be taken into consideration. In most instances, the measure will require a number of different funding sources. Identification of a potential funding source in this table does not guarantee that a project will be eligible for, or selected for funding. Upon adoption of this plan, the local team responsible for its implementation should begin to explore the funding sources in more detail. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 111 Additional information on funding sources – The best way to determine eligibility for a particular funding source is to review the project with a staff person at the funding agency. The following websites provide an overview of programs and funding sources. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) – The website for the North Atlantic district office is http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/. The ACOE provides assistance for shoreline protection, flood damage reduction, and floodplain planning services. Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) – The grants page http://www.mass.gov/dem/programs/mitigate/grants.htm has a useful table that compares eligible projects for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program. Abbreviations Used in Table 33 FEMA Mitigation Grants includes: FMA = Flood Mitigation Assistance Program. HMGP = Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. PDM = Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program DEP (SRF) = Department of Environmental Protection (State Revolving Fund) MA DOT = Massachusetts Department of Transportation CIP= Capital Improvement Program HMPT=Hazard Mitigation Planning Team CIP= Capital Improvement Plan MVP= MA Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program NCRF= National Coastal Resilience Fund MA CRG= MA Coastal Resilience Grants CRMAG= MA DER Culvert Replacement Municipal Assistance Grant CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 112 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources FLOODING/COASTAL FLOODING Canal Street Design and construction- drainage and flood prevention for Canal Street neighborhood within South River watershed High Engineering Mediu m Term 2022 - 2023 High Estimated at $18 million for design and constructi on Salem CIP/FEMA Brooks Road/Jefferson Avenue/Rosie’s Pond design and construction- complete work begun to prevent flooding and improve drainage. High Engineering Short term 2020- 2021 High Estimated at $3 million for design and construc- tion Salem CIP/FEMA Identify resources to maintain City drainage and climate resilience infrastructure on an ongoing basis. Medium MA DOT Long Term 2020- 2025 High $100,000/ year Salem CIP/ City Bond/FEMA/ MVP/NCRF/ CRMAG Conduct comprehensive hydraulic study of the South River watershed. Medium Engineering Long Term 2020- 2025 High $150,000 Salem CIP /citybound/FEMA /MVP/NCRF Complete upgrades to finish Daniels Street, Ocean Avenue and Willows Park sea walls. High Engineering Medium Term 2022 - 2023 High $2 million Salem CIP /city Bond/FEMA/ MVP/NCRF Install new tide gates at mouth of North River/ mitigate Bridge Street flooding High Engineering/ MA DOT Long Term 2020- 2025 High $5 million MA DOT/FEMA CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 113 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources Acquisition of Vacant Flood Prone Lands. Medium Conservation/ Planning Long Term 2020- 2025 High Up to $1 million Salem CIP /citybound/FEMA /MVP/ NCRF/CPA Survey all coastal infrastructure, buildings and land impacted by Massachusetts General Law Chapter 91. Medium Conservation/ Engineering Long Term 2020- 2025 High $150,000 Salem/FEMA/ MVP/NCRF Mitigate flooding on Highland Ave near Walmart. High Engineering Medium Term 2022 - 2023 High- Estimated at $.5 million Salem CIP/ city Bond/FEMA Mitigate flooding at Derby Wharf High Engineering/ Conservation Short term 2020- 2021 High $>1 million Salem CIP /citybound/FEMA /MVP/ NCRF/CPA Participate in the National Flood Insurance Program's Community Rating System so property owners may receive flood insurance discounts. (MVP) High Conservation Commission/ Planning Long Term 2020- 2025 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Staff time / City general operating budget Assess which pump stations can handle flooding - examine backup power and need for flood barriers. (MVP) High Engineering Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $50,000 Staff time / City general operating budget CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 114 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources Update codes for seawalls being rebuilt to take future flooding into account (Palmer/Point, Juniper Cove, Collins and others). (MVP) Medium Engineering/ Conservation Long Term 2020- 2025 Low $10,000 Staff time / City general operating budget Determine how to reduce flooding at Forest River at border with Marblehead. High Engineering/ Conservation Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $50,000 Salem CIP /citybound/FEMA MVP/ HIGH WIND Adopt tree ordinance that creates a city- wide data base of all city owned trees and creates schedule for new plantings and removal of diseased and dead trees from high hazard areas. Medium DPW/ Tree Warden/ Planning Long Term 2020- 2025 Low $10,000 Staff time / City general operating budget WINTER STORMS Finish installing or upgrading fixed generators at DPW, Community Life Center, City Hall and Fire Stations One and Four. Medium Fire/DPW Short term 2020- 2021 Medium $75,000 City general operating budget BRUSHFIRES Acquire 4x4 brushfire vehicle with tanks and hose. Medium Fire Dept. Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $75,000 Salem/CIP/ FEMA CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 115 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources Forest Protection and Management – Fire Dept., City staff should work with local and regional non-profit partners to better understand the fire risks and impacts of climate change on the forested areas of the City. Medium Fire Dept. Long Term 2020- 2025 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Staff time / City general operating budget EARTHQUAKES Determine which buildings may be most vulnerable to earthquake damage and conduct a structural assessment if needed. Low Engineering Long Term 2020- 2025 Low Staff time / City general operating budget EXTREME TEMPERATURES Green Site Design to increase tree plantings near buildings, increase the percentage of trees used in parking areas, and along public ways. Promote Green Infrastructure, adopt Net Zero Water Use policies and regulations Medium Planning/DPW Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $50,000 Staff time / City general operating budget Promote Green Building and Cool Roof designs. Medium Building/ Conservation Commission Long Term 2020- 2025 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Staff time / City general operating budget CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 116 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources Assess placement of cooling centers at schools, senior center and emergency shelters. High Fire/HMPT Short Term 2020- 2021 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Staff time / City general operating budget DROUGHT Promote Green Infrastructure, adopt Net Zero Water Use policies and regulations, use drought tolerant landscaping and site design measures. Medium Conservation Commission Long Term 2020- 2025 Low Estimated costs less than $5,000 per year staff time Staff time / City general operating budget CLIMATE RESILIENCE/ ADAPTATION Strengthen zoning and building ordinances and regulations to increase resilience, adaptations and sustainability. (MVP). High City Council Short Term 2020- 2021 Low Estimated costs less than $10,000 and/or staff time Staff time / City general operating budget Incorporate climate resilience/adaptation actions and policies into City capital, strategic, open space, and master plans update. Medium Planning, Conservation ,Engineering, Mayor Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $20,000 Staff time / City general operating budget When repairing or replacing existing parking lots and bus shelters, use green infrastructure and canopy solar (in large parking lots) to reduce heat islands and create clean, renewable energy. (MVP) Medium Planning/Conse rvation/Building Long Term 2020- 2025 Medium $50,000 MVP/MA Coastal Resilience Grants/NCRF/FE MA/City budget CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 117 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources Hold a forum with coastal resilience and protection experts to talk to staff and residents about seawalls, coastal resilience and coordinated efforts. (MVP) Low Community Preservation Committee/BO S Short Term 2020- 2021 Low $5,000 Staff time / City general operating budget Climate Resiliency Municipal Outreach & Education Program – Develop and implement a program using a “top down” approach led by the City’s Strategic Planning Committee and other municipal committees and boards. High Emergency Management /Public Health /HMPT Long Term 2020- 2025 Low $5,000 per year City general operating budget Community Database - Create and maintain a database of vulnerable citizens. High Fire Dept./Emergenc y Management HMPT Long Term 2020- 2025 Low $2,000 per year City general operating budget MULTIHAZARD Update Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan (CEMP) with the following: High Fire/Police/ Emergency Management Short Term 2020- 2021 Low Estimated costs less than $5,000 per year staff time Staff time / City general operating budget CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 118 Table 33 – Recommended Mitigation Strategy Mitigation Measure Priority Lead Dept./Group Time Frame Estimated Cost Potential Funding Sources 1.Assess and identify critical roads for emergency vehicles (Jefferson, Canal, Highland, Bridge, Derby, Lafayette, Washington, Szetela, Webb, Kernwood, and bridges to Beverly). 