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NAUMKEAG STEAM COTTON MILLS NR NOMINATION D YNAUMKEAG STEAM COTTON MILLS r StTTS *� � Iso r AIMISSX August 30, 1993 �m",onWealthh to Richard Oedel Chairman Salem Historical Commission One Salem Green Salem, Mass. 01970 RE: Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills Dear Mr. Oedel: The Massachusetts Historical Commission is in receipt of your recent letter requesting the withdrawal of the nomination of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills to the National Register of Historic Places. A similar request has been received from Mayor Harrington. As a certified local government, the Salem . Historical Commission has the right to withdraw nominations if there is a concurrent request from the chief elected official. We therefore will withdraw the nomination from consideration. Sincerely, re B. McDonough Sistoric Preservation Officer ExecutiveDirector Massachusetts Historical Commission cc: Neil J. Harrington, Mayor, City of Salem Robert I. Lappin, Shetland Trust Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street,Boston, Massachusetts 02116 (617) 727-8470 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J.Connolly,Secretary SCJ TS * � July 19 , 1993 O MISSNO QQ� onWealtlt toy Shetland Trust Robert I . Lappin, Tr. P.O. Box 986 Salem, MA 01970 Dear Mr. Lappin: We are pleased to inform you that the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mill Historic District, Salem, Massachusetts, will be considered by the Massachusetts Historical Commission for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places is the Federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation' s heritage. Listing of this property provides recognition of the community' s historic importance and assures protective review of Federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain Federal investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not mean that limitations will be placed on the properties by the Federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners . The Federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the properties or seek to acquire them. If a property is listed in the National Register, the owner may do anything with it that he/she wishes, unless state or federal funds, permits, or licensing are used, or unless some other regional and/or local ordinance or policy is in effect. In Massachusetts, properties nominated to the National Register are automatically listed on the State Register of Historic Places . There are no limitations, public visitation requirements, or restrictive covenants for private properties included in the State Register. State Register properties owned by municipalities and nonprofit organizations may compete for state restoration grants . Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street,Boston, Massachusetts 02116 (617) 727-8470 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J.Connolly,Secretary --.. .. .-. -. - You are invited to attend the meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Commission, at which the nomination will be considered. The Commission will meet on Wednesday, October 13 , 1993 at Massachusetts State Archives, Boston, Massachusetts at 1: 00 P.M. The Commission meeting is a public meeting and all interested parties are encouraged to attend. If you have special needs, and would like to attend the meeting, please contact the Commission, and staff will make any arrangements that are necessary. Attached please find a notice that explains, in greater detail, the results of listing in the National Register and that describes the rights and procedures by which an owner may comment on or object to listing in the National Register. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the Massachusetts Historical Commission meeting, please contact me at this office . Sincerely, ith B. McDonough Executive Director State Historic Preservation Officer Massachusetts Historical Commission Enclosures : NR Criteria & Rights of Owners CC: Chairperson, Salem Historical Commission Claire W. Dempsey, Preservation Consultant Jane Guy, Salem Historical Commission �..Cuvur4 pr TP\ Y 1 o. Salem Historical Commission l ONE SALEM GREEN,SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS 01970 (508)745-9595 EXT.311 August 19 , 1993 Ms . Judith McDonough Executive Director Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 RE: Pending National Register Nominations Dear Ms . McDonough: At its regular meeting of August 18, 1993, the Salem Historical Commission voted to support the nominations for Fort Lee, Winter Island National Register District, St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church and the Salem Willows National Register District as eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places . Pleased be advised that, in light of Shetland Trust ' s objection to listing, the Commission voted not to support the nomination of Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills at this time and reluctantly withdraws its opinion of eligibility. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, THE SALEM HISTORICAL COMMISSION Richard Oedel Chairman M.cONWp1� A y T�Rf^HWe u°+�5� CITY OF SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS NEIL J. HARRINGTON MAYOR August 20, 1993 Judith McDonough Executive Director Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 RE: Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills nomination to the National Register of Historic Places Dear Ms . McDonough: As Chief Executive Officer of the City of Salem, I am writing in opposition to the nomination of Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills for listing on the National Register of Historic Places . I am supportive of Shetland Trust's objection to listing and recommend that Massachusetts Historical Commission not proceed with suph nomination. Thank you for your consideration in this matter. Sincerely, Neil J. Harrington Mayor t SALEM CITY HALL • 93 WASHINGTON STREET SALEM. MASSACHUSETTS 01970 • 508/7459595 FAX 508/74 4 9327 r' ,,, JTS � o -7 *COQ ~ ve¢��* July 19, 1993 AIISSl Cq!� -o,-12manWealth {0 Shetland Trust Robert I . Lappin, Tr. P.O. Box 986 Salem, MA 01970 Dear Mr. Lappin: We are pleased to inform you that the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mill Historic District, Salem, Massachusetts, will be considered by the Massachusetts Historical Commission for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . The National Register of Historic Places is the Federal government' s official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation' s heritage. Listing of this property provides recognition of the community' s historic importance and assures protective review of Federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain Federal investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not mean that limitations will be placed on the properties by the Federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners . The Federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the properties or seek to acquire them. If a property is listed in the National Register, the owner may do anything with it that he/she wishes, unless state or federal funds, permits, or licensing are used, or unless some other regional and/or local ordinance or policy is in effect. In Massachusetts, properties nominated to the National Register are automatically listed on the State Register of Historic Places . There are no limitations, public visitation requirements, or restrictive covenants for private properties included in the State Register. State Register properties owned by municipalities and nonprofit organizations may compete for state restoration grants . Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street,Boston,Massachusetts 02116 (617) 727-8470 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J.Connolly,Secretary You are invited to attend the meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Commission, at which the nomination will be considered. The Commission will meet on Wednesday, October 13 , 1,993 at Massachusetts State Archives, Boston, Massachusetts at 1 : 00 P.M. The Commission meeting is a public meeting and all interested parties are encouraged to attend. If you have special needs, and would like to attend the meeting, please contact the Commission, and staff will make any arrangements that are necessary. Attached please find a notice that explains, in greater detail, the results of listing in the National Register and that describes the rights and procedures by which an owner may comment on or object to listing in the National Register. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the Massachusetts Historical Commission meeting, please contact me at this office. Sincerely, ith B. McDonough Executive Director State Historic Preservation Officer Massachusetts Historical Commission Enclosures : NR Criteria & Rights of Owners CC: Chairperson, Salem Historical Commission Claire W. Dempsey, Preservation Consultant Jane Guy, Salem Historical Commission SHETLAND PROPERTIES, INC. 27 CONGRESS STREET P.O.BOX 986,SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS 01970 508-744-0556 SALEM 617-289.2506 BOSTON 617-596-1186 BOSTON 508-744-2078 TELECOPY SHETLAND PROPERTIES Direct• 508740-4400 SHETLAND FUND OF SALEM LIMITED PARTNERSHIP ( ) LIMITED PARTNERSHIP SHETLAND INVESTMENTS 1 SHETLAND FUND II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP August 2 , 1993 VIA CERTIFIED MAIL Ms . Judith B. McDonough Executive Director State Historic Preservation Officer Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 RE: Objection to Listing of Shetland Properties on the National Register of Historic Places as the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mill (or Cotton Company) Historic District Dear -Ms ., McDonough: I am in receipt of your letter of July 19 , 1993 regarding consideration of the Shetland Office and Industrial Park, Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. I certify that Shetland Trust, of which I am trustee, is the sole owner of the above-described property. The buildings that make up this property have been altered on a continuing basis to accommodate new uses . Major renovations and new construction have resulted in a fundamental change to the historic appearance of the complex. Shetland Trust .hereby exercises its right under the National Historic Preservation Act and 36 C.F.R. 60 . 6 (g) to OBJECT to the listing of its property on the National Register of Historic Places as well as on any state register of historic assets . This objection is grounded in the severely negative impact on job creation such a listing would have as a result of the Trust' s inability to rehabilitate its property freely and economically. very truly yours, SHETLAND TRUST RECEIVE® Robert I . Lappin AUG 0 4 1993 Trustee Salem pladmng Dept RIL/lmp Ms . Judith B. McDonough Massachusetts Historical Commission August 2, 1993 Page 2 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS ESSEX, ss . August 2, 1993 Then personally appeared the above-named Robert I. Lappin, and acknowledged the foregoing to be his free act and deed, before me, Notary Public My Commission Expires : RIL/lmp cc: Neil Harrington, Mayor, City of Salem William Luster, Planner, 'City of Salem William J. Tinti, Esquire SHETLAND PROPERTIES, INC. 27 CONGRESS STREET P.O.BOX 986,SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS 01970 508-744-0556 SALEM 617-289-2506 BOSTON 617-596-1186 BOSTON 508-744-2078 TELECOPV SHETLAND PROPERTIES SHETLAND FUND OF SALEM LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP SHETLAND INVESTMENTS - (ham SHETLAND FUND II LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LIMITED PARTNERSHIP March 22 , 1993 VIA FAX Mr . Neil J . Harrington Mayor, City Of Salem City Hall 93 Washington Street Salem, MA 01970 Dear Mayor Harrington: The accompanying notice to you from the Massachusetts Historical Commission dated March 12 , 1993 , of intended submission of our property for inclusion in the National Register, continues to concern us . I assume March 12 was prior to the meeting at which you withdrew our nomination, but without something in writing from the Commission we will be uneasy . Please take necessary action to help us in obtaining this and let me know the actual status of the situation. Thank you for your continued assistance. Sincerely, SHETLAND PROPERTIES OF SALEM LIMITED PARTNERSHIP By its sole General Partner SHETLAND PROPERTIES , INC. Robert I . Lappin