Lead Mills Conservation Area Design - Spring 2014LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN
EMILY BERG, JEFFERY DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHP
THE CONWAY SCHOOL
SPRING 2014
FOR THE TOWN OF MARBLEHEAD & CITY OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS
CONTEXT.....................................1
EXISTING CONDITIONS..............2
COMMUNITY INPUT....................3
NEIGHBORS................................4
THE PATH.....................................5
THE SHORE..................................6
UPLAND VEGETATION.................7
ATLANTIC FLYWAY.......................8
VIEWS.........................................9
RESTRICTIONS.............................10
ACCESS.......................................11
TOPOGRAPHY.............................12
REMEDIATION.............................13
STORM SURGE............................14
SUMMARY...................................15
INDEX
ALTERNATIVE #1..........................16
ALTERNATIVE #2..........................17
ALTERNATIVE #3..........................18
FINAL DESIGN..............................19
DESIGN DETAILS 1.......................20
DESIGN DETAILS 2.......................21
DESIGN DETAILS 3.......................22
GRADING PLAN..........................23
PLANTING PLAN.........................24
PLANTING DETAILS.....................25
INVASIVE MANAGEMENT...........26
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS............27
SIGN DETAILS.............................28
FENCE DETAILS...........................29
COST ESTIMATES........................30
1/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. CONTEXTSalem Harbor
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BIKEO P E N S P A C E
Marblehead
Project Site
Salem
Salem
Harbor
• Public open space
• Universally accessible areas
• Highlighted views
• Connections to other trail systems
• Managed invasive species and slope stability
• Parking for six to eight cars with universally
accessible spaces
• Access to the shore
Clients
City of Salem & Town of Marblehead
Salem Parks and Recreation Commission
Conservation Commission
Marblehead Conservancy
Essex County Greenbelt
Lead Mills Conservation Area is 4.5 acres of formerly industrial
waterfront property on the south shore of Salem Harbor. The
property fronts busy Lafayette Street (Route 114) and Forest
River on its west end and Wyman Woods on its east end. The
property was jointly purchased by the City of Salem and the
Town of Marblehead for conservation and recreation after plans
for development were abandoned and heavy remediation of lead
contamination was completed. The municipalities seek a design
for the park that maintains the current open character, provides
universally accessible paths, highlights desirable views, connects to
other existing trails, and uses vegetation to potentially address and
manage the invasive species and eroding slopes present in places.
The site was used as a grist mill in 1734 before becoming a lead
manufacturing plant in 1831. The lead mills produced white lead for
a range of products including bullets for the Civil War and pigment
for paint. Once a hub for local industry, the lead mills at one time
produced 6,000 tons of white lead annually. The lead mills were
purchase by Associated Grocers in 1947 who used the buildings for
warehousing food products until a fire in 1968 burned the buildings
to the ground. After the fire, the site returned to forest and remained
unused for decades.
CONTEXT
Lead Mills Conservation Area is off busy Lafayette Street (Route 114). Salem
Harbor borders it to the north, and a bike path cuts through the northern
portion of the property. The town line between Salem and Marblehead also
cuts through the property.
Forest River runs past the site to the west, emptying into Salem
Harbor. The Forest River wall has no barrier to prevent people
from falling in. This photo is taken from the bike path looking
back at the Lead Mills Conservation Area.
Lead Mills Conservation Area is one of the only open landscapes in Marblehead and Salem. It connects to nearby conservation land via the bike path. This photo is taken from The Path looking southwest towards Lafayette Street.
The Lead Mills Conservation Area is a mixed coastal and upland habitat on the
south shore of Salem Harbor, and is co-owned by the City of Salem and the Town of
Marblehead.
A public waterfront
conservation area that has:
Jointly owned by the City of Salem and the Town of Marblehead on the south shore of Salem Harbor, Lead Mills Conservation Area is an opportunity
to bridge neighboring communities and build coastal habitat and biodiversity on land that has been heavily impacted by lead contamination and
where extensive remediation has taken place.
GOAL:
2/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. EXISTING CONDITIONS20
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Forest RiverWyman Woods
Newly
planted
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Beach access
The PathSewer li
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Sewer
RoomMembrane Dry Brid
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(with gate
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Wet Bridge
Crosswalk
EXISTING CONDITIONS
• The town line divides the property.
• A membrane one foot below the surface covers
the remediated soil on the Salem portion.
• A recreation path that connects the two towns
runs through the property and covers buried
electric utility lines.
• A chain link fence along The Path restricts access
and views to the shore.
• Wyman Woods to the east is a forested
conservation area with trails for walkers.
• Newly planted maple trees border the property to
the east.
• The shore cannot currently be accessed from the
site, but there is access just a few hundred yards
east on The Path.
• Lafayette Street, which runs along the
southwestern property boundary, is a state
highway that sees high volumes of traffic each day.
• The Forest River, along the west side of the
property, empties into Salem Harbor and provides
coastal marsh habitat for many species along its
shores.
• A wall with no fence along the Forest River drops
down over 15 feet during low tide.
• There is no clearly delineated parking area and
people are parking along Lafayette Street to
access the site.
• There are worn footpaths through the site which
are not universally accessible because of their
narrow widths and steep slopes.
• The site is currently inaccessible for wheelchairs.
The Lead Mills Conservation Area site conditions and location make it a prime area for an open landscape connecting the two towns.
IMPLICATIONS
OBSERVATIONS
• Establish paths that are universally accessible and
make the river wall safe.
• Keep stabilized soils capped and undisturbed.
• Explore access areas to the beach/shore.AA'Section across the property shows the gentle slopes, the river wall without a barrier, and the Forest River at mid-tide.
Forest
River
Lafayette St.Membrane
Sewer Electric &
The Path
Newly planted trees
Property line
A A'
3/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. COMMUNITY INPUTCOMMUNITY MEETING
Community members gather to discuss their desires for
the site.
Town planner Becky Cutting recording community members’
ideas about the Lead Mills Conservation Area Design.
Community members debate the future uses of the
Lead Mills Conservation Area.
Marblehead residents discusses the alternatives with team member Allison Ruschp. Team member Emily Berg walks community members through the summary analysis of the site.
• “Use native low-maintenance plants that will prevent invasive species.”(10 votes)
• “Do nothing (or next to nothing).” (8 votes)
• “Pedestrian light on Lafayette (electrical wires already in place).” (8 votes)
• “Signage—with a focus on history.” (7 votes)
• “Start design thinking with ecology first.” (3 votes)
• “Attractive plants” (3 votes)
• “Beach access” (3 votes)
• “Kayak Access” (3 votes)
• “Remove chain link fence.” (2 votes)
• “No parking except for handicapped.” (2 votes)
• “Access for dogs to swim.” (1 vote)
• “Seasonal foliage color.” (1 vote)
• “Path viewing areas.” (1 vote)
• “Provide Safe parking (people will park on street if they don’t park on site).” (1 vote)
• There is a tension between preservation of ecology and human use.
• The safety of Lafayette Street is a big concern for the community.
• There are contrasting ideas about parking on the street and creating new
parking on the site.
• The community desires a simple, yet effective design.
The majority of residents want to see the Lead Mills Conservation Area become maintained open space that can function independently and
symbiotically with its neighboring conservation areas.
COMMUNITY’S TOP RATED DESIRES
Participants generated a list and voted on their desires for the conservation area.