2. Identify key road networks and develop safe evacuation routes; Install evacuation route signage; Develop alternative methods of evacuation (including water). (MVP) Create multi- faceted Emergency Warning Systems and Supplies – development of a comprehensive system of communications and provisions/services for the public in times of emergency. High Emergency Management/F ire/Police HMPT Mediu m Term 2022 - 2023 Medium $25,000 City general operating budget/ FEMA/MVP CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 119 SECTION 9: PLAN ADOPTION & MAINTENANCE Plan Adoption The City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update was adopted by the City Counsil on [ADD DATE]. See Appendix D for documentation. The plan was approved by FEMA on [ADD DATE] for a five-year period that will expire on [ADD DATE]. – To be completed following MEMA and FEMA review. Plan Maintenance Although several of the mitigation measures from the City's previous Hazard Mitigation Plan have been implemented, since that plan was adopted there has not been an ongoing local process to guide implementation of the plan. Such a process is needed over the next five years for the implementation of this plan update, and will be structured as described below. MAPC worked with the Salem Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to prepare this plan. After approval of the plan by FEMA, this group will meet on a regular basis, at least annually, to function as the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team, with the Director of Public Works designated as the coordinator. Additional members could be added to the local implementation team from businesses, non-profits and institutions. The City will encourage public participation during the next 5-year planning cycle. As updates and a review of the plan are conducted by the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team, these will be placed on the City’s web site, and any meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team will be publicly noticed in accordance with City and state open meeting laws. Implementation and Evaluation Schedule Mid-Term Survey on Progress– The coordinator of the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team will prepare and distribute a survey in year three of the plan. The survey will be distributed to all of the local implementation group members and other interested local stakeholders. The survey will poll the members on any changes or revisions to the plan that may be needed, progress and accomplishments for implementation, and any new hazards or problem areas that have been identified. This information will be used to prepare a report or addendum to the local hazard mitigation plan in order to evaluate its effectiveness in meeting the plan’s goals and identify areas that need to be updated in the next plan. The Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team, coordinated by the Conservation Agent, will have primary responsibility for tracking progress and updating the plan. Begin to prepare for the next Plan Update -- Given the lead time needed to secure funding and conduct the planning process, the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team will begin to prepare for an update of the plan in year three. The team will use the information CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 120 from the Mid-Term progress review to identify the needs and priorities for the plan update and seek funding for the plan update process. Potential sources of funding may include FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation grants and the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. Both grant programs can pay for 75% of a planning project, with a 25% local cost share required. Prepare and Adopt an Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan – FEMA’s approval of this plan is valid for five years, by which time an updated plan must be approved by FEMA in order to maintain the City’s approved plan status and its eligibility for FEMA mitigation grants. Once the resources have been secured to update the plan, the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team may decide to undertake the update themselves, contract with the Metropolitan Area Planning Council to update the plan or to hire another consultant. However the Hazard Mitigation Implementation Team decides to update the plan, the group will need to review the current FEMA hazard mitigation plan guidelines for any changes. The Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan Update will be forwarded to MEMA and DCR for review and to FEMA for approval. Integration of the Plans with Other Planning Initiatives Upon approval of the City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update by FEMA, the Local Hazard Mitigation Team coordinator will provide all interested parties and implementing departments with a copy of the plan and will initiate a discussion regarding how the plan can be integrated into that department’s ongoing work. The plan will be reviewed and discussed with the following departments during the first six (6) months following plan adoption. During updates of any City department’s plans or policies, the relevant portions of this mitigation strategy will be incorporated. • Fire Department • Emergency Management • Police Department • Public Works Department • Engineering • Planning Board/Planning and Community Development • Conservation Commission • Parks and Recreation • Public Health • Building Other groups that will be coordinated with include large institutions, Chambers of Commerce, land conservation organizations and watershed groups. The plans will also be posted on a community’s website with the caveat that local team coordinator will review the plan for sensitive information that would be inappropriate for public posting. The posting of the plan on a web site will include a mechanism for citizen feedback such as an e-mail address to send comments. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 121 The Hazard Mitigation Plan, which incorporates risk assessment and mitigation actions on climate change from 2014 the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan and the City’s 2018 MVP Workshop, will be integrated into other City plans and policies as they are updated and renewed, including the Salem Master Plan, City Zoning and Subdivision Control Regulations, Open Space Plan, Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, and Capital Investment Program. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 122 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 123 SECTION 10: LIST OF REFERENCES Salem Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, 2017 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan, 2014 City of Salem, MA Community Resilience Building Workshop Municipal Vulnerability Preparedness Program Summary of Findings June 2018 2015 – 2020 Open Space and Recreation Plan for the City of Salem, Salem City Ordinances Salem Zoning Ordinance Salem Subdivision Regulations Environment America Research and Policy Center, When It Rains It Pours – Global Warming and the Increase in Extreme Precipitation, July 2012 FEMA, Flood Insurance Rate Maps for Essex County, MA, 2012 FEMA, Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide; October 1, 2011. MA Emergency Management Agency, State Hazard Mitigation Plan MA Geographic Information System, McConnell Land Use Statistics, 2005 MA Office of Dam Safety, Inventory of Massachusetts Dams Metropolitan Area Planning Council, Geographic Information Systems Lab New England Seismic Network, Weston Observatory, http://aki.bc.edu/index.htm Northeast States Emergency Consortium, website http://www.nesec.org/ NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/ U. S. Census, 2010, and American Community Survey, 2015 USGS, National Water Information Center, https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 124 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 125 APPENDIX A: HAZARD MAPPING The MAPC GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Lab produced a series of maps for each community. Some of the data came from the Northeast States Emergency Consortium (NESEC). More information on NESEC can be found at http://www.serve.com/NESEC/. Due to the various sources for the data and varying levels of accuracy, the identification of an area as being in one of the hazard categories must be considered as a general classification that should always be supplemented with more local knowledge. The map series consists of eight maps as described below. The maps in this appendix are necessarily reduced scale versions for general reference. Full sized higher resolution PDF’s of the maps can be downloaded from: https://mapc-org.sharefile.com/d- s67316042bae47d48 Map 1. Population Density Map 2. Land Use Map 3. Flood Zones Map 4. Earthquakes and Landslides Map 5. Hurricanes and Tornadoes Map 6. Average Snowfall Map 7. Composite Natural Hazards Map 8. Hazard Areas Map 9 Sea Level Rise Map 10 High Land Surface Temperatures Map1: Population Density – This map uses the US Census block data for 2010 and shows population density as the number of people per acre in seven categories with 60 or more people per acre representing the highest density areas. Map 2: Land Use – This map shows land use based on the MassGIS statewide land use database. The map also shows potential future development sites and critical facilities, both of which were identified by the Local Hazard Mitigation. Map 3: Flood Zones – The map of flood zones used the FEMA NFIP Flood Zones as depicted on the FIRMs (Federal Insurance Rate Maps) for Essex County as its source. This map is not intended for use in determining whether or not a specific property is located within a FEMA NFIP flood zone. The currently adopted FIRMS for Salem are kept by the City. For more information, refer to the FEMA Map Service Center website http://www.msc.fema.gov. The definitions of the flood zones are described in detail on this site as well. The flood zone map for each community also shows critical infrastructure and repetitive loss areas. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 126 Map 4: Earthquakes and Landslides – This information came from NESEC. For most communities, there was no data for earthquakes because only the epicenters of an earthquake are mapped. The landslide information shows areas with either a low susceptibility or a moderate susceptibility to landslides based on mapping of geological formations. This mapping is highly general in nature. For more information on how landslide susceptibility was mapped, refer to http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1183/pp1183.html. Map 5: Hurricanes and Tornadoes – This map shows the storm tracks for both hurricanes and tropical storms, if any occurred in or near this community. This information must be viewed in context. A storm track only shows where the eye of the storm passed through. In most cases, the effects of the wind and rain from these storms were felt in other communities even if the track was not within that community. This map also shows the location of tornadoes with a classification as to the level of damages. What appears on the map varies by community since not all communities experience the same wind-related events. These maps also show the 100-year wind speed. Map 6: Average