President RIL/lmp CC: William Luster, Planner, City Of Salem F� n � Oep� SF,TTS * � d n N 0l �c �Mrss%0 Q�� 0m"lonWealth toy ELIGIBILITY FOR NATIONAL REGISTER LISTING TO: MAYOR NEIL J. HARRINGTON FROM: MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION DATE: MARCH 12, 1993 The Massachusetts Historical Commission is writing to inform you that the following property has been voted eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (36 CFR 60) by the Commission acting as the State Review Board. By law, a property is afforded protection from adverse effect caused by Federally funded, licensed or assisted projects when it has been voted eligible for inclusion in the National Register. The nomination form will now be submitted to the National Register Office, National Park Service in Washington, DC for final review. If the National Register Office lists the property or determines it eligible for listing in the National Register, it will automatically be included in the Massachusetts State Register of Historic Places (950 CMR 71) . The State Register parallels the National Register in providing protection from State actions. For more information, you may wish to refer to your original notification letter or contact the Commission's National Register staff. When we have received the determination of the National Register Office, you will be advised. PROPERTY/ADDRESS DATE VOTED ELIGIBLE NAUMKEAG STEAM COTTON MILL MARCH 10, 1993 HISTORIC DISTRICT, SALEM Massachusetts Historical Commission,Judith B. McDonough,Executive Director, State Historic Preservation Officer 80 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116 (617) 7278470 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael]. Coonoll}', Secretary G� p June 11, 1993 Jane Guy Preservation Planner * 0 �` * �U • &Y Salem Historical Commission -7 'IM j S SI ��C� ��/P 1 Salem Green oyh to t/n � l/ U Salem, MA 01970 "ton Wealth Dear Ms. Guy: As you know, the National Register nomination for the Naumkeag Steam.Cotton Mill Historic District, Salem, Massachusetts has been rescheduled for consideration by the State Review Board on Wednesday, October 13, 1993. Federal regulations require that the State Historic Preservation Officer notify property owners of pending Review Board consideration in Certified Local Government communities 60-170 days before the date of the meeting so that they may comment on the action. Those regulations also require that owners' names and addresses be obtained no more' than 90 days before the date of the notification letter. We depend on the nominating party to check local property records, and provide us with updated owner information. In the case of small districts such as this, we notify each property owner individually. Therefore, you should submit the owners' list typed on mailing labels. In addition to the owner's name and address, the label should reference the property address and district name. Labels are enclosed. Sample: Mr. and Mrs. Robert Jones P. O. Box 7 Anytown, Massachusetts RE: 7 South St. Any Area National Register Historic District Please complete the mailing list in triplicate (enough labels are provided) and return it to this office no later than July 19, 1993. If you cannot meet this deadline, please let me know as soon as possible. Sincerely, Betsy Friedberg National Register Director Massachusetts Historical Commission cc: Chairperson, Salem Historical Commission Neil J Harrington, Mayor, Salem City Hall Enclosure: mailing labels Massachusetts Historical Commission,Judith B. McDonough,Executive Director,State Historic Preservation Officer 80 Boylston Street,Boston,Massachusetts 02116-4802 (617) 727-8470 Fax: (617)727-5128 TDD: 1-800-392-6090 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J. Connolly,Secretary �StiTTs �,�j June 11, 1993 t� o N Jane Guy Preservation Planner * Co , 0� Salem Historical Commission 1 Salem Green Salem, MA 01970 0;>1"lonWealth to Dear Ms. Guy: As you know, the National Register nomination for the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mill Historic District, Salem, Massachusetts has been rescheduled for consideration by the State Review Board on Wednesday, October 13, 1993. Federal regulations require that the State Historic Preservation Officer notify property owners of pending Review Board consideration in Certified Local Government communities 60-120 days before the date of the meeting so that they may comment on the action. Those regulations also require that owners' names and addresses be obtained no more than 90 days before the date of the notification letter. We depend on the nominating party to check local property records, and provide us with updated owner information. In the case of small districts such as this, we notify each property owner individually. Therefore, you should submit the owners' list typed on mailing labels. In addition to the owner's name and address, the label should reference the property address and district name. Labels are enclosed. Sample: Mr. and Mrs. Robert Jones P. O. Box 7 Anytown, Massachusetts RE: 7 South St. Any Area National Register Historic District Please complete the mailing list in triplicate (enough labels are provided) and return it to this office no later than July 19, 1993. If you cannot meet this deadline, please let me know as soon as possible. Sincerely, Betsy Friedberg National Register Director Massachusetts Historical Commission cc: Chairperson, Salem Historical Commission Neil J Harrington, Mayor, Salem City Hall Enclosure: mailing labels Massachusetts Historical Commission,Judith B. McDonough,Executive Director,State Historic Preservation Officer 80 Boylston Street,Boston,Massachusetts 02116-4802 (617)727-8470 Fax: (617)727-5128 TDD: 1-800-392-6090 Office of the Secretary of State,Michael J. Connolly,Secretary €f t NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form(National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "NIA" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets(NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor,or computer,to complete all hems. 1. Name of Property historic name Natmtkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District other names/site number Peguct Mills, Shetland Properties 2. Location street & number 35 and 47 Congress Street ❑ not for publication city or town Salem ❑ vicinity state MA code 025 county Essex codenn.To zip code g1970 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this ❑ nomination ❑ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion,the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ❑ nationally ❑ statewide ❑ locally. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying otfciaVTitle Date State of Federal agency and bureau In my opinion,the property ❑ meets ❑ does not meet the National Register criteria. (❑ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official[Title Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that the property is: Signature of the Keeper Date of Action ❑ entered in the National Register. ❑ See continuation sheet. ❑ determined eligible for the National Register ❑ see continuation sheet. ❑ determined not eligible for the National Register. ❑ removed from the National Register. ❑ other, (explain:) Natunkeaa Historic District Salem MA Name of Property - County end State 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources In tcount.) L'S private ® building(s) Contributing Noncontributing ❑ public-local ❑ district ❑ public-State ❑ site 6 t buildings ❑ public-Federal ❑ structure sites ❑ object structures objects F Total Name of related multiple property listing Number of contributing resources previously listed (Enter"N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) In the National Register 6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) Mill Office Factory 7. Description Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) Art Deco foundation Concrete walls Concrete, Brick, Glass, Wood roof Asphalt other Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) Nawnkeag Historic District Ra7enn MA Name of Property County and State 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria 'Areas of Significance (Mark"x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property (Enter categories from instructions) for National Register listing.) _Industry ® A Property is associated with events that have made Architecture a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. ❑ B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. ® C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack Period of Significance individual distinction. 1914-1938 ❑ D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations Significant Dates (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: ❑ A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. Significant Person ❑ B removed from its original location. (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) ❑ C a birthplace or grave. El D a cemetery. Cultural Affiliation ❑ E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. ❑ F a commemorative property. ❑ G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Architect/Builder within the past 50 years. Lockwood, Greene & Co Philip Horton Smith Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: ❑ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 €5I State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested ❑ Other State agency ❑ previously listed in the National Register ❑ Federal agency ❑ previously determined eligible by the National fl Local government Register ❑ University ❑ designated a National Historic Landmark ❑ Other ❑ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: # MA Historical Comm. , Salm Planning Dept. ❑ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # Naulmkeag Historic District Salem MA Name of Property County and State 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property ?q-1 anrPa UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) 1 Lll q -14 J 1 7 9 L 1 � 9 g 1 9 3 u 13 14 15 1113 10 14 ,71018141010� Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northin 2 a o o Q l e 0 8 $ $ 4 1 1314 ,418 ,7101 I4i7I$� 4 2f 4 ❑ see continuation sheet Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) 11. Form Prepared By namettitle Claire W. Dempsey organization Salem Planning Department date July 1992 street & number One Salem Green telephone 508-745-9595 city or town Salem state MA zip code 01970 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of SHPO or FPO.) name street & number telephone city or town state zip code Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing,to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Projects(1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. (►M, nl�ApyFY NO ICMWt1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number _ 7 Page I _ Nauokeag Historic District, Salem MA Description of the Naunkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills Historic District consists of six buildings on 29.1 acres, located on the south shore of the South River where it meets Salem Harbor. The parcel is shaped as an inverted L, with the long stem running north-south along the shore of the Harbor, the short stem east-west along the river. Just off shore is the end of Derby Wharf and the Derby Lighthouse (NR 1987) . In addition to the harbor, the long stem has Palmer Cove forming its southern border and Pingree Street its western border. The short stem runs east-west, joining the long stem at its northeast end, with Congress and Lynch streets forming the west and south borders respectively. The reinforced concrete manufacturing buildings are oriented on the lot in a comparable configuration. The largest building, the Weave Shed, occupies the bulk of the long stem, while the three other manufacturing and storage areas, smaller and oriented in a perpendicular direction, occupy the short stem, the Cotton Storehouse closest to the South River, followed by the Spinning Mill in the center, and the Cloth Room below. The two smallest buildings in the complex, the Office and Pequot House, are located close to Congress Street on either side of the Spinning Mill, forming the entry/public area of the mill complex. This area, known as Stage Point, is part of the larger portion of Salem, south of the South River, that was developed intensively for the first time in the 19th century as the location of manufacturing and processing plants. The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Conpany purchased the land in 1841 from the city of Salem, construction began in 1845, and the textile