The Conway team held two community meetings to get feedback from the
community for the Lead Mills Conservation Area. The first meeting, held on May
15, 2014, helped the team understand the community’s desires and concerns for
the design of the Lead Mills Conservation Area. At the second meeting the team
presented three alternative designs for the site in order to collect the community’s
feedback on the designs and come to a final design.
SUMMARY
4/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. NEIGHBORS• 30-acre wooded conservation area.• Links Salem Harbor, Lead Mills, and Gatchell Park.• Network of trails exploring a diverse terrain, ranging from woody swamps to steep rocky uplands. • Home to The Hammond Nature Center, a former Girl Scout’s day camp.
NEIGHBORING CONSERVATION AREAS
WYMAN WOODS
(East of Lead Mills Conservation Area)
FOREST RIVER CONSERVATION AREA
(Southwest of Lead Mills Conservation Area)
IMPLICATIONS
• 30-acre estuarine area.
• Trails throughout the terrain range from steep exposed bedrock to
tidal pools.
• Previously excavated for its sand and gravel.
• No trail signs.
• While there are many conservation lands in the area, most of them are forested. The Lead Mills Conservation Area has the opportunity to become the first meadow-like landscape in this mainly residential area.• The site should have a seamless feeling in relationship to its neighboring conservation lands.
The Lead Mills property provides an important link between the Wyman Woods and Forest River Conservation Areas.
Trails leading into the forested Wyman Woods are steep and rocky.
Salem and Marblehead have conservation areas that are connected by The Path, which also connects to both downtowns.
Open trails along the Forest River conservation area take
walkers along salt marsh habitat into forested areas.
Legend
Conservation
Area
The Path
Salem
Marblehead
Salem State The PathLead Mills Site
Wyman Woods
Gatchell Park
Forest River Conservation area
Marblehead Neck
Audubon Wildlife
Sanctuary
Salem Harbor
5/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. THE PATH20
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The Path is used by walkers, runners and bikers. The Pat
h Harbor Glade
Beach Access
Forest
River
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Marble h ead
Salem
Wyman
Woods
200ft
Entrance to Harbor Glade. The access to the shore has gentle slopes.
Highlighting the trails through conservation areas.
Beach access is just off the site at Harbor Glade.
THE PATH
The Path is a frequently used recreation feature connecting town centers and conservation properties.
Beach
Salem
IMPLICATIONS
OBSERVATIONS
• The Path is currently not universally accessible due to bollards
placed too closely together at its streetside entrances.
• The Path is a busy throughway for pedestrians and bicyclists
who commute between the downtowns of Marblehead and
Salem.
• Easements and right-of-ways create a complex hierarchy of
authority.
The Path was built on the former Boston and Maine railroad bed,
which is owned by the Town of Marblehead with jurisdiction split
between the Water and Sewer Department and the Municipal
Light Department. The railroad right-of-way, locally called “The
Path,” is 4.5 miles long. The Path is made of compacted gravel
and stone dust. The Path connects to Wyman Woods in the east,
Forest River Conservation Area to the west, Salem’s paved bike
path, and Salem State, 700 feet west of Lead Mills Park.
The Path at Lead Mills is heavily used by people strolling and
exercising.
There is no clear, accessibly graded entrance to The Path at the
Lead Mills property.
There is access to the shore from the Harbor Glade area, located
only a few hundred feet from the Lead Mills property line. This
open grassy area with a deciduous canopy leads to the rocky
shore of Salem Harbor.
BEACH ACCESS
6/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. THE SHORERocky Inter-tidal High Marsh
Coastal Beach or Wrack
Zone (Just above mean
high tide)
Land Subject to
Coastal Storm
100 Year Flood;14 ft.
above sea level
Tidal Flat
COASTAL BANK
• The complex tidal zones are integral to the site and their diverse
ecosystems should remain closed to people.
• Erosion and coastal habitat establishment are being addressed
by the remediation company and are outside the scope of this
project.
• An invasive plant management plan is needed to allow room for
native plants to take root.
• Access along the slope and the beach should be limited to protect
the sensitive habitat and its inhabitants.
• Erosion of the coastal bank weakens the resilience of the coastal
habitat.
• The inhabitants of this vulnerable ecosystem are threatened by
human activities, environmental degradation, and effects of climate
change.
Fiber mats tucked into the
embankment and planted to stabilize
the slope.
Patches of fiber are exposed due to erosion and lack of vegetation.
The coastal bank is being revegetated after being heavily affected by remediation efforts. It is prone to erosion, invasive plant species, and human
intrusion that affects vulnerable species habitat.
Coconut fiber mats were used to establish marsh grasses.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
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• Three years ago, Woodard & Curran rehabilitated and stabilized the coastal habitat with coconut fiber mats and vegetation plugs.• Some areas have exposed mats and vegetation is not taking root.• Invasive plants, such as bittersweet and multi-floral rose, dominate the shore embankment. • For two more years, this area will be monitored by Woodard & Curran to ensure the bank is stabilized with vegetation.
• The tidal zone is considered a brackish marsh, which supports a
number of species such as the threatened diamond-back terrapin
and the horseshoe crab, which both nest in the marsh in early
summer.
• This area is a key habitat for migratory shorebirds such as the
heron and egret.
Low Marsh
Diamond-back turtles nest on the muddy marsh sands during summer months.
Horseshoe crabs nest in the tidal sands in
early summer when humans are most likely to
be using the area.
N.T.S.
7/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. UPLAND VEGETATIONUPLAND VEGETATION
• Current vegetation at Lead Mills is characterized by sun-loving, early
successional plants that appear first in disturbed areas.
• Brambles, invasive species, and grasses are pervasive, but not
distributed evenly.
• The open landscape is mostly grass species and lacks a diversity of
meadow species.
• Invasive management plan is likely necessary.
• Because invasive species are in mostly concentrated areas, they can
likely be managed with hand-cutting methods (see page 27).
• There is an opportunity to add meadow species into the open space to
establish a meadow habitat.
• Many of the large patches of pioneer species, such as mugwort, found
at Lead Mills may be out-competed by other species once the habitat
has fully stabilized post-remediation.
Newly planted
red maple &
willow
Dense woods
Brambles
& vines(and so
me inv
asive s
pecies)Beach grassesPioneer species
Forsythia
Sumac & vines
Grass
Japanese
knotweedWoods
Mullein Japanese knotweedJuniper, brambles, grasses, bittersweet Maples and willows just off-siteForsythia
Sedges and grasses
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
Vegetation on the site is indicative of a disturbed area filled primarily with herbaceous, early succession species.
8/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. ATLANTIC FLYWAYATLANTIC FLYWAYLocated on the Atlantic Ocean, the Lead Mills Conservation Area has the opportunity to support a variety of bird species as they migrate north and
south, between their breeding seasons.
Golden-Winged Warbler
(Vermivora chrysoptera)
Grasshopper Sparrow
(Ammodramus savannarum)
Red Knot
(Calidris canutus)
Wood Thrush
(Hylocichla mustelina)
There are thirty-two priority bird species within the
Atlantic Flyway from Canada to South America.
These are species that are targeted as needing
extra conservation concern to ensure their
continued survival. Many of these bird species
frequent the coasts and wetlands of Northern
Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Audubon has a wildlife sanctuary in
Marblehead and is dedicated to land conservation
that supports migratory shorebird habitats. The
Lead Mills Conservation Area is an opportunity to
build habitat that will support birds and especially
priority bird species, such as the golden-winged
warbler, and the red knot, among others.