Snowfall - - This map shows the average snowfall. It also shows storm tracks for nor’easters, if any storms tracked through the community. Map 7: Composite Natural Hazards - This map shows four categories of composite natural hazards for areas of existing development. The hazards included in this map are 100-year wind speeds of 110 mph or higher, low and moderate landslide risk, FEMA Q3 flood zones (100 year and 500 year) and hurricane surge inundation areas. Areas with only one hazard were considered to be low hazard areas. Moderate areas have two of the hazards present. High hazard areas have three hazards present and severe hazard areas have four hazards present. Map 8: Hazard Areas – For each community, locally identified hazard areas are overlaid on an aerial photograph dated April 2010. The critical infrastructure sites are also shown. The source of the aerial photograph is Mass GIS. Map 9: Sea Level Rise - Based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Sea Level Rise viewer, this map shows the potential shoreline for Sea Level Rise scenarios for 1, 3, 6, and 10 feet of future sea level rise. Map 10: High Land Surface Temperature - MAPC uses LANDSAT 30m spatial resolution satellite data to extract land surface temperature to assess a community’s exposure to present-day extreme heat and any vulnerabilities to rising temperatures with climate change. The extreme heat analysis uses date from 2016 with satellite images on days of 90˚ or higher at Logan Airport, July 13 and August 30, 2016 and created land surface temperature using a methodology development by Walawender, Hajto, and Iwaniuk (2012) called Landsat TRS Tools. This map illustrates the hottest areas in the top fifth percentile for the 101 towns in Metropolitan Boston. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 127 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 128 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 129 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 130 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 131 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 132 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 133 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 134 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 135 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 136 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 137 APPENDIX B: LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM Meeting Agenda Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update City of Salem, City Hall Annex July 8, 2019, 10:00 AM – 11:30 AM Local Team Meeting #1 (Information Gathering) 1. Review 2012 mitigation actions- check status and what to carry forward in 2020 Plan Update 2. Hazard Mitigation Planning Map Series and Digitized Ortho Photo Map 3. Identify/Update Critical Facilities as needed 4. Identify local hazards: a. Coastal and Inland Flood Hazard Areas b. Fire Hazard Areas (brushfires/wildfires) c. Dams d. Ice jams e. Thunderstorms f. Drought g. Extreme Temps h. Tornadoes i. High winds j. Snow and Blizzards k. Nor’easters l. Ice storms m. Earthquakes n. Landslides o. Invasive species p. Future Potential Development Areas 5. Review Plan Goals and Objectives- see over 6. Discuss Public Involvement and Outreach a. Identify local stakeholders b. Schedule first public meeting Project Overview MAPC is working with Salem to update its 2012 natural hazards Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan to mitigate potential damages of natural hazards such as floods, winter storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and wild fires, before such hazards occur. The federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires that all municipalities adopt a Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan for natural hazards in order to remain eligible for FEMA Disaster Mitigation Grants. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 138 HAZARD MITIGATION GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The 2012 plan goals were as follows 1. Ensure that critical infrastructure sites are protected from natural hazards. 2. Protect existing residential and business areas from flooding. 3. Maintain existing mitigation infrastructure in good condition. 4. Continue to enforce existing zoning and building regulations. 5. Educate the public about zoning and building regulations, particularly with regard to changes in regulations that may affect tear-downs and new construction. 6. Work with surrounding communities to ensure regional cooperation and solutions for hazards affecting multiple communities such as coastal erosion. 7. Encourage future development in areas that are not prone to natural hazards. 8. Educate the public about natural hazards and mitigation measures. 9. Make efficient use of public funds for hazard mitigation. 10. Protect the City’s ability to respond to various natural hazard events. Recommended Goals to align with the Massachusetts Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Plan and FEMA Guidelines: 1. Prevent and reduce the loss of life, injury, public health impacts and property damages resulting from all identified natural hazards. 2. Build and enhance local mitigation capabilities to ensure individual safety, reduce damage to public and private property and ensure continuity of emergency services. 