manufacturer remained here until the company relocated in 1954. During the end of the 19th century, as the plant expanded with the construction of more buildings, the irregular shore line of this area was filled in and regularized and, over time, the rises in the land surface were flattened. This area was part of the large expanse of the City which burned in 1914. The roughly rectangular shape Stage Point takes today is the result of rebuilding after the fire. At that time the street pattern in front of the mill was altered as well: the Union Street Bridge and Union Street, which turned to run to the west after the bridge crossing, were removed. The new bridge was constructed further inland to the west, as the South River was filled in and the new extension of Congress Street extended to meet it. The area around the mill was then surrounded by a right angled grid of streets rather than the mix of angles and directions that preceded the fire (Smith 1930: passim) . On those streets the Naunkeag district is surrounded by housing constructed after the fire under the direction of the Salem Rebuilding Commission. Established to over-see and encourage the rebuilding of the enormous fire continued N�6�mn lOm4� (►Mi W�Mnorr Mo. t0lL011 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 2 Naumkeag Historic District, Salm MA area, the commission endeavored to limit the fire-prone elements as rebuilding progressed, setting rules for construction that determined the character of the landscape today. Its French-Canadian character is asserted in the large complex of St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church. Though the church was not rebuilt until 1949-50, the parish worshipping in the basement of the earlier building, the Presbytere and the Ecole were rebuilt in 1917 and 1921 respectively, and the block remained a focus of neighborhood activities. The commission set a number of limitations to new residential construction, chief among them being to encourage fire-proof construction materials and techniques, to limit all residential buildings to four stories and under, and to limit any housing for more than two families to 2' stories and under. The Naumkeag Company rebuilt housing for its workers in the vicinity, notably the group of stucco buildings on Prince Street Place, designed by the noted reform housing firm of Kilham and Hopkins. This group of two-story, stuccoed buildings relate closely to other of the firm's work to bring quality housing to the low-cost market. Both Peabody Street and Ward Street reflect the high priority of the commission for fire-proof housing in the small-unit, low-cost category. Here are clustered the three- and four-story masonry apartment blocks that replaced the highest density housing of the pre-fire era. These buildings, of brick and ornamental concrete block, exhibit a range of elaboration in their finish detailing and many retain significant visual integrity. All buildings in the neighborhood were not constructed of masonry, however, and frame construction was allowed for one- and two-family houses, the least restricted category of buildings. Most of these were fitted with slate roofs, addressing the chief concern of the fire hazard presented by wood shingles. In addition, many are "two deckers," resembling the three decker in all formal elements except accommodating two units rather than three, which were outlawed by the commission, a response to the criticism of the earlier form by housing reformers. Although some of the buildings are neglected, the Stage Point neighborhood around the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District may also be eligible to the National Register of Historic Places. See Candee and Hardwicke 1987 and Salem Rebuilding Commission, 1917. The Great Fire of 25 June 1914 destroyed nearly all of the previously existing mill complex except for two buildings from the earlier complex survived the fire, a four-story concrete warehouse (Storehouse No. 1) built in 1906, and probably demolished in 1987, and a former gas container used as a Storehouse No. 10, demolished during the new construction after the fire (Associated Factory Mutual, 1914) . Four new buildings were constructed in 1915; one of these, a single story brick boiler house that formerly stood on the river side of the Weave Shed, was demolished, probably in 1988. The Storehouse, Carding & Spinning Mill, and Weave Shed survive. The addition of a Cloth continued Nos rem iosw� fMe7 fig iyawr Mr Io 74 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 3 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Room to the Weave Shed dates to 1924. All of these buildings were constructed in the most innovative material available to mill engineers at the time of their construction, reinforced concrete, by the region's premier firm specializing in industrial buildings, Lockwood, Green a Co. of Boston. In addition to the manufacturing and storage facilities the company constructed an Office, apparently of more common brick and steel frame construction. The last building added to the complex was the Pequot House, a reconstruction of a First Period residence built in association of the city's 1930 Tricentennial celebration. A single non-contributing building is included on the site, a four-story parking garage was added along Pingree Street in 1989. When Lockwood, Greene designed the new mills for Naumkeag, reinforced concrete had only recently been introduced to the textile industry, and this complex became a model of the new technology. Concrete had many desirable properties for industrial buildings, most importantly its ability to resist compression and to be molded into a wide variety of shapes. When reinforced by the insertion within it of steel rods and/or thin plates, its ability to resist tension is improved. The resulting product is very strong and has the added ability to resist fire since the steel is shielded from heat and flames by the cover of concrete. Photographs of the structure under construction show on-site fabrication within molds of dimensioned timber and plywood, removed when the concrete hardened to form the floors of the structure. Each concrete slab floor was supported around the perimeter by piers and by large mushroom-shaped columns, supporting the entire frame of the building. By contrast the walls had only to support their own weight, so each was constructed of brick and glass, known as curtain walls. The buildings constructed in 1915 demonstrate the new aesthetic of modern architecture applied within the industrial sphere. The large rectangular buildings are constructed with flat roofs. Each elevation received equal ornamental treatment, and the largest proportion of each wall was composed of brick infill and glass windows, read as a large expanse of dark void between the strong horizontals marking the floors. Brick provided contrast to the pale concrete and was used between the concrete piers to determine the window size and shape, and thus varying with the function of the building. In the Carding and Spinning Mill, the need for natural light suggested the use of large glass windows composed of large lights in dark metal sash which greatly increased illumination to the building's interior. At the Weave Shed the sawtooth roof let in large amounts of northern light, and the walls thus needed only small windows. Similarly, the Cotton Storehouse was constructed for safety with only small openings. In contrast to the most "modern" of factories at the time, these buildings were treated with ornament in a small continued N�6 fpm IOPOf'. ��Mi 0111 A M Nb. 10M ,I United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 page 4 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA number of areas: where the roof form allowed it, a parapet provided a terminus to the building's elevation, and while it was usually straight, on the tall connector between the Weave Shed and the Spinning Mill, and in several locations on the Spinning Mill itself, stepping of the parapet provided visual contrast. Indeed the Spinning and Carding Mill itself received the largest amount of ornament, and was the dominant visual element of the complex. The four-story Mill is the highest in the complex, sited close to the street, and extends to 725 feet in length and 140 feet in width. Each facade is treated with projecting towers, the largest the front stair tower, with four smaller ones along the south long wall and two smaller ones on the north or harbor facing wall. These towers contain the stair wells and toilets, allowing large expanses within the rooms necessary to accommodate large numbers of large machines. The towers are also the location of brick detailing that provides ornament to the complex, in particular the stepped parapet and clocks of the entry tower. when the new mill went into production in 1916 it included 101,925 new spindles, and was subsequently increased to 163,312. During renovation the metal sash were replaced with new large-paned fixed sash. The Storehouse, a five story warehouse, was built parallel to the river along the South River, a long trapezoid measuring 500 feet in length, about 50 feet wide at the east and about 115 feet at the wider west end. Its river-facing north facade is composed of thirty bays, divided by concrete piers, joined across the the top of the wall by a classically derived cornice; a small square window in the center of each bay lights the raised basement. As originally constructed similar small windows were located in the top center of each bricked bay, small openings being the traditional and effective method in storage of so flammable a material as raw cotton. In the renovation of the building for commercial uses, the brick has been removed from between the concrete piers and replaced with fixed sash. The single story Weave Shed covers over nine acres of the site, located on the Salem Harbor side of the lot, with its long dimension running north-south or perpendicular to the Storehouse and the Spinning & Carding Mill. In footprint the building presents a large rectangle at the south, measuring about 625 feet by 420 feet, with a smaller rectangular ell set flush left or west on the north wall, measuring 580 feet by 220 feet. The shed was built in two stages (Dick 1951:15) , the first section probably the southern one, covering seven acres, which was quickly expanded to the present nine with the construction of the northern addition. On its northwest corner a small four story tower is connected to the Spinning Mill by an enclosed and elevated bridge. In profile the weave shed takes the emblematic sawtooth roof form, with parallel dormers running east west across the building, letting continued Noe Pw tDYpt., (eM' ale MNwv No t(W{tDle United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Sectlon number 7 Page _S— Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA light into the weave rooms. Here were housed over 4000 looms. During the recent remodellings, large windows have been added to the water-side elevations and the dormer windows have been covered. In 1924 the Company added on to the weave shed, constructing the single-story, 322 by 110 foot Cloth Roan to the northwest side of the weave shed. This low building was constructed with a flat roof. The Naumkeag Office is seldom mentioned in the enumeration of new buildings constructed for the company but appears on maps and in photographs quite early. The two-story, hip-roofed rectangle has a central single-story entry porch and is constructed of brick. Its facade is composed in three parts, a four bay section at each end marked by the stepped parapet, with the central section composed of seven bays of triple windows; its side elevations are three bays wide. The cornice is treated with patera along the line of contrasting stone that marks the parapet, surrounds all the openings, and marks the belt course of the water table along the raised basement. In 1930 the company constructed the frame building known as Pequot House to serve as reception and exhibit space. Constructed to suggest First Period architecture, the building resembles most closely the John Ward House. Built in 1685 and expanded soon thereafter to assume the familiar center-chimney, lean-to form, the Ward House is owned by the Essex Institute, and was restored in 1910 by George Francis Dow. The architect of Pequot House was Philip Horton Smith (1890-1960) , who practiced in Boston and throughout the north shore. The gable-roofed structure rises to two stories with a high attic, a pair of facade gables, and a rear lean-to, and