The National Audubon Society considers the Atlantic Flyway to include some of the most productive ecosystems (forests, beaches, and coastal wetlands) in the hemisphere. Over five hundred bird species, including birds that are considered priority species, travel the Atlantic Flyway between breeding seasons, and use the resources of coastal ecosystems in Northern Massachusetts for food and rest.
Lead Mills
Conservation Area
The coast of Northern Massachusetts is part of the Atlantic Flyway.(Map from U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.)
The Mass. Audubon Wildlife Sanctuary of Marblehead is located east of the Lead Mills Conservation Area. Both sites attract migrating birds traveling along the Atlantic
Flyway.
Project Site
Local ornithologist Jan Smith identified warblers as a species to focus on to the Lead Mills Conservation Area. Other birds known to stop over at Lead Mills Conservation Area include golden-winged warblers, grasshopper sparrows, red knots, and wood thrushes.
9/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. VIEWSVIEWS
• Most of the site can be seen from The Path and the
bridges.
• Views of Salem Harbor can be seen from both bridges
and on The Path where the fence is not present.
• Views are blocked by a 6-foot-high fence along The
Path that restricts access down the unstable beach
embankment.
• Long views are available through the site to the harbor.
• Slopes and fences detract or prohibit views from the low
points on site and from places on The Path.
• The chain link fence could be changed to enhance views
along The Path.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
Expansive views of Salem Harbor can be seen from the high points on the site and from The Path where the chain-link fence is not present.
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The site can be seen while crossing the “wet” bridge. The mud flats of Salem Harbor at low tide can be seen from
both bridges.
Along The Path views are blocked by a chain link fence that
also restricts access down the unstable beach embankment.
The fence serves as a trellis for plants such as poison ivy, and
wild grape, and invasive plant species such as bittersweet.
Expansive views of Salem Harbor can be seen from a high
point in the southeast corner of the site.
Where the fence is not present on The Path, views can be
seen to the Harbor. Locations from which the photos are taken and views can be seen.
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10/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. RESTRICTIONSN
1 inch = 40 feet
Wetland Setback (150ft)
River Setback (200ft)Marbl
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LEGAL EASEMENTS & ENVIRONMENTAL BUFFERS
Legal easements preserve accessibility for utility maintenance and emergencies, and environmental buffers prevent development in sensitive areas.
Any proposed infrastructure in the environmental buffers will need to be approved by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection.
• A wetland buffer of 150 feet helps to keep waterbodies
clean and reduce the impact that pollution has on
species dependent on the wetland and its water.
• A river buffer of 200 feet along the Forest River
helps prevent flooding from storms and provides an
important edge for plants and wildlife next to the river.
• Buffers prohibit development without approval.
• An electric line under The Path is maintained by the
electric utility company. There is a twenty-foot-wide
easement over The Path requiring approval from the
electric company for any intended vegetation in this
space. The electric company also controls the dry
bridge gate that can provide access the shore.
• A sewer line runs along the southern property
boundary in a twenty-foot-wide easement. Vehicles
need to access the line, precluding woody vegetation
from being planted on this area.
• The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection will need to approve any infrastructure proposed in the environmental buffers. • Any proposed changes within easements will need to be approved by the electric and sewer companies.• The site’s existing open landscape provides an area for flooding during storms.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
400ft
The Path
Dry bridge & gate
Chain-link fence
Membrane Sewer line
Property line
Salem Harbor
Electric lineA A'
Marblehead’s main electrical line runs under The Path and a sewer line runs along the southern property boundary.A2X exaggerated
vertical scale
11/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. ACCESS20
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LAFAYETTE STREET (ROUTE 114)
It is important that safety be improved for pedestrians and bicyclists along Lafayette Street and to establish clearly marked areas for vehicles.
Entrance to the Lead Mills Conservation Area is blocked by
vegetation for those driving north on Lafayette Street.
A roadside shoulder near the entrance to The Path has room for one vehicle.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
• Lafayette Street, the main road leading visitors to the Lead Mills Conservation
Area, is a commuter route and state highway connecting between Salem and
Marblehead.
• For those driving from Marblehead, the entrance to the Lead Mills
Conservation Area is hidden by vegetation and the curve in the road.
• Parking is along the street in a bump-out that fits 4 to 5 cars. There is another
bump-out near The Path entrance that has the potential to be an additional
parking space.
• The entrance for those coming from Salem is not clear and one must cross
traffic to park along the road.
• There is one crosswalk for The Path that is offset from the entrance at the
Lead Mills Conservation Area.
• There is no sidewalk connecting the entrance to The Path to the main Lead
Mills Conservation Area entrance.
• A traffic impact and access study completed by MDM Traffic Consultants Inc.,
in May of 2005 identified four problems on Lafayette Street: excessive travel
speeds, lengthy road crossings for pedestrians and bicyclists, lack of turn-
around areas, and a lack of continuous sidewalk along the northern side.
• The entrance to Lead Mills Conservation Area should be more visible, with
signs, clear turning areas, and reduction of vegetation.
• Pedestrian and bicyclist safety could be improved by slowing traffic, adding
crosswalks, and connecting missing sidewalks.
Entrance
The small parking bump-out is restricted by an underground
sewer room and fire hydrant that need to remain accessible.
The entrance to the site from Salem is not obvious. Worn
paths can be seen along the left side of the road but a
sidewalk would better serve visitors.
A recent addition of painted lines on the road may calm traffic at this intersection but the crosswalk is off-set from The Path which can be confusing for pedestrians.
Where The Path meets Lafayette Street the crosswalk is offset from both entrances.
Sewer
Room
Entrance
Fire Hydrant
Parking
Entrance
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Lead Mills
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entrance
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Path Town Borde
r
12/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. TOPOGRAPHYWyman
Woods Trail
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HYDROLOGY & ACCESS
• Terrain on the site is rolling. The grade is even with
Lafayette Street and gently rolls down across the site
west to east.
• From north to south, the site starts below sea level and
rises up to 70 feet.
• The Path’s embankment is ten feet above grade,
creating a steep wall.
• Stormwater run-off enters the site from the steep slopes
to the south.
• The flow of water is impeded by The Path embankment.
The water is directed under the dry bridge into the
harbor and over the river wall into the Forest River.
• Paths are visible in the grass on the site leading to The
Path and Wyman Woods.
• Because the middle of the site is fairly flat, minimal
earth moving will be needed to make the site universally
accessible.
• The steeper slopes of The Path’s embankment and the
southeast corner of the site may need to be regraded in
order to make them universally accessible.
• The worn paths indicate the site’s current level of use
and the need for formal paths to prevent erosion and
provide clear connections to neighboring trails.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
The topography of the site dictates where paths can be made, and directs the flow of water entering the site.
400ft
The Path
Dry bridge wallChain-link fence Membrane
Sewer line
Salem Harbor
Electric lineA A'AA'
Dry bridge
Stromwater runoff enters the site from the steep slopes to the south. The flow is blocked by the embankment of The Path and the runoff is directed under the dry bridge into the Salem Harbor and over the river wall.
Well-worn wish path on the site connect
visitors from Lafayette Street to The Path
and Wyman Woods.
Double exaggerated
vertical scale
Property line
13/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. REMEDIATIONft0
Eastern
Beach area
Western
REMEDIATION
The former lead mills still have an impact on the site today, as evidenced by contaminated soils and restricted uses.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
• Lead-impacted soil was remediated using a variety of methods,
corresponding to levels of lead concentrations.