3. Increase cooperation and coordination among private entities, City officials and Boards, State agencies and Federal agencies. 4. Increase awareness of the benefits of hazard mitigation through outreach and education. CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 139 APPENDIX C: DOCUMENTATION OF PUBLIC MEETINGS CALENDAR LISTING / MEDIA ADVISORY SALEM NATURAL HAZARD PLAN PUBLIC MEETING Meeting to present an overview of the update of Salem’s Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan and solicit public comments Who: Salem residents, business owners, representatives of non-profit organizations and institutions, and others who are interested in preventing and reducing damage from natural hazards. What: The Salem Emergency Management Team (EMT) will hold a public meeting to present an overview of the pending update of the City of Salem’s Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan. The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) is assisting the City on the plan update, and a representative of MAPC will present an overview of the plan update. The City of Salem adopted its first Hazard Mitigation Plan in 2012, which was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The plan identifies natural hazards affecting Salem such as floods, hurricanes, winter storms, and earthquakes, as well as actions that the City can take to reduce the impacts of these hazards. FEMA requires that plans be updated regularly, so MAPC is assisting the City prepare an updated plan. When: August 8, 2019, 7:00 PM Where: Salem City Hall Annex, 98 Washington Street MAPC is the regional planning agency for 101 communities in the metropolitan Boston area, promoting smart growth and regional collaboration. More information about MAPC is available at www.mapc.org. Amanda Linehan, Communications Manager, Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 617-933-0705, alinehan@mapc.org CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 140 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 141 CALENDAR LISTING / MEDIA ADVISORY SALEM’S DRAFT HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN TO BE PRESENTED AT FEBRUARY 18 PUBLIC MEETING Meeting to present the update of Salem’s Hazard Mitigation Plan and solicit public comments Who: Salem residents, business owners, representatives of non-profit organizations and institutions, and others who are interested in preventing and reducing damage from natural hazards. What: The Salem Conservation Commission and Emergency Management Team (EMT) will hold a public meeting to present an overview of the draft Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. The Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC) is assisting the City on the plan update, and a representative of MAPC will present an overview of the plan update. The City of Salem adopted its first Hazard Mitigation Plan in 2012, which was approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The plan identifies natural hazards affecting Salem such as floods, hurricanes, winter storms, and earthquakes, as well as actions that the City can take to reduce the impacts of these hazards. FEMA requires that plans be updated regularly, so MAPC is assisting the City prepare an updated plan. When: Tuesday, February 18, 2020, 7:00 PM Where: Salem City Hall Annex, 98 Washington Street MAPC is the regional planning agency for 101 communities in the metropolitan Boston area, promoting smart growth and regional collaboration. More information about MAPC is available at www.mapc.org. Amanda Linehan, Communications Manager, Metropolitan Area Planning Council 617-933-0705, alinehan@mapc.org CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 142 CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 143 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 144 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 145 APPENDIX D: DOCUMENTATION OF PLAN APOPTION [To be completed following MEMA and FEMA review of the plan] [Print on City letterhead] CERTIFICATE OF ADOPTION CITY COUNCIL CITY OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE CITYOF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN 2020 UPDATE WHEREAS, the City of Salem established a Committee to prepare the City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update; and WHEREAS, the City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update contains several potential future projects to mitigate impacts from natural hazards in the City of Salem, and WHEREAS, duly noticed public meetings were held by the Conservation Commissoin August 8, 2019, and February 18, 2020 WHEREAS, the City of Salem authorizes responsible departments and/or agencies to execute their responsibilities demonstrated in the plan, and NOW, THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the City of Salem adopts the City of Salem Hazard Mitigation Plan 2020 Update, in accordance with M.G.L. 40 §4 or the charter and ordinances of the City of Salem. ADOPTED AND SIGNED this Date. _____________________________ Name(s) Title(s) Signature(s) ATTEST CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 146 [This page intentionally left blank] CITY OF SALEM HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN DRAFT 2020 UPDATE 147 APPENDIX E: DOCUMENTATION OF PLAN APPROVAL [To be added after FEMA approval of the plan]