construction photographs suggest its construction was, at least in part, based on timber framing techniques. Its facade was lit with small windows in a symmetrical five bay, center entry configuration; the west window in the second story on the north side has been replaced with a large plate glass picture window. It differs from the Ward House in its greater dependence on symmetry, its use of double hung rather than casement windows, and variations in the overhang locations. In 1954 the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company closed the Pequot Mills and relocated to their southern base outside Spartenburg, South Carolina. Two years later it was purchased by 9165 Corporation, in 1959 by Shetland Industries Center, and in 1969 by Shetland Properties. It is now operated as a combined commercial and office complex known as the Shetland Office Industrial Park. Alterations to the complex associated with the change in use are small in number. Much of the complex has been painted white, so that many of the contrasting brick panels are no longer a visual element in the design scheme. Window replacement has occurred as well, including opening the windows of continued ".e tom,oaoF, GW Nwwr ne ,o..m,. r..e; United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Pape Naumkeag Historic District, Salem, MA the Cotton Storehouse and the Weave Shed, covering the Weave Shed dormers, and replacement of the windows elsewhere with large-paned, fixed sash. Although these alterations are "unfortunate," in the words of the Massachussetts Historical Commission staff, they are not deemed sufficient to compromise the buildings' integrity. end of part seven NIS h,m 10iG4� 411♦(a.y Mo. tOM(Ot1 (moi United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Sectlon number R Page 1 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Significance of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District is a complex of six buildings constructed between 1915 and 1930 to house the offices and manufacturing buildings of the long-standing Salem textile manufacturer. Constructed after the Great Fire of 1914 destroyed the mill and its surrounding neighborhood, the company employed the eminent industrial architects, Lockwood, Green & Co. of Boston to rebuild their complex, the largest integrated plant at the time of its construction, and employing the innovative technology of reinforced concrete. The company had operated in the city since 1845, and during the early 20th century this mill was by far its largest employer, with a payroll of 1600, including one third of all city wage earners. Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District meets criteria A and C at the local level. Although some alterations have been made to the building during its conversion to offices as Shetland Properties, they have not compromised the integrity of the large complex. Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, and association. The site of the district is on a peninsula formed by the South River on the north and Salem Harbor to the east and the south, a small area earlier known as Stage Point. The portion of Salem lying below the South River, and within which Stage Point lies, was not early developed. The area's name, and its apparent most common early use, was for stages on which to dry fish. It was the site of a marine railway, shipyard, and wharves at the end of the 18th century, and was acquired by the town in 1781 from its Tory owner William Brown. The town rented out the area and charged fees based on the tonnage of the vessel to allow ships to be graved and sheathed there (Smith 1930: 2,7,8) . The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company was established in Salem in 1839 when a group of local merchants took their profits from the maritime trade and invested them in the rising cotton manufacturing business. Coastal cities like Salem, Newburyport, Portsmouth, and Boston were relative late-comers to the textile boon, lacking the necessary source of water power on which so many of the pioneering manufacturers had relied. When steam power became a reliable alternative these sites became more viable and, while real estate within them might prove more costly, the presence of services and an open rental housing market made the construction of tenements, store, churches, and meeting halls to support the mill employees unnecessary. The chief investors, Nathaniel Griffin and David Pingree, hired the engineer Charles T. James to consult them in their endeavor. James was an advocate of steam power manufactories where he believed a higher quality textile could be continued N�6 bm 1WW� (4M, Cub Appw�'M. 10NW11 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number R Page Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Produced, as well as a proponent of their location within port cities where they could take advantage of the existing urban infrastructure. Naumkeag was among the first, if not the first, of the textile manufacturing companies in Massachusetts to use coal-fired steam engines to power their machinery, and manufacturers in the other cities would soon emulate then (Dick 1951: passim; Dunn 1981: 2; Smith 1930: 11-13) In 1841 the area at the mouth of the South River adjacent to Salem harbor was purchased by David Pingree who thought the site ideal for the steam-powered textile manufacturing plant planned by his partner Griffen and designed by James. Convenient to the wharves and the water for transportation, the mill would also benefit from the ambient humidity needed to dampen fibers in in cotton manufacturing (Smith 1930: 9-11) . Construction on buildings began by 1845 and was in production by 1847, with an 1849 capitalization of $700,000. Naumkeag remained successful and innovative throughout the 19th century, expanding its plant on filled land around the point with the construction of more buildings on the site. The plant was expanded in 1863 and again in 1868, with accompanying capitalization increases to $1,200,00 and $1,500,00. The plant eventually included twenty buildings of standard slow-burn mill construction. During the 1890s the company changed its product focus from a variety of cotton fabrics to a sheeting specialty. The company was the first to cut and hem sheets for the domestic market and to promote their product directly to the consumer, eliminating the traditional commission merchant at the turn of the century (Dick 1951: 16) . In June of 1914 the company's plant was by far the largest loss in the fire that swept through South Salam and burned a total of over 250 acres. Damage to the City was enormous, destroying 1600 buildings valued at $14,000,000, and leaving 14,000 homeless. Naumkeag's experience in this fire proved important to the company, and to manufacturers and insurers alike, for two of the small number of buildings to survive the fire were storehouses within the plant that demonstrated improved fire proof technologies. Storehouse No. 10, a former gas container and thus circular in form and brick and fire-proof in material, had double doors that protected its contents of bales of raw cotton. Storehouse No. 1 was a recently-constructed building of reinforced concrete, built in 1906 from designs by Lockwood, Greene, whose materials proved resistant, and whose system of automatic shutter closing protected the contents of finished cloth. The intact survival of this building and its contents was credited at the time with impressing the advantages of this new material on the industry at large and "gave considerable impetus in the region to reinforced concrete construction," according to a subsequent company president (Dick 1951:14) . continued we.omi ioaw. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 3 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Not surprisingly then the Naumkeag officials choose to employ reinforced concrete in their new construction, and hired the engineering firm of Lockwwod, Greene as their engineers to accomplish "a very complete rebuilding along modern lines" (Dick 1951:14) . Although used in Europe throughout the late 19th century, early U.S, efforts to build with reinforced concrete began with the work of Ernest Ransome at the turn of the century in California and New Jersey. Interestingly "his most impressive work" was "the remarkable plant" he designed for the United Shoe Machine Company in Beverly. Dating to 1903-05 this outstanding complex introduced the technology to the region. Ransome's leading position was soon supplanted by Albert Kahn and the work he completed for the auto industry in the Detroit area. In 1906 Kahn collaborated with his brother's Trussed Concrete Steel Company and Lockwood, Greene to produce the Geo. N. Peirce Plant in Buffalo, producing a booklet on the project "whose planning principals laid the foundations for factory design for several decades." Many of the features of the plant's design made their way into New England and the textile industry, including the siting of buildings and work-places along "lines of circulation determined by the flow of work" and lighting from roof dormers that freed factory design from the limitations of light provided by wall windows (Hildebrand 1974: 28-43) . Lockwood, Greene & Co. was one of the nation's premier engineering firms, specializing in the design and construction of textile manufacturing plants when Naumkeag first hired them. The Company traced its roots to the work of pioneering textile mill designer David 44hitman in the second quarter of the 19th century in Rhode Island and Maine, and the A. D. Lockwood Co. of the 1870s and 1880s in Boston and Providence. As Lockwood, Greene & Co. after 1882, the firm built textile facilities throughout New England and were among the first to assist in the development of southern textile communities. Naumkeag had hired Lockwood, Greene first in 1906 to build Storehouse No. 1, one of only two of their mill buildings to survive the 1914 fire, and the same year undertook their important Peirce-Arrow project. They employed then again in 1909 for work at their South Danvers bleachery, the same year Lockwood, Greene constructed their important commission for the Maverick Mills in East Boston, believed to be the earliest textile plant to employ reinforced concrete construction. In both the Peirce and the Maverick projects the firm employed the concrete beam and girder method of construction. They were however beginning to adopt the floor and mushroom column system of C. A. P. Turner of Minneapolis; this method they employed at the Pacific Mills in Dover NH and the Massachusetts Cotton Mills storehouse in Lowell, both built in 1909. Their reinforced concrete work for Naumkeag was said to have been the largest spinning and weaving plant at the time of its construction. Later the company continued to diversify their designs beyond textile mills, and moved into textile company management and ownership, a continued N�6 tom t0Y04., PMi dl�MMw'No. IGMi011 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 4 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA move closely related to their financial problems and liquidation in 1928. Thereafter the firm returned to its engineering specialty ad while continuing to diversify, returned to a position of prosperity and prominence. See Condit 1961: 151-194 and Lincoln 1960. Because the building had been well insured the company received about $4,000,000 as their settlement. They completely rebuilt their plant and purchased new equipment to outfit it. Although they retained the name "steam" in the name of the company, the rebuilding was accompanied by a switch to electric power. When the fire occurred, the company had only recently ordered new Draper looms and with these were able to quickly return to manufacturing by buying the yarns they initially needed from other mills. They were back in operation by 1916. Their ability and willingness to rebuild here, particularly as other manufacturers were beginning to see the advantages of the South for textile manufacturing, meant the construction of a "rational" factory. In the place of twenty buildings of many dates, the company soon had a smaller set of larger buildings, each dedicated to specific activities and machines associated with cotton manufacture, and each designed especially to suit the activities within it. In the Cotton Storehouse the large 500-pound bales of cotton are taken from their compressed jute wrapped state and blended and cleaned, by mixing alternating handfuls of many cotton types as the raw material is fed through to the breakers. They