• Activities and Use Limitations (AUL) exist on the Salem portion of
the site.
Above:The western area, where the former lead mill once sat, was most heavily contaminated with lead. This area was excavated to varying depths based on the different concentrations of lead contamination. Different remediation methods were used throughout the site to stabilize the soil to permitted levels.
A'
A'
A
A Project site post-remediation and before seeding in 2012. The stabilized and remediated soil in the western area is held down by a non-woven
geotextile fabric, an orange demarcation layer, six inches of clean fill, and six inches of
topsoil. There is also a silt fence along the Forest River seawall to help stabilize the soil.
• Because the AUL bans use of the property for single-family
residences, schools, and playgrounds, the town has elected to limit
park use to passive recreation only.
• Because the AUL prohibits the use of on-site soils for human food
production, signs warning against harvesting any edibles on site will
be needed.
• Restrictions at Lead Mills ban any activity that may damage the
constructed barrier or involve removal or disturbance of (stabilized)
lead impacted-soils. These restrictions need to be reflected in any
landscape design.
• Lead-impacted soils in the eastern upland of the site were
chemically stabilized, reducing solubility, mobility, and bioavailability
of lead in the environment. There is no restriction on planting new
vegetation in this area.
*Note: A licensed Site Professional LSP, must approve proposed
activities over the AUL area. The LSP for the Lead Mills Conservation
Area is John Thompson, at Woodard & Curran Inc.
Forest
River
River
wall
6 " top soil 6" fill
Silt fence
Geotextile
membrane Demarcation layer
Stabilized soil
14/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. STORM SURGERISING TIDES Rising tides and more severe weather will affect the site by inundating The Path’s embankment and potentially flooding the site’s existing open landscape.
Salem already has residential areas that experience severe flooding.
The property is predicted to be flooded in even a Category 1 hurricane.
Tide entering the Forest River from Salem Harbor. At high tide the water
is only a few feet below the top of the wall. During a large storm this wall
could potentially be breached.
A recent article “Is Salem Ready for a Superstorm”
(Salemnews.com) provides some insight into how larger
storms could impact the area.
Neighbors of the Lead Mills Conservation Area are aware
of the ocean’s potential danger. “In 1996, it flooded so
badly,” said one, “that residents of Jefferson Avenue took
to boats and literally swam from house to house. Even on
sunny days, the water sometimes rises on Canal Street at
high tide.”
Stephen Young, a Geography Professor at Salem State,
recently completed a study with his students that shows
how a storm like Hurricane Sandy would impact Salem’s
critical resources. The DPW, Police and Fire Department
Headquarters would all be flooded.
Salem’s energy and sustainability manager, Jeff Elie,
warned, “The threat is real, climate change is happening.
It’s not a debate.”
• At high tide the harbor’s water already gets within a few feet
to the top of the retention wall.
• The Forest River Conservation Area helps mitigate
stormwater through its network of inland waterbodies and
open landscape, which exits through the river adjacent to
the Lead Mills Conservation Area.
• GIS data shows that the site is impacted by flooding in even
a Category 1 hurricane.
• Minimizing on-site infrastructure that could be damaged by
flooding and preparing the site for potential floods should
be a priority for the Lead Mills Conservation Area.
• The site’s open landscape provides an area that can be
flooded without impacting residential areas.
• Over time, with increased flooding, it may be important to
have more salt-tolerant vegetation in the conservation area.
OBSERVATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
TIDAL EVENTS
15/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. SUMMARYThe site’s utility infrastructure, easements, buffers, and topography will strongly direct what uses, access, and vegetation are appropriate.
SUMMARY ANALYSIS
• Utility easements (sewer and electric) must remain accessible for
maintenance and emergencies.
• A non-woven membrane one foot below the surface restricts the uses
on the western end of the property. This area can be used for passive
recreation, but any kind of planting or activity that will disturb the soil is
banned.
• Steep slopes restrict universal access to The Path and to the high ground
in the southeast corner of the site.
• Bollards on the bridges are set too close to allow wheelchair access on
The Path through Lead Mills Conservation Area.
• The small pull-out on Lafayette Street provides minimal space for parking
and is potentially dangerous due to high traffic flow.
• The bump-out near The Path entrance could potentially be used
for limited parking as it meets necessary grade, size, and visibility
requirements.
• Positive views from high points and into the site should be highlighted in
the design.
• Negative views looking at parking and a chain-link fence need to be
improved for an enhanced visitors experience.
• Fencing along The Path is necessary to prevent further erosion of the
beach embankment but it is overgrown with vegetation and blocks views
of Salem Harbor. This fencing could be changed to better serve the
visitors to Lead Mills Conservation Area.
• There is beach access a few hundred feet to the east of the site as an
alternative to beach access from Lead Mills Conservation Area. This
could be highlighted by informational signs on site.
• Once established the revegetated salt marsh can provide important
beach habitat for wildlife and act as a buffer against storm surges.
Therefore it may be best to preserve this northern area of the Lead Mills
Conservation Area from human use/disturbance.
16/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. ALTERNATIVE #1• Safe parking, not exposed to street traffic
• All trails are universally accessible
• Viewing points to the water are emphasized
• Added vegetation provides food for
migratory birds
• Access to the beach for non-motorized
boats
ALTERNATIVE #1: UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE DESIGN
• Requires earth moving, high impact to the site
through regrading for trails and parking
• Retaining wall and parking lot materials may be
expensive
• Parking lot will increase runoff into Forest River
and Salem Harbor
• Open dry bridge impacts fragile coastline
habitat
PROS CONS
Graded trails and on-site parking allow for universal access of the conservation area and The Path. A lookout at the high point has views of the harbor.
A
B
C
D
F
E
G
Parking is created on the southeast end of the site, off Lafayette
Street, to accommodate eight cars with two universally
accessible spaces . Sidewalks connect the street around the
parking lot, and meet the trail into the park at grade level for easy
access .
Compacted gravel trails are graded at a 5% slope to allow
wheelchair access through the site . These trails take visitors
either along mowed turf and beneath the dry-bridge underpass
to a kayak launch, or up to The Path .
Visitors can follow a curving trail east, around a tapered stone
retaining wall to a flat lookout . Two trees shade this lookout
on hot summer days with expansive views to Salem Harbor and
the meadow below. Aside from the mowed turf area , the site
is largely wild meadow to provide habitat for birds, insects
and other wildlife, and to maintain the open character of the site.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
D
F
E
G
L
a
f
a
y
e
t
t
e
S
t
.
SalemMarb
lehead
Forest RiverWyman
Woods
Look out
Meadow
Salem Harbor
Access
to The
Path
The PathSewer li
n
e
Parking
Lawn
Dry Brid
g
e
o
p
e
n
Wet Bridge
Parking
AKayak
Launch
17/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. ALTERNATIVE #2Signs share the story of the site as people move through the Conservation Area, and added vegetation supports wildlife.
ALTERNATIVE #2: THE MISSING LINK
• Improved wildlife habitat
• Emphasis on conveying historical and
ecological information
• Loop trail with connections to Wyman Woods.
• New bump-out on the trail universally accessible
• Nook-like areas for visitors to enjoy
• Parking improvements will be costly
• Not universally accessible
• Maintenance will require education and training
• Potential for misbehavior in less visible hang out areas
• Fill needed to create view area on trail may be costly
PROS CONS
A
B
D
E
F
G
H
I
Into Lead Mills Conservation Area from Lafayette Street, the eye
views layers of vegetation starting low in the west and getting
taller to the east. A loop trail on the property highlights areas
that are historically and ecologically important for the site and its
visitors , and allows visitors to casually stroll through the site.
An open lawn invites visitors to picnic , and a stand of paper
birches buffer activity from Lafayette Street . The center of the
site is a meadow providing important habitat for birds , who
can also rest in nearby planted shrubs that surround the trail and
merge into Wyman Woods .
The high point of the property, The Perch, is accentuated
with granite blocks that provide seating . The views across
Salem Harbor can be easily enjoyed here, as can remnants of
stonewalls on the periphery of the forest.
The fences along the trail are changed, reducing the height, and
removing the chainlink, replacing it with a low wooden fence .
The triangular area of land between Lafayette Street and Forest
River, which is owned by Salem is incorporated into the design
to help keep this area clean and prevent further littering .
Parking for six cars along Lafayette Street where the existing
parking takes place is turned into a half rotary .
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
CL
a
f
a
y
e
t
t
e
S
t
.
SalemMarb
lehead
Forest RiverWyman
Woods
The Perch
Shrubs
Meadow
Salem Harbor
The PathParking
Lawn
Dry bri
d
ge cl
ose
d
Wet Bridge
Parking Loop Trail
18/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. ALTERNATIVE #3Connecting visitors to surrounding trails while creating an undisturbed space for migratory birds to rest and feed.
ALTERNATIVE #3: WILDLIFE SANCTUARY & TRAILHEAD
• Low-mow lawn and meadow reduce site’s
need for regular maintenance
• Habitat protected along the shore
• No need for additional parking areas
• Trails to The Path are made universally
accessible
• Trail signs lead visitors through the site to
connecting trails
• Views are improved into the site from
Lafayette Street
• Maintenance crews will require training for specific shrub and wildlife regimes• Parking is along the flow of traffic, and turning left out of the parking area towards Marblehead could be difficult • Trails on the site are not universally accessible
PROS CONS
D
E
A
C
F
G
H
B
This simple design increases wildlife habitat while connecting
visitors through the conservation area to surrounding
areas. Mowed trails take visitors through the Lead Mills
Conservation Area to the Wyman Woods trailhead and The
Path . An open lawn area allows visitors to picnic .
A tall meadow limits access across the northeast side of
the property, leaving it for nesting and visiting birds .
New shrubs in the southeast corner of the property create
additional bird habitat . Beach access is limited to the
access at Harbor Glade in order to protect the sensitive
coastal habitat . Parking remains along the street,
with an entrance improved through the elimination of the
guardrail and the addition of rocks, shrubs and grasses .
Universally accessible parking is added to the bump-out at
the entrance to The Path . Crossing Lafayette Street is
made easier by a flashing light and crosswalk .
A
C
F
G
H
D
E
B
L
a
f
a
y
e
t
t
e
S
t
.
SalemMarb
lehead
Forest RiverWyman
Woods
Shrubs
Meadow
Salem Harbor Access
to The
Path
The PathP
a
r
k
i
n
g
Lawn
Dry bri
d
g
e cl
os
e
d
Wet Bridge
Parking
A
19/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. FINAL DESIGNLEAD MILLS MEADOW CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN
The new design for the Lead Mills Conservation Area accommodates passive recreation for all abilities, with scenic lookouts for visitors and
connections to nearby trails.
C
A
B
D
E F
G
H
IJ
L
M
N
O
K
Picnic Nook
The Path
Vista
River View
Lookout
Main Parking
& Entrance
Eastern L
o
o
p
Western L
o
o
p
The Path Entrance &
Universal Parking The Perc
h
L
a
f
a
y
e
t
t
e
S
t
.
SalemMarb
lehead
322
223
At the entrance to the Lead Mills Conservation Area a new parking area
for six cars is created with one universally accessible space . This
pull-in has a sign on it to welcome visitors and direct one-way traffic flow.
An island in the parking area helps people walk along Lafayette Street
B . There is an additional universally accessible parking spot added at
the entrance to The Path , and the existing bollards are widened to
accommodate all visitors.
The trail throughout the site is graded at 5% or less to meet ADA
accessibility requirements. This trail is constructed of compacted
gravel for easy use by wheelchairs and strollers. A closed circuit trail
approximately 1,700 linear feet long is available for strolling through the
open space and has spurs that lead to The Path, Wyman Woods, and up
to a lookout known as “The Perch.”
At the beginning of the trail in Lead Mills Conservation Area, there is a
sign that identifies what trails are universally accessible, with the length
and grade, and with destination points highlighted D . Heading east,
the gravel path of the Western Loop reaches a spur that connects to
The Path E , or continues on to the Eastern Loop that leads through
shrubland bird habitat and back around into open meadow F . The
trail becomes a graded switchback G up to, “The Perch” with a rock
retaining wall. The Perch has a level area for wheelchair access. The
surface is also compacted gravel, and there are five benches for seating
and enjoying the beautiful views out to Salem Harbor H . A red maple
shades the Perch, with a no-mow grass area towards the back. Leaving
the Perch, the trail continues east directly into Wyman Woods or rejoins
the Eastern Loop trail I .
There is wheelchair access to The Path between the Western and
Eastern Loops J . All other slopes adjacent to The Path have vegetative
shrub buffers to encourage people to stay on The Path, stabilize the
slopes, and keep the privacy of the site K . East of The Path entrance
there is a small vista area, with two benches for resting and enjoying the
stunning views out to Salem Harbor L . The high chain-link fence along
the portion of The Path has been shortened to allow for views of the
harbor to be seen as people move along The Path M .
Along the Forest River on the western loop the River View lookout
has four benches N . Further along the western loop there is a small
picnic area graded for universal access O. This western portion of the
conservation area over the membrane has been left as it currently is,
vegetated with grasses and sedges, and this will be over-seeded with a
no/low-mow seed mix.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
20/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. DESIGN DETAILS 1Parking is off Lafayette Street with a one-way entrance and exit accommodating
five cars and one universal space. The sidewalk is at the same grade as the
parking with a small curb starting at the corners of the lot extending up both sides
of Lafayette Street. A large sign at the entrance clearly defines the entrance to the
Lead Mills Conservation Area. A trail sign at the start of the trail tells visitors how
long the loops are, where other connections can be made and a brief history of
the site with warnings against foraging for edibles.
0 ft
Island for Lead
Mills Park sign
(12'x 19') with
sidewalk cut
Universal
parking
(10' x 18')
with aisle
(3' wide)
Sidewalk
level with
parking Main
sign
65'5
8
'
6'43'1
LEAD MILLS ENTRANCE & PARKING PLAN
LEAD MILLS ENTRANCE & PARKING SECTION
LEAD MILLS ENTRANCE & PARKING SECTION
1
3
2
222
L
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f
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y
e
t
t
e
S
t
r
e
e
t
Si
d
e
w
a
l
k
Rocks to prevent
driving on the
site
Stone
dust
path
Forest
River
High
Tide
Western
Loop
Handicap
Aisle
Sidewalk
Sewer
Line
Property
Line
Sidewalk
Trail Starts Main Sign 6 Parking
Spots
Sidewalk
Entrance
Sign
Lafayette
Street
Steep slopes to the south will shade the parking area for part of the day, but stormwater runoff from the slopes may be a problem without proper drainage. Further consultation with a civil engineer will be needed to address these issues.
A sidewalk through the entrance island will allow pedestrians to cross the parking area safely. Signs at the
entrance to the parking and to the trails informs visitors about the site.