moved through the building from the street- side end on the west to the opposite harbor side. once the material has passed through the breakers, openers, and cleaners it is blown through to the picker room in the next building, entering at the harbor end of the Spinning and Carding Mill. Here the pickers perform the next level of cleaning, producing a thick lap of cotton to enter the carding machines. The wire covered rollers comb through the cotton to align the fibers in a single direction, and the thin sheet produced is then gathered into a one inch strand called sliver and coiled into tall cans. From here a series of ever-faster-rolling drawing frames pull the sliver fibers into increasingly finer sliver, and combining at each stage more slivers into increasingly dense but parallel strands of fiber. This process is continued when the sliver enters the roving frames and a twist is added to the strand. The final and fastest pulling, and added hard twisting, is provided by the ring spinner. Filling yarns are now ready for weaving while warps must next be tied into longer lengths, then starched and dressed in the slasher. Each floor within the mill held a special portion of these tasks and machines. Fran there the yarns entered the huge Weave Shed through the enclosed bridge. Here over 4000 Draper loons with Northrup batteries took the warp and yarns and produced sheeting in a variety of widths. From the Weave Shed the cloth continued Noe Pp 1pfOL, 1�% WI NMw�'M. Ip1r x1/ United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 5 Naumkeag Historic District, Salm MA moved to the Cloth Roan where it was inspected and prepared for finishing. From there the gray goods were shipped to the company's dying facility. The company had acquired in 1909 the Danvers Bleachery, a company operated since the 1840s by Theophilus Walker and located in the former South Danvers, later known as Peabody. Here the company took the goods, bleached them, seared excess nap, dyed some, smoothed and finished them prior to cutting, hemming, and packaging. (Jarvis 1929, 1934: passim) Throughout its history the company was known for its use of innovative technology, from its first willingness to experiment with steam, through the adoption of successive new types of machinery, new construction materials, and finally its conversion to electricity. Although research in the company records available at Harvard's Baker Library Special Collections has not been undertaken in detail, secondary evidence suggests that further research will bare this out. The company had the funds and the willingness to not only rebuild their factory but to replace and update the machinery for it. They are known to have adopted the newest and most automated of textile machinery, the ring spinner and the Draper Loom with Northrup battery. Each machine offered the mill owner the advantage of decreasing the attention required of the worker to the individual machine, and resulting in the "stretch out," the increased number of machines per worker, and the "speed up," the quickening of the machines' speed and output, that characterized labor relations of the early 20th century. The company paid close attention to the working of their machinery, with a policy to replace it before, it become old and inefficient (Jarvis 1929: 15) . Naumkeag remained innovative in their marketing practices as well, renaming the plant as Pequot Mills in honor of the muslin and percale sheeting and the finished sheets they produced. In the second quarter of the 20th century the company was expanding its product line beyond white muslins and percales to include colored sheets in seven colors as well as to add sheets with hems in color. By the second quarter of the 20th century the plant used 60,000 pounds of cotton per day and produced 25,000 miles of sheeting per year (Jarvis 1929: 8, 26) . The company again expanded its capitalization, to $2,250,000 in 1915, to $3,000,000 three years later, and with the offering of a 100% stock dividend, to $6,000,000 in 1923. The company claimed to maintain the "best possible working conditions." Their management style was perhaps not so "modern. " Until altered in the middle of the 20th century, when the company needed a new president "it was said that all the directors had to do was to move up the men in successive positions and hire a new office boy" (Dick 1951:16) . continued urs ram ioaou. Ms; UW ne++.+r Ns. iaMsoir United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number Q Page Naumkeag Historic Destrict, Salem MA Resear on workers and work at the mills remains to be undertaken in the rich Naumkeag Company records on file in the Archives Division of Baker Library at the Harvard Business School. Dunn claims that examination of them suggests early employment of Irish workers, who were subject to the tight discipline of company paternalism that has cane to characterize life in 19th century textile manufacturing communities. Workers were young, rarely stayed more that a year, and had their religious lives and leisure time subjected to company rules stressing temperance, piety, and industry (Dunn 1981:3-4) . As in so many similar communities the French Canadians soon followed the Irish into the mills, and the neighborhood of the Naumkeag Mills was characterized as a French Canadian one by the turn of the century. The parish of St. Joseph's, formed in 1873 to minister to this group, had only just built a new church and related buildings on Lafayette Street between Harbor and Dow streets to the west of the mill when the fire swept through the neighborhood (Jalbert 1877) . Although the company was beginning to employ Poles within the mill, most of them lived in two more distant ethnic neighborhoods, west of Webb Street near Collins Cove and by the Harbor along Derby Street (Borkowski 1977) . The company supplied some housing, but as was common in urban settings, the proximity of the speculative housing and rental market added variety to the housing alternatives. Although few images of the area survive from before the fire, descriptions of the fire and its rapid spread through this section of the town emphasize the flamability of the wood shuloles used in the roofs of the three-deckers and the large tenements of the area. The central business district had been spared, but the 1914 fire had destroyed large industrial and residential portions of the city and left 10,000 people homeless. The city quickly appointed the Rebuilding Commission to oversee and encourage rebuilding in the burned zone. What for so many was a tragedy became an opportunity for planners and reformers, fearful because Salem "before the fire was fast on the way to become a city of ugly and unsafe wooden three and four deckers" (Salem Rebuilding Ccandssion 1917: 6) . At the time of the fire the city's building code was fragmented and inappropriate for the emergency, so many of the commissions efforts were aimed at devising a code, in stages for the fire zone, and finally one for the entire city. The commission designated six classes of building, including separate restrictions for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. They established the greatest restrictions on residences designed to acconnodate large numbers of people, arguing the greater number of lives at risk required it. By contrast they placed no restrictions on one and two family houses, the favorite housing form of period reformers. While the commission had briefly considered providing designs for home builders, this was determined to be too expensive and likely to produce too uniform a landscape. In addition, continued M�6�pmt0Y0f., OW♦yYn.r IA IONC01, IMl, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number_ Page 7 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA the consulting architect commented on the choice of a modern style for the area that "while we would miss the Colonial work, mere reproduction of it would not be the real thing" but only a "mere servile copy" (Salem Rebuilding Commission 1917: 24) . In the Stage Point area the buildings of the post- fire era present a fine collection of apartment blocks, two-family, and occasional single family residences demonstrating the improvements to working- class housin, proposed by the commission. The fire hit hard at Salem's important e",nic working class neighborhoods, and it is not surprising that residents of the fire zone objected to the expense of the rebuilding requirements. Ironically the commission claimed its greatest concern was to encourage safe construction while encouraging rebuilding, and so their codes for the fire zone were eventually replaced by even more stringent city-wide codes after their three-year term expired. Naumkeag entered into the rebuilding effort with the construction of housing by Kilham and Hopkins, and of course, with their decision to rebuild their new factory in Salem. Although the company continually emphasized its efforts to provide a safe work environment, during the early 20th century the plants suffered strikes by its work force. In 1918 strikes in protest of mill working conditions and living conditions brought the establishment of Local 33 of the National Amalgamation of Textile Workers, with organizational help from the Central Labor Committee from New Bedford MA and Manchester NH (Dunn 1081:4, reference to Naumkeag Company Records) . This short-lived radical union was formed after the 1919 Lawrence strike to take up the efforts of the International Workers of the World, no longer a viable organization after federal efforts to eradicate it in the years following the 1912 strike. Recognition of the union by the company and the right to arbitrated collective bargaining were the goals of that strike, according to some sources (Nyman 1934: passim and Cox 1939: passim for this and subsequent strike-related material) . -ubsequently reorganized as a unit of the more main-stream United Textile Workers of America, American Federation of Labor, the closed shop was successful in bringing improvements to the mill. But by the late 1920s, when competition and adverse conditions in the cotton textile industry were mounting for northern owners, tensions between management and labor increased, and the conpany felt that the union had come "to dominate industrial relations" (Nyman 1934; 7) . In 1927 the company and the union signed a Cooperative Agreement designed to assure negotiation between the two parties in an effort to avoid strikes. Much of the problem between the two was apparently attributable to the industry-wide issue of adjustment to new technologies. At Naumkeag, the emblem of these changes was adoption by the company of the Draper loom with Northrup battery, a more automated machine, allowing the company to increase continued Hrs ram roaoo� aw Nrwv rw rw.00rr Iwe; United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number $__ Page a — Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA the number of loans each worker operated. In 1928 the company proposed a stretch out, which, although they claimed it would bring higher wages, would also mean a reduction in the number of workers. The union turned the offer down and, after a 60 day negotiation period, labor and management signed the Joint Research Agreement. This agreement would allowing experts hired by the company to assist management and workers in the evaluation of alterations brought on by changing technology in the work place. The agreement, known throughout the industry, attracted attention to the company, as many hoped it would be successful in avoiding the violent strikes that tore through industrial communities during this period. The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company was at the height of its popularity when it constructed Pequot House, their effort in the celebration of Salem's tercentenery. They built the house as a First period replica and furnished and interpreted it as a demonstration of everyday life at that time. While New England -t large, and Essex County in particular, led the nation in its growing interest in the national past, few communities could match the efforts at research, restoration, and reconstruction attempted in Salem. Led by the Essex Institute and the efforts of George Francis Dow, the early years of the 19th century saw increasing research and identification of historic resources within the city. Salem early on focused on its 17th century history, and many of the activities associated with the tercentenery were associated with that century. The building was designed by the architect Philip Horton Smith (1890-1960) , who practiced alone and as part of the firm of Smith and Walker in Wenham and Boston. Smith's Salem designs and numerous and include a large portion of Colonial Revival designs. Among these we may note the bandstand in Washington Square (1926) , the design of the Hawthorne Hotel (1924-25) , Grace Church, Episcopal (1926-27) , the expansion of Salem High school (1927-28) , the Tabernacle Church (1923-24) , the U.S. Post Office (1932-33, NR 1986) , the Holyoke Mutual Insurance Company (1935-36) . Smith was also involved in restoration and renovation projects, including the Old Town Hall and Market (1933-34) and the Salem Five Cents Savings bank (1950) . He lived in the Benjamin Blanchard House at 134 Federal Street, a three-story frame Federal period house with an added porch by Samuel McIntyre (Tulles 1983: passim) . The mounting problems posed by the depression, however, soon brough a return to u:rscord between labor and management at Naumkeag. Textile manufacturers, in response to increased competition and lower profits, sought to reorganize work in their factories for greater efficiency, altering job heirarchies and responsibilities as well as wages. Workers, concern about traditional work loads, status, and compensation, were fearful of how these changes would effect their job conditions and income. The Naunkeag Experiment continued Ma'am�WODa OWN Mrrwv Mo. IpM1011 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number R Page ° Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA as the joint research agreement was known, had little to offer the worker, however, ac--rding to reports of subsequent activities at the plant. Designed to bring the worker into the decision-making process, the plan seemed to be merely a strategy to obtain only the payroll reductions and reorganization management needed to increase profits. With discharges and demotions of mill workers, and curtailed hours for those who remained, wages did not after all increase and the plant was still operating at a loss. The union initially agreed to wage reductions as an emergency measure, winning the concession that research would be halted. But soon wages were reduced substantially, and the company announced it would open up research activities at the bleachery. In May of 1933, after a vote of 982 to 182, the union went out on strike. The strike lasted until July in spite of the claim by the president of the United Textile Workers union that the strike was illegal. For a brief period in May and June, Ann Burlak, "the Red Flame," came to work with the strike committee. Two incidents of violence occurred during the strike, a shooting and a stoning that left their victims hurt but not seriously injured. Both state and federal arbitrators were called in, and a new union leader merged during the strike, Wilfred T. Levesque, as the union was reorganized with no affiliations. The mill agreed to many of the union's demands, including a halting of the research procedure for the purposes of stretch outs, and wages were rescheduled. When this agreement expired, the failure to come to terms led to another strike, of ten weeks in August, September, and October of 1935. Tne return to work came with an agreement to take back the strikers, to meet seniority and forty-hour week demands, but not wage increases. Two wage increases were followed by a wage reduction by 1938. At that time, the mill was described as employing 2000 workers in two shifts, with a 60- 40 split between women and men, of whom 65% were French Canadian, 30% Polish, with the balance divided among the Irish, Italians, and Greeks. 905 belonged to the union and were paid wages between $13 and $19 per week. In spite of sporadic labor problems, Naumkeag was among the textile manufacturers who remained in New England when many were closing and relocating. Then, in July of 1950, seeing the direction of change within the industry, the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company purchased a plant in Whitney South Carolina, a community about four miles from Spartansburg. The brick mill building was a fraction of the size of the Salem plant, but indicated the direction planned for the company. In 1954 the company closed its Salem plant, which was purchased by the 9165 Corporation and then in 1959 by Shetland Industries. Like other large complexes, it appears that the buildings were subdivided and small portions leased to manufacturing operations until the late 1960s. During the 1970s the company was renovated and combined office space with light industry. As Shetland Office Industrial Park, the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company remains an important feature in Salem's historic landscape. end of part eight N�6 dam tOWF, Wt Npvw'la. IONODII f►M; United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number in Page Nauunkeag Historic District, Salm MA Boundary Description The boundaries of the Nauunkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District are indicated on the attached Cit of Salem Assessors Maps 34 & 40, lot 448. Boundary Justification The parcel sescribed above is that historically associated with the Naw keag Steam Cotton Company plant. end of part ten N�6 lawn tp y04� f►M) f1W MYwr No rONiDt1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 1 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Bibliography Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Salem Conflagration and Destruction of the Naumkeaq Steam Cotton Company. By the Inspection Departfh-nt. Boston, 1914. Borkowski, Elizabeth. "One Hundred Fifteen Years in Salem." In Adele I. Younis, "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study," Salem State College, 1976-77. Candee, Richard M. and Greer Hardwicke, "Early Twentieth-Century Reform Housing by Kilham and Hopkins, Architects of Boston." Winterthur Portfolio 22 (1987) , pp. 47-80. Condit, Carl. American Building Art: The Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Cox, Frank L. "Experiment in Union-Management Cooperation at the Pequot Mills." Typescript of ca. 1939 on file at the Essex Institute. Dick, Rudolph C. Nathaniel Griffen (1796-1876) of Salem - and his Naumkeag Steam Cotton Co. New York: The Newcomen Society in North America, 1951. Dunn, Tim, "Naunkeag Steam Factory." Typescript dated 25 March 1981 at the Salem Planning Department. Essex Institute Photograph Collection. Gerstle, Gary. Working Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960. New York: Cambridge University press, 1989. Hildebrand, Grant. Designing for Industry: The Architecture of Albert Kahn. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1974. Jalbert, Philip E. "The French Canadian in South Salem MA." In Adele I. Younis, "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study," Salem State College, 1976-77. Jarvis, Clive. The Story of Peguot. Boston: The Berekely Press of Boston for the Naumkeag Steam Cotton any, 1929 and 1934 editions. Also unauthored edition under same title, different format and content, 1949. continued r+.e ram iwoo-. aN Mw.r„a. �a.aoi, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National- Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 2 Naumkeag Historic District, Salem MA Bibliography continued Lincoln, Samuel B. Lockwood Greene, The History of an Engineering Business, 1832-1958. Brattleboro: The Stephen Greene Press, 1960. Nyman, Richmond C. Union-Management Cooperation in the Stretch Out.. . New Haven: Yale University press, Institute of Human Relations, 1934. Salem, City of. Public Records: Assessors Records, Building Inspectors Records, Planning Department Historic Resources Inventory, Salem Rebuilding Commission Report, Newcomb and Gauss, Printers, 1914. Sanborn Fire Insurance Company. Atlas of the City of Salem. Multiple years including 1906 and subsequent updates. Smith, J. Foster, "Stage Point and Thereabouts." Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 66 (1930) , pp. 1-20. Stone, Orra. History of Massachusetts Industries, 4 vols. Boston: S. J. Clarke, 1930. Tolles, Bryant J. Architecture in Salm: An Illustrated Guide. Salem: Essex Institute, 1983. Ware, Caroline. The Early New England Cotton Manufacturer: A Study in Industrial Beginnings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1931. Younis, Adele L. , ed. "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study." Salm State College, 1976-77. Ten Volumes typescript on file at the Essex Institute. end of part nine s v 3 a 5 Q � s 2,?A.4 41L447 unoo� ►.�o}� � A 0 It.wv r,LULt �„ � ss 7V •-ren r.-i turn° NA[IISEAG STEAM COTTON MILLS HISTORIC DISTRICT, SALEM, MA DISTRICT DATA SHEET Map # MHC # Name Address Date Style Type Status 1 Spinning & Carding Mill 35 Congress Street 1915 Art Deco B C 2 Catton Storehouse 35 Congress Street 1915 --- B C 3 Weave Shed 35 Congress Street 1915 --- B C 4 Cloth Roan 35 Congress Street 1924 --- B C 5 Office 47 Congress Street 1915 Art Deco B C 6 Pequot House 35 Congress Street 1930 Colonial Revival B C A parking garage Pingree Street 1989 --- B tdC B = Building St = Structure Si = Site C = Contributing NC = Non-contributing i r a:. • 1 � , 1 w C yy0� • 1 -C Oji , r NMI ME � _L\ �■ _� _� �■ {111 'N/ 1 / F y' I - Y , a x .r !I a It'; r' I t r i I II II � i ' � a , • ��r�ts �- 1, r i v � . 4+ V ,.+ ,�•1^� � ,�"�..e.E^'Z�:�� gam. � � •�� 5 { ,�.,% �� ,�, � �'"- .-«�� ara._ �•_ s {rte I J ��._ __�� t�.n.� as I i - •I Rte ; J r r 5'1 t ' ,y 4 , i �J i,�,i . 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HARRINGTON FROM: MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL COMMISSION DATE: MARCH 12, 1993` The Massachusetts Historical Commission is writing to inform you that the following property has been voted eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (36 CFR 60) by the Commission acting as the State Review Board. By law, a property is afforded protection from adverse effect caused by Federally funded, licensed or assisted projects when it has been voted eligible for inclusion in the National Register. The nomination form will now be submitted to the National Register Office, National Park Service in Washington, DC for final review. If the National Register Office lists the property or determines it eligible for listing in the National Register, it will automatically be included in the Massachusetts State Register of Historic Places (950 CMR 71) . The State Register parallels the National Register in providing protection from State actions. For more information, you may wish to refer to your original notification letter or contact the Commission's National Register staff. When we have received the determination of the National Register Office, you will be advised. PROPERTY/ADDRESS DATE VOTED ELIGIBLE NAUMKEAG STEAM COTTON MILL MARCH 10, 1993 HISTORIC DISTRICT, SALEM Massachusetts Historical Commission,Judith B.McDonough,Executive Director, State Historic Preservation Officer 80 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116 (617) 7278470 Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J. Connolly,Secretary r SHETLAND TRUST P. 0. Box 986 Salem, MA 01970 ✓dQo�' i February 1 , 1993 Ms . Judith B. McDonough Executive Director State Historic Preservation Officer Massachusetts Historical Commission 80 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02116 RE: Objection to Listing of Shetland Properties on the National Register of Historic Places as the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mill (or Cotton Company)„Historic District Dear Ms . McDonough: I certify that Shetland Trust, of which I am trustee, is the sole owner of the above-described property which you have indicated to me is being considered for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . Shetland Trust hereby exercises its right under the National Historic Preservation Act and 36 C.F.R. 60 . 