321
321
221
221
6'
6'
21/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. DESIGN DETAILS 2The Perch is a lookout in the
southeast corner of the site with
expansive views into Salem
Harbor and the rest of the site.
A universal trail winds up to the
small stone retaining wall that
encloses the space in an arc.
Granite rocks are placed around
for viewing of the harbor with
additional seats for small groups
to mingle. A red maple tree
partially shades the perch on hot
summer days.
PERCH PLAN1
Red
maple
2
2
'
73'
Sedge
Rock benches
PERCH AND LOOKOUT SECTION3
The Path
Path
Vista Eastern
loop
Meadow To Wyman Woods
or The Perch
Eastern
loop
The Perch
Sedges or
No-Mow
Grass
1/2” Minus
Gravel
Key Plan
A small bump-out along The Path provides a resting space for visitors to enjoy the views out to Salem Harbor. The spot is universally accessible from both the site and The Path. 7'
6'
20'
Graded flat,
1/2 “ minus
gravel
seating area
THE PATH VISTA PLAN2
The Path
Easter
n L
o
o
p
THE PERCH
Benches
2' X 4'
The whole site is universally accessible with low
grade trails taking visitors to destination spots such
as the perch and The Path Vista.
The Perch will be a nice place to hang out under the shade of the red maple while
taking in the views of Salem Harbor.
1
2
Salem
Harbor
22/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. DESIGN DETAILS 3A universally accessible
picnic table just off the
western loop trail brings
visitors close to the Forest
River.
5'6'-5"8'22’1
6
’
Handicap picnic table
0 10ft
PICNIC NOOK SECTION 1
Existing tree
New fence
Forest River at high tide
Picnic Nook Open lawn
Open lawn
Western
loop
The Picnic Nook is nestled near the Forest River, buffered by an existing tree and shrubs along The Path.
2
1/3
Key Plan
A resting spot along the
Forest River allows visitors
to enjoy the views of the
Forest River, Salem Harbor,
and the conservation area.
A new fence is built along
the stone wall to increase
safety.
PICNIC NOOK PLAN3
RIVER VIEW LOOKOUT PLAN2
10'25'3'1.5'New
fence
Forest
River
13'6'
RIVER VIEW LOOKOUT
Sitting at the River View Lookout, visitors have 360-degree views of the site, the Forest River, and Salem Harbor.
23/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. GRADING PLANGRADING PLAN
18
18
18
18
20
20
22 24
22
20
26
28
30 32
18
16
24 26
28
30
In order to make the new paths through Lead Mills Park universally accessible, regrading will be needed.
Fill is used to support the fork in the trail.
The drainage basin is divided into two low-
draining basins, where water collects and
irrigates the planted vegetation.
Using cut-and-fill, the trail is built
into the hillside. The retaining wall
is two feet tall (+/-) and tapers into
the hill to meet the grade.
The trails work with the natural
contours of the land to require
minimal earth moving for
universally accessible grades.
The new contours reflect
slopes of 5% or less across
required distances to
create accessible trails.
20
24/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. PLANTING PLANPicnic Nook
The Path
Vista
River View
Lookout
Main Parking
& Entrance
Easter
n L
o
o
p
Western L
o
o
p
The Path Entrance
& Universal
Parking The Perc
h
PLANTING PLAN
A large meadow and lawn provide an open landscape, and shrubs around the trail increase biodiversity and provide shelter for migratory birds. A
delightful sensory experience is created for people strolling through the Lead Mills Conservation Area.
Low/No Mow Lawn
Mix:
Hard Fescue
Sheep Fescue
Chewings Fescue
Red Fescue
Creeping Red Fescue
Below the Perch:
Pasture Rose
Creeping Juniper
Bracken Fern
Hay-scented Fern
Existing Tree
Shrubs & Trees for
Western Embankments:
Red Twig Dogwood
Pasture Rose
Creeping Juniper
Beach Pea
Low-Medium Shrubs:
Sweetfern
Pasture Rose
Existing Tree
Shrubs at Road:
American Hazelnut
Sweet Pepperbush
Beach Pea
Creeping Juniper
Low Species:
Pasture Rose
Bearberry
Plants in the Island in the
Parking Area:
Indian Grass
Bluestem
or Bayberry
*These plants were chosen for their salt tolerance, sizes, seasonal interest, and habitat attributes.
Low/No Mow Lawn
Mix Behind the
Perch:
Hard Fescue
Sheep Fescue
Chewings Fescue
Red Fescue
Creeping Red Fescue
Drift of Shrubs & Trees:
Red Twig Dogwood
Weeping Willow
Red Maple
Native Meadow Mix
*Plant species
in a mix from
low to high to
prevent desirable
views from being
blocked in front
of the perch.
Medium Species:
Snowberry
Aronia Chokeberry
Blueberry
Running Serviceberry
Sweet Pepperbush
Beach Plum
Bayberry
Beach Pea
Inkberry
Sweetfern
Tall Species:
Arrowwood Viburnum
Red Twig Dogwood
Gray Dogwood
Hazel Alder
American Hazelnut
Witch Hazel
Virginia Rose
Weeping Willow
25/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. PLANTING DETAILSPLANTING DETAILS
3" bark mulch
Do not cover tap root
Thin branches by one-third
retaining normal plant shape
Compacted subsoil
Gently compacted
topsoil mixture
6" mulch berm
2X root ball diameter, min.
Remove all of burlap
and tuck under root
ball.
NOTE: This detail calls for tamping subsoil to create a firm base upon which to place
the shrub or tree root ball. The amended existing soil is backfilled carefully around the
roots to support the plant and gently compacted to prevent air pockets from forming.
A generous soaking after back filling is recommended to remove remaining air pockets
around the roots. Prune back one-third of the foliage to stimulate root growth, taking
care to retain shape. Do not use fertilizers. Water frequently for first season.
TREE AND SHRUB PLANTING DETAIL (TYPICAL)
MEADOW ESTABLISHMENT (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
An established diverse meadow
An established meadow can require less annual maintenance than a lawn,
reduce stormwater runoff, and promote biodiversity. A diverse meadow can take
a few years to create with a more intense maintenance regime in the beginning to
help deplete the existing seed bank and allow for the desired plants to take root.
Due to the site’s history of lead contamination, methods to establish the meadow
should not disturb the ground surface where the remediation and stabilization
has taken place.
• October: mow lawn and meadow area late in the month.
• Seed in late winter/early spring while the ground is still frozen.
• Rely on spring rains to initiate and irrigate seeds.
TO ESTABLISH LAWN/MEADOW
Common Name Scientific Name Radius Height Quantity
Low Shrubs
Common Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3-6'0.5-1'515
Pasture Rose Rosa carolina 3'3'1492
Creeping Juniper Juniperus horizonitalis 3-9'1'674
Bracken Fern Pteridium aquilinum 8'2-6'127
Hay-scented Fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula 3"10"180
Beach Pea Lathyrus japonica 1'1'Seed Mix
Medium Shrubs
Running Serviceberry Amelianchier stolonifera 4-5'4-5'309
Bayberry Myrica pensylvanica 5-10'5-10'190
Sweet Pepperbush Clethra alnifolia 3-8'4-6'564
Inkberry Ilex glabra 6'6'258
Beach Plum Prunus maritima 1-8'5'193
Sweetfern Comptonia peregrina 4-8'2-5'564
Blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium 1.5'1.5'515
Snowberry Gaultheria antipoda 3'3'515
Virginia Rose Rosa virginiana 3'3'516
Tall Shrubs
Arrowwood Viburnum Viburnum dentatum 6-10'6-10'155
American Hazelnut Corylus americana 8-13'10-16'122
Red Chokeberry Aronia arbutifolia 9'9'172
Trees
Red Maple Acer rubrum 39'20'1
Gray Dogwood Cornus racemosa 10-15'10-15'103
Hazel Alder Alnus incana subsp. rugosa 15-25 15-25 15
Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana 15-20'15-20'77
Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis 15-20 25-30'309
Red Twig Dogwood Cornus sericea 6-9'8-12'309
Weeping Willow Salix babylonica 30'32'5
Seed Mix
Hard Fescue Festuca brevipila Seed
Mix
Sheep Fescue Festuca ovina Seed
Mix
Chewings Fescue Festuca rubra subs. fallax Seed
Mix
Red Fescue Festuca rubra Seed
Mix
Creeping Red Fescue Festuca rubra var. rubra Seed
Mix
1
Prairie Moon Nursery’s Grand Diversity Mixed Height Prairie Seed Mix offers a hundred species that include a variety of flowers, which bloom from early spring to fall and can handle a range of soil conditions. This mix is particularly supportive of birds and butterflies.
MEADOW MIX
26/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. INVASIVE MANAGEMENTINVASIVE PLANT MANAGEMENT
Invasive species management is a complex issue that requires comprehensive knowledge, intensive labor, monitoring, humility, and care. Further
research should be done before dealing with the Oriental bittersweet and Japanese knotweed found at Lead Mills Conservation Area.
Bittersweet
Japanese
knotweed
ABOUT ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET
Celastrus orbiculatus
Oriental bittersweet (also known as Asian or Asiatic bittersweet)
is a deciduous vine native to Japan, Korea, and parts of China.
It commonly twines around other shrubs, trees, or fences, and
can reach up to 60 feet in height. Bittersweet grows in a variety
of terrestrial environments and likes full sunlight. It dominates
indigenous plant communities through rapid reproduction,
dispersal, and growth rate. At the Lead Mills Conservation Area, it is
found growing along the chain-link fence at the bike path. The fence
is meant to keep people from moving onto the steep embankment,
but the bittersweet, especially in spring, blocks the views of the
water from the bike path.
MANAGEMENT
Mechanical Methods:
As with all invasive plant species management, control of Oriental
bittersweet requires extensive monitoring, and often a multi-year
commitment to the project. Regular cutting to the ground over
several growing seasons can be a measure of control. Vines should
be cut as close to the root collar as possible. Eventually the root
stock expends all of its stored energy, leaving only the seed banks
to deal with.
Chemical Methods:
Herbicides such as Round-Up are sometimes used to manage
bittersweet. If used, quickly establish alternative native plant cover,
such as Clematis virginiana, after treatment to prevent Oriental
bittersweet from reestablishing.
ABOUT JAPANESE KNOTWEED
Polygonum cuspidatum
Japanese knotweed is an upright, shrub-like herbaceous perennial that
can grow up to 10 feet tall. Once established, it spreads via rhizomes
or runners underground that can reach up to 30 feet in length. It is
found in the southwest quadrant of the Lead Mills Conservation Area
among other herbaceous perennials. Japanese knotweed grows
primarily in high light environments, emerging in early spring.
MANAGEMENT
Mechanical Methods:
Digging and cutting are appropriate for controlling smaller, younger
stands of Japanese knotweed, especially in environmentally sensitive
areas. The entire plant, including roots and runners must be removed
with a digging tool. With cutting, the shoots must be cut as close
to the ground as possible, and cutting is most effective when done
three or more times per growing season. The cut plant parts must be
bagged and disposed of properly to prevent further spread.
Chemical Methods:
The cut-stem method is often effective with chemical treatments.
A stand of Japanese knotweed may require three to five years of
repeated chemical treatment before knotweed is effectively controlled.
Bittersweet found along the chainlink fence and bike path.
Japanese knotweed found in the southeast quadrant of the site.
Locations of invasive plant species at Lead Mills Conservation Area.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Herbicide application is always hazardous, particularly when working
with concentrated agents. Trained, certified applicators should be
employed for such work. Special permits are required to perform this
work at Lead Mills Conservation Area.
Herbicides can have serious environmental and medical impacts,
and yet adequate controls for invasive species are difficult to achieve.
Herbicide should not be applied without planning and continued
monitoring of the treated areas.
With consideration to the Lead Mills Conservation Area and the
maintenance schedule of the Marblehead Conservancy, it is the
recommendation of this team to first utilize mechanical methods to
treat areas of invasive species. In the future, if it is decided to put
the effort into chemical management, we recommend working in
consultation with regional experts to develop appropriate protocols.
27/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. CONSTRUCTION DETAILSCONSTRUCTION DETAILS
PAVING ASPHALT PARKING OVER MEMBRANE (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
NOTE: This detail includes a thick non-woven geotextile to protect the existing membrane from damage. The geotextile is laid on top of existing subsoil. Care must be taken when excavating this area in order to not disturb the existing membrane.
3
RIVER WALL FENCE DETAIL (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE4
NOTE: This detail shows the construction of a new fence for the Forest River wall. Holes
will be drilled into the existing stone wall at a minimum of 4 feet deep then filled with
epoxy followed by the fence post. The minimum distance between each fence rail or
cable should be 4 inches.
UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE ON SLOPE WITH UPHILL SWALE DETAIL (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
6" of 3/4"
compacted gravel
2% slope
Compacted
subsoil
4" of 1/2"
minus gravel
6' wide trail
6" deep
swale
NOTE: This detail incorporates a swale for areas that climb a slope. This detail calls for
excavation 12 feet wide by 10 inches deep. The existing soil is then compacted before
adding in aggregate and then lastly the compacted gravel to make the 6-foot-wide trail.
The trail needs to be graded to a 5% longitudinal slope in order to accommodate universal
access with a 2% cross slope to drain water. Three feet from the trail on the uphill side, a 6
inch deep swale collects water running from uphill to keep the trail from being washed out.
2
10” deep
3’ from path
4" aggregate
6" existing subsoil
Existing membrane
Impacted soil
Thick non-woven geotextile
2" asphalt
UNIVERSALLY ACCESSIBLE TRAIL DETAIL (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
NOTE: This detail calls for excavation 12 feet wide by 10 inches deep. This will need to be done carefully over areas where the membrane is present. The existing soil is then compacted before adding aggregate and then gravel to make the 6-foot-wide trail. The trail needs to be graded to a 5% or less longitudinal slope in order to accommodate universal access with a 2% cross slope to drain water.
1
3'6" minimum
height for post
above ground
4' minimum
depth into
rock wall Epoxy
filled
4" minimum spacing
6" compacted aggregate
2% slope
4" of 1/2" minus gravel
6' wide trail
10" deep
Compacted subsoil
28/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. SIGN DETAILSMAPS & SIGNS
Currently the Lead Mills Conservation Area and The Path have no signs to
indicate length or the connections to other trails in the area. There are existing
signs at the entrances to Wyman Woods and the Forest River conservation
areas, but they only inform the visitor of the name and total acreage.
It is important to place signs at trail entrances and spurs informing visitors
where they are located, the length of trails, and any specific information
about the trail (poison ivy nearby etc.). The main trail sign at the entrance to
the conservation area should highlight destinations and include accessibility
information such as the average slope and cumulative elevation. Signs can
also educate visitors about wildlife, site history, and the remediation process,
and warn them against foraging.