6 (g) to OBJECT to the listing of its property on the National Register of Historic Places as well as on any state register of historic assets . This objection is grounded in the severely negative impact on job creation such a listing would have as a result of the Trust' s inability to rehabilitate its property freely and economically. very truly yours , Robert I . Lappin . Trustee Ms . Judith B. McDonough Massachusetts Historical Commission February 1 , 1993 Page Two COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS ESSEX, ss . February � , 1993 Then personally appeared the above-named Robert I . Lappin, and acknowledged the foregoing to be his free act and deed, before me, Cd/zl�i, Lam( • ��-fa Notary Public My Commission Expires : RIL/lmp . cc: Neil Harrington, Mayor, City of Salem William Luster, Planner, City of Salem William J. Tinti, Esquire I , t - V Q December 30, 1992 r. le Ms. Jane Guy * QQ 4 Preservation Planner -Y A I S SZo tC� Salem Historical Commissiont One Salem Green O mOnWealtlt Salem, MA 01970 \J,04q-�- Dear Mjs GW. The National Register nomination for the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Historic District, Salem, Massachusetts has been scheduled for consideration by the State Review Board on Wednesday, March 10, 1993. Federal regulations require that the State Historic Preservation Officer notify property owners of pending Review Board consideration 30-75 days before the date of the meeting so that they may comment on the action. Those regulations also require that owners' names and addresses be obtained no more than 90 days before the date of the notification letter. We depend on the nominating party to check local property records, and provide us with updated owner information. In the case of small districts such as this, we notify each property owner individually. Therefore, you should submit the owners' list typed on mailing labels. In addition to the owner's name and address, the label should reference the property address and district name. Labels are enclosed. Sample: Mr. and Mrs. Robert Jones ' P. O. Boz 7 Anytown, Massachusetts RE: 7 South St. Any Area National Register Historic District Please complete the mailing list in triplicate (enough labels are provided) and return it to this office no later than January 8, M. If you cannot meet this deadline, please let me know as soon as possible. In an ongoing effort to increase public awareness, the Massachusetts Historical Commission will be placing draft versions of the nomination in a local library. Please provide us with the name and address of the most appropriate library and its head librarian. Sincerely, Betsy Friedberg National Register Director Massachusetts Historical Commission cc: Claire Dempsey, Preservation Consultant Chairperson, Salem Historical Commission Neil J. Harrington, Mayor, City of Salem Enclosure: mailing labels Massachusetts Historical Commission,Judith B.McDonough,Executive Director, State Historic Preservation Officer 80 Boylston Street,Boston,Massachusetts 02116 (617) 727-8470 } , Office of the Secretary of State,Michael J. Connolly,Secretary BOARD OF ASSESSORS CITY HALL PAGE , SAL. 111. MA 01970 q I ,,� Dail i 2 ERS, LYST ...... 2 -ll,,- ,.,,cERT V1 UT-7 0-AS ........ 1E E 3 4 4 SUBJECT PROPERTY. LOT.- -j 5 05 IDROPERTY ADDRES" t 601 6 ASSESSED OWNER 7 .. ..... ...... 9 8 0 :00 1 9 MAP LOT SUFF PROPERTY ADDRESS ASSESSED OWNER MAILING ADDRESS 12 10 13 0 11 34 0448 0047 CONGRESS STREET SHE1-LAND TRUST P 0 BOX 986 :4 o 5 12 LAF'�'IN ROBERT I TR SALEM MA 01970 16 13 42 0020 01100, MEMORIAL DRIVE SALEM C17Y OF .17 0 14 ... . . . . Is* ST NICHOLA S' RUSSIAN 64 ,F-ORRFSfE R S T R ECT,' FF 1 �� o0ti-f000x" 0 15 2 �'4,1 -Z116' 16 GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH SALEM 11A 01970 21 2, 017 41 0219 202 0064 FORRESTER STREET ST NICHOLAS RLISSIA14 ORTHODOX 64 FORRESTER STREET230 GREEK CATHOLIC CHURCH SALEM MA 01970 24 25 ........... ...... 2 7 26 ........... 2 . .......... ... I .... .......... 21 1 .............. 28 22 29 0 23 3010 31 24 32 ......... ......... . ..... ..... 26 ........1.- 30 0 27 61 26 37 0 29 380 39 30 40 31 0 32 420 43 33 44 34 45 35 4610 0 47 36 481 37 49 .. ... ..... 50 51 0 38 .......... 39: ... ....... 52 40 ;3 0 41 54o 'm 55 42 56 43' ...... .................. . 57 % 44 58 59 0 45 ........... ........ 1.4.%',%'1 % 60 46 61 0 47 62o 63 48 64 49 1. ..... 65 e.. ....... 50 ....... :710 68 52 69 0 053 71 7 54 72 55 7 F-TETE 3 5 S R 74 A S S E!l,' 0 0 CHID 75 0 75 7 7 1. Name of property Naumkeag Stearn Cotton Company Historic District other names: Pequot Mills, Shetland Properties 2. Location Congress and Lynch streets at South River Salem Masachusetts 025 Essex 009 zip code 01970 3. Classification Private Ownership Category: Buildings, six contributing, one non-contributing 4. 5. 6. Function or Use Historic Function: Mill Current Function: Office, Factory 7. Description Architectural Classification: Art Deco materials: foundation: concrete walls: concrete, brick, glass, wood roof: asphalt other: S. Statement of Significance A and C at the State Level Criteria Exception: none Areas of Significance: Industry, Architecture Period of Significance: 1914-1954 Architect: Lockwood Greene & Co. , Philip Horton Smith 9. Bibliography Attached 10. Geographic Data Acreage: 29.1 acres UT6:s:19.344750.4708910 19.345000.4708880 19.345130.4708400 19.344870.4708420 Boundary Description: The boundaries of Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills are indicated on the attached Assessors Maps 34 & 40, lot 448. Boundary Justification: The parcel described above is that historically associated with Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills. 11. Prepared by Claire W. Dempsey Three historic views, sketch map, and district data sheet attached. Naumkeag steam cotton company Historic District: Description The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Mills Historic District consists of six buildings on 29 acres, located at the point of land where the South River meets Salem Harbor. The parcel is shaped as an inverted L, with the long sten running north-south along the shore of Salem Harbor. Just off shore is the extension and the end of Derby Wharf (NR) and the Derby Lighthouse. In addition to the harbor, the long stern has Palmer Cove forming its southern border and Pingree Street its western border. The short sten runs east-west, joining the long sten at its northeast end, with the South River forming its northern border, and Congress and Lynch streets forming the west and south borders respectively. The reinforced concrete manufacturing buildings are oriented on the lot in a canperable configuration. The largest building, the weave Shed, occupies the bulk of the long sten, while the three other manufacturing and storage areas, smaller and oriented in a perpendicular direction, occupy the short sten, the Cotton Storehouse closest to the South River, followed by the Spinning Mill in the center, and the Cloth Roan below. The two smallest buildings in the complex, the Office and Pequot House, are located close to Congress Street on either side of the Spinning Mill, forming the entry/public area of the mill complex. This area, known as Stage Point, is part of the larger portion of Salem, south of the South River, that was developed intensively for the first time in the 19th century as the location of manufacturing and processing plants. The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company purchased the land in 1841 from the city of Samel, construction began in 1845, and the textile manufacturer remained until the company relocated in 1954. During the end of the 19th century, as the plant expanded with the construction of more buildings, the irregular shore line of this area was filled in and regularized, and over time, the rises in the land surface were flattened. In 1914 this area was part of the large expanse of the City which burned, and thus all of the complex post-dates that event. The roughly rectangular shape it takes today is the result of rebuilding after the fire. At that time the street patetrn in front of the mill was altered as well, and the Union Street Bridge, and the associated Union Street which turned to run to the west after the bridge crossing, were removed. The new bridge was constructed further inland to the west, as the South River was filled in and the new extension of Congress (5rvmifh 19SOtp( On M) Street extended to meet it. A The area around the mill was then surrounded by a right angled grid of streets rather than the mix of angles and directions that preceeded the fire. A On those streets the mill is surrounded by housing constructed at that time under the direction of the Salem Redevelopment Trust which endeavored to limit the fire-prone elements as rebuilding progressed, setting rules for materials, heights, etc., that determined the character of the landscape today. Expand. The Great Fire of 25 June 1914 destroyed nearly all of the previously existing mill complex and a surrounding neighborhood. Two buildings from the earlier complex survived the fire, a four-story concrete warehouse (Storehouse No. 1) built in 1906, and demolished , and a former gas container used as a Storehouse No. 10, demolished during the new construction after the fire (Associated Factory Mutual, 1914). Four new buildings were constructed in 1915; one of these, a single story brick boiler house that formerly stood on the river side of the Weave Shed, has been demolished; the Storehouse, Carding & Spinning Mill, and Weave Shed survive. The addition of a Cloth Roan to the Weave Shed dates to 1924. All of these buildings were constructed in the most innovative material available to mill engineers at the time of their construction, reinforced concrete, by the region's premier firm specializing in industrial buildings, Lockwood, Green of Boston. In addition to the manufacturing and storage facilities the company constructed an Office, apparently of more common brick. The last building added to the complex was the Pequot House, a 1930 reconstruction of a First Period residense built in association of the city's 1930 Tricentennial celebration. A single non-contributing building is included on the site, a four-story parking garage was added along Pingree Street in 198-. When Lockwood, Greene designed the new mills for Naumkeag, reinforced concrete had only recently been introduced to the textile industry, and this complex became a model of the new technology. Concrete had many desirable properties, its ability to resist compression and to be molded into a wide variety of shapes. When reinforced by the insertion within it of steel rods and/or thin plates, its ability to resist tension is improved. The resulting product is very strong and has the added ability to resist fire since the - 2 - steel is shielded from the heat and flames by the cover of concrete. Photographs of the structure under construction show on site-construction of the concrete walls within molds of dimensioned timber and plywood, removed when they hardened to form the floors of the structure. Each concrete slab floor was supported around the perimeter by piers and within the building by large mushroom-shaped colamns, supporting the entire frame of the building. By contrast the walls had only to support their own weight, so each was constructed of brick and glass, and known as curtain walls. The buildings constructed in 1915 demonstrate the new aesthetic of modern architecture applied within the industrial sphere. The large rectangular buildings are constructed with flat roofs. Each elevation received equal ornamental treatment, and the largest proportion of each wall was composed of brick infill and glass windows, read as a large expanse of dark void between the strong horizontals marking the floors. Brick provided contrast to the pale concrete and was used between the concrete piers to determine the window size and shape, and thus varying with the finction of the building. In the Carding and Spinning Rooms, the need for natural light suggested the use of large glass windows composed of large lights in dark metal sash which greatly increased light to the buildings' interior. At the weave Shed the sawtooth roof let in large amounts of northern light, and the walls thus needed only small windows. Similarly, the Cotton Storehouse was constructed for safety with only small openings. In contrast to the most "modern" of factories at the time, these buildings were treated with.ornament in a small number of areas: where the roof form allowed it, a parapet provided a terminus to the building's elevation, and while it was usually straight, on the tall connector between the. weave Shed and the Spinning Mill, and in several locations on the Spinning Mill. itself, stepping of the parapet provided visual contrast. Indeed the Spinning Mill itsefl received the largest amount of ornament, rr and was the dominant"visual element of the complex. The Storehouse, a five story warehouse was built along the South River, a long trapezoid measuring 500 feet in length, 50 feet wide at the east and about 115 feet at the wider west end. Its river-facing north facade is composed of thirty bays, divided by concrete piers, joined across the the top of the wall by a classically derived cornise with a marking each bay; a small square - 3 - window in the center