Wyman
WoodsConservation
Area
Salem State
Baseball Field
Salem
Marblehead
Forest River
ConservationArea
Salem
Harbor
Forest
River
0 500 1,000250Feet
Gatchell
Playground
Legend
Bike/Pedestrian Path
Town Line
Lead Mills Property
Other Conservation Areas
Wetlands
Collaborative Effort
The acquisition and permanent protection of the Lead Mills Conservation Area was the result
of a collaborative effort involving the City of Salem, the Town of Marblehead, the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts PARC Grant Program, the Marblehead Conservancy, and Essex County Greenbelt.
The project was completed with generous contributions from private donors, the Towards
Sustainability Foundation, and the citizens of Marblehead.
Lead Mills Conservation Area
Lead Mills Industrial Buildings, circa 1880
A view of the buildings heading north on Lafayette Street toward Salem
Photo courtesy of Dennis Curtin www.shortcourses.com
This 4.23-acre public green space lies on the
Salem-Marblehead boundary at the mouth
of the Forest River. With frontage on Salem
Harbor, the Lead Mills Conservation Area
connects Marblehead’s Wyman Woods to
Salem and Marblehead’s Forest River con-
servation areas. The Salem bike trail and
Marblehead Path traverse the property,
creating a continuous greenway from Lead
Mills to Swampscott, downtown Marble-
head, and Salem State University.
The Lead Mills Conservation Area site plays an important role
in the region’s history and ecology. A 2006 archaeological
investigation confirmed pre-Columbian human presence on
the site. In 1732 a gristmill was located there and a lead mill
started operations in 1831. The last building on the property
was destroyed by fire in 1968.
1881 Site Map
Lead Mills Conservation Area
A Cooperative Project Between the City of Salem, the Town of Marblehead, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts PARC Grant Program
Conserved 2013
114
This existing sign made for the Lead Mills Conservation Area will be placed at the start of the loop
trail near the new parking area. Information about trail entrances to Wyman Woods and Forest
River, and accessibility information will be added on another sign or a new entrance sign will be
created.
MAIN TRAIL SIGN DETAIL
NOT TO SCALE
PATH INTERSECTION SIGN DESIGN (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
Sign
Post for each
side.
Bolts to hold
sign to post
Rocks to
stabilize sign
foot
Sign footer
approximate
NOTE: The main trail sign will
be in the area with the existing
membrane so it cannot be dug
into the ground. Large rocks are
used to stabilize the sign and
also hide the large horizontal
footer. The sign should indicate
what on the site is universally
accessible, the grade of the
trails, and all destination points.
It should also warn visitors
against foraging on the site due
to lead contaminates.
NOTE: These signs should be placed at all
trail spurs to direct visitors around the site
and the surrounding area. The placement
of signs should be off the membrane area
where digging into the substrate is allowed.
Rocks tamped
down
Sign Post
Back fill of top
soil to fill voids
Tamp fill
Gravel
Wyman Woods 50ft
The Path 200ft
36" Min.72"1
2
29/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. FENCE DETAILSFENCE REMODEL DETAIL
The six-foot-high chainlink fence along The Path is in need of reinvention. The fence keeps
people from walking down the eroding beach embankment but its height blocks views into
Salem Harbor. Reducing the height of the fence will enhance the pedestrian and bicyclist
experience along The Path and provide views into Salem Harbor. The existing fence post
should remain so no new digging is done into the contaminated soil. To the right are some
examples of fence remodeling techniques.
NOTE: Wood sleeves are added around the existing posts with new wood
panels strung on wire ranging in heights to mimic waves and increase
visibility.
NOTE: Wooden sleeves are added to existing posts with cables or rods attached between. The minimum height for the wires is 3'6" with a minimum spacing of 4".
NOTE: Existing posts are covered with wooden sleeves, with chainlink cut to 4 feet.
Painted wood panels are added to the top and bottom of chainlink to improve the
appearance. Painting the chainlink black may also improve the appearance.
A new fence will open up views into Salem Harbor while still prohibiting access down the sensitive slope.
WOOD PANEL FENCE DETAIL (TYPICAL)
WOOD PANEL POST WITH LOWER CHAIN LINK (TYPICAL)
WOOD PANELED POST WITH CABLE CONNECTIONS (TYPICAL)
NOT TO SCALE
NOT TO SCALE
NOT TO SCALE
1
2
3 6' post Existing posts
covered with wood
sleeves
Existing posts covered
with wood sleeves
Existing post covered
with wood sleeve
Painted wood panels
for top and bottom
Tension cables or rods
attached to posts
New wood panels
strung on wires Chainlink cut to 4' Minimum 4" spacing6' post 6' post Min. 3'6"
30/30LEAD MILLS CONSERVATION AREA DESIGN MARBLEHEAD & SALEM, MA485 LAFAYETTE STREET, SALEM, MA 01970EMILY BERG, JEFF DAWSON & ALLISON RUSCHPTHE CONWAY SCHOOLGRADUATE PROGRAM IN SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING & DESIGNWWW.CSLD.EDU SPRING 2014NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION. THIS DRAWING IS PART OF A STUDENT PROJECT AND IS NOT BASED ON A LEGAL SURVEY. The construction of a new parking area and the trails will be the highest cost. These new features are
in the river setback and will need to be approved by Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection. Care needs to be taken with any construction over the existing membrane as it is only one
foot below the surface. The estimated cost of construction will range from $160,000 to $214,000.
COST ESTIMATES
Element Amount Units Low cost High cost Low Subtotal High subtotal
Demolition
Asphalt removal 800 Sq. yards 18$ 22$ 14,400$ 17,600$
Fence removal 300 linear feet 20$ 22$ 6,000$ 6,600$
Guard rail removal 140 linear feet 18$ 25$ 2,520$ 3,500$
Site Improvements
Asphalt parking 4,500 Sq. feet 7$ 9$ 31,500$ 40,500$
Bench-granite 9 Each 1,000$ 1,600$ 9,000$ 14,400$
Bench-Quickcrete 2 Each 800$ 1,200$ 1,600$ 2,400$
Boulders 13 Each 250$ 400$ 3,250$ 5,200$
3' Cable fence on Ret.300 linear feet 30$ 35$ 9,000$ 10,500$
4' Coated chainlink 300 linear feet 35$ 40$ 10,500$ 12,000$
4' wood scalloped fence 300 linear feet 66$ 75$ 19,800$ 22,500$
Rough grading 2,000 Sq. feet 0.40$ 0.60$ 800$ 1,200$
Sidewalk asphalt 3,600 Sq. feet 6$ 9$ 21,600$ 32,400$
Signs 4 Each 150$ 250$ 600$ 1,000$
Stone dust pathways 275 tons 15$ 18$ 4,125$ 4,950$
Landscaping
Fine Grading 24,700 Sq. feet 0.20$ 0.30$ 4,940$ 7,410$
Seeding 0.75 Acre 2,000$ 4,000$ 2,000$ 4,000$
Seeding undisturbed areas 0.33 Acre 1,500$ 3,000$ 1,500$ 3,000$
Vegetation-shrubs 1 Lump sum 14,000$ 20,000$ 14,000$ 20,000$
Vegetation-trees 10 Each 6-8'300 500$ 3,000$ 5,000$
Total Cost 160,135$ 214,160$ COST ESTIMATES