of each bay lights the raised basement. As originally constructed similar small windows were located in the top center of each bricked bay, small openings being the traditional and effective method in storage of so flammable a material as raw cotton. In the renovation of the building for commercial uses, the brick has been removed from between the concrete peirs and replaced with fixed sash. The four-story Carding and Spinning Mill was built parallel to the storehouse, and extends to 725 feet in length and 140 feet in width. Each facade is treated with projecting towers, the largest the front stair tower, with four smaller ones along the south long wall and two smaller ones on the north or harbour facing wall. These towers contain the stair wells and toilets, allowing large expanses within the roans necessary to accomodate large numbers of large machines. The towers are also the location of brick detailing that provides ornament to the complex, in particular the stepped parapet and clocks of the entry tower. when the new mill went into production in 1916 it included 101,925 new spindles, and was subsequewntly increased to 163,312. During rennovation the metal sash were replaced with new large- paned fixed sash. The single story Weave Shed covers over nine acres of the site, located on the Salem Harbor side of the lot, with its long dimension running north-south or perpendicular to the storehouse and the carding & spinning mill. In footprint the building presents a large rectangle at the south, measuring 625 feet by 420 feet, with a smaller rectangular ell set flush left or west on the north wall, measuring 580 feet by 212 feet. The shed was built in two stages (Dick 1951:15) , the first section the southern one, covering seven acres, which was quickly expanded to the present nine with the constrcution of the northern addition. On its northwest corner a small four story tower is connected to the Spinning Mill by an enclosed and elevated bridge. In profile the weave shed takes the emblematic sawtooth roof form, with thirty eight parallel dormers running east west across the building, letting light into the weave roans. Here were housed over 4000 looms. In 1924 the Company added on to the weave shed, constructing the single-story, 322 by 110 foot Cloth Room to the northwest side of the weave shed. This low building is also constructed with a sawtoothed roof? - 4 - The Naumkeag Office is seldom mentioned in the enumeration of new buildings constructed for the company but appears on maps and in photographs quite early. The two-story, hip-roofed rectangle has a central single-story entry porch, and is constructed of brick. Its facade is composed of three parts, a four bay section at each end marked by the stepped parapet, with the central section composed of seven bays of triple windows; its side elevations are three bays wide. The cornise parapet is treated with patera along the line of contrasting stone that markes the parapet, surrounds all the openings, and marks the belt course of the water table along the raised basement. In 1930 the company constructed the frame building known as Pequot House to serve as reception and exhibit space. Constructed to suggest First Period architecture, the building resembles most closely the John ward House, built in 1685 and expaned soon thereafter to assume the familiar center chimney, lean-to form, owned by the Essex Institute, and restored in 1910 by George Francis Dow. The architect of the building was Philip Horton Smith (1890-1960) , who practiced in Boston and throughout the north shore. The gable-roofed structure rises to two stories with a high attic, a pair of facade gables, and a rear leanto, and construction photographs suggest its construction was, at least in part, based on timber framing techniques. Its facade was lit with small windows in a synmentrical five bay, center entry configuration; the west window in the second story on the north side has been replaced with a large plate glass picture window. It differs from the ward House in its greater dependance on symmetry, its use of double hung rather than casement windows, and its use of an overhang on the facade as well as the side elevations. In 1954 the Naumkeag Stram Cotton Company closed the Pequot Mills and relocated to their southern base outside Spartenville South Carolina. In 19 it was purchased by and is presently known as Shetland Properties, operated as a combined commercial and office plant. Alterations to the plant associated with the change in use are small in number. The entire plant has been painted white, so that many of the contrasting brick panels are no longer a visual element in the design scheme. Window replacement has occurred as well, including opening the windows of the Cotton Storeroom, and replacement of - 5 - the windows elsewhere with large-paned, fixed sash. Although these alterations are "unfortunate," in the words of the Massachussetts Historical Commission staff, they are not deemed sufficient to ccmprcmise the buildings' integrity. - 6 - Naumkeag Steam: Significance The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District is a complex of six buildings constructed between 1915 and 1930 to house the offices and manufacturing buildings of the long-standing Salam textile manufacturer. Constructed after the Great Fire of 1914 destroyed the mill and its surrounding neighborhood, the company employed the eminent industrial architects, Lockwood, Green of Boston to construct the spinning mill and weave shed, the largest integrated plant at the time of its construction, and employing the innovative technology of reinforced concrete. The company had operated in the city since 1845, and during the early 20th century this mill was by far its largest employer, with a payrole of 1600, including one third of all city wage earners. Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District meets criteria A and C at the State level. Although some alterations have been made to the building during its conversion to offices as Shetland Properties, they have not compromised the integrity of the large complex. Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company Historic District retains integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, and association. The site of the district is on a penninsula formed by the South River on the north and Salem Harbor to the east and the south, a small area earlier known as Stage Point. The portion of Salem lying below the South River, and within which Stage Point lies, was not early developed. The area's name, and its apparent most common early use, was for stages on which to dry fish. It was the site of a marine railway, shipyard, and wharves at the end of the 18th century, and was aquired by the town in 1781 from its Tory owner William Brown. The town rented out the area, and in addition charged fees based on the tonnage of the vessel to allow ships to be graved and sheather there. (Smith 1930: 2,7,8) The Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company was established in Salem in 1839 when a group of local merchants took their profits from the maritime trade and invested than in the rising cotton manufacturing business. Coastal cities like Salem, Newburyport, Portsmouth, and Boston were relative late-comers to the textile boom, lacking the necessary source of water power on which so many of the pioneering manufacturers had relied. When steam power became - 7 - a reliable alternative these sites became more viable, and while real estate within then might prove more costly, the presense of services and an open rental housing market precluded the construction of tenements, store, churches, and meeting halls to support the mill employees. The chief investors, Nathaniel Griffin and David Pingree, hired the engineer Charles T. James to consult then in their endeavor. James was an advocate of steam power manufactories where he believed a higher quality product could be produced, as well as a proponent of their location within port cities where they could take advantage of the exisiting urban infrastructure. Naumkeag was among the first, if not the first, of the textile manufacturing companies in Massachusetts to use coal-fired steam engines to power their machinery, and manufacturers in the other cities would soon emulate then. (Dunn 1981: 2, Smith 1930: 11-13) In 1841 the area at the mouth of the South River adjacent to Salem harbor was purchased by David Pingree who thought the site ideal for the steam-powered textile manufacturing plant planned by his partner Griffen and designed by James. Convenient to the wharves and the water for transportation, the mill would also benefit from the ambient humidity needed to dampen fibers in in cotton manufacturing (Smith 1930: 9-11) . Constructing on buildings began by 1845 and was in production by 1847, with a 1849 capitalization of $700,000. Naumkeag remained successful and innovative throughout the 19th century, expanding its plant on filled land around the point and the construction of more buildings on the site. The plant was expanded in 1863 and again in 1868, with accompanying capitalization increases to $1,200,00 and 1,500,00. The plant included twenty buildings of standard slow-burn mill construction. During the 1890s the company changed its product focus, from a variety of cotton fabrics to a sheeting specialty. The company was the first to cut and hen sheets for the domestic market and to promote their product directly to the consumer, eliminating the traditional ccnrdssion merchant at the turn of the century (Dick 1951: 16) . In June of 1914 the company's plant was by far the largest loss in the fire that swept through South Salem and burned a total of over 250 acres. Damage to the City was enormous, destroying 1600 buildings valued at $14,000,000, and leaving 14,000 homeless. Naumkeag's experience in this - a - fire proved important to the company, and to manufacturers and insurers alike, for two of the only buildings to survive the fire were storehouses within the plant that demonstrated improved fire proof technologies. Storehouse No.10, a former gas container and thus circular in form and brick and fire- proof in materal, had double doors that protected its contents of bales of raw cotton. Storehouse No. 1 was a recently constructed building of reinforced concrete, built in 1906 from designs by Lockwood, Greene, whose materials proved resistant, and whose system of automatic shutter closing protected the contents of finished cloth. The intact survival of this building and its contents was credited at the time with impressing the advantages of this new material on the industry at large, and "gave considerable impetus in the region to reinforced concrete construction," according to a subsequent company president (Dick 1951:14) . Not surprisingly then the Naumkeag officials choose to employ reinforced concrete in their new construction, and hired the engineering firm of Lockwwod Greene as their engineers to accomplish "a very complete rebuilding along modern lines" (Dick 1951:14). Although used in Europe throughout the late 19th century, early U.S. efforts to build with reinforced concrete begin with the work of Ernest Ransome at the turn of the century in California and New Jersey. Interestingly "his most impressive work" was "the remarkable plant" he designed for the United Shoe Machine Company in Beverly. Dating to 1903-05 this outstanding complex introduced the technology to the region. Ransome's leading position was soon supplanted by Albert Kahn and the work he completed for the _auto industry in the Detroit area. In 1906 Kahn collaborated with his brother's Trussed Concrete Steel Company and Lockwood, Greene, to produce the G$D. N. Peirce Plant in Buffalo, producing a booklet on the project "whose planning principals laid the foundations for factory design for several decades." many of the features of the plant's design made their way into New England and the textile industry, including the siting of buildings and workplaces along "lines of circulation determined by the flow of work." and lighting from roof dormers that freed factory design from the limitations of light provided by wall windows. (Hildebrand 1974: 28-43) expand re Lockwood, Greene Because the building had been well insured the company received about $4,000,000 as their settlement. They completely rebuilt their plant and purchased new equipment to outfit it. Although they retained the name "steam" in the name of the company, the rebuilding was accompanied by a switch to electric power. When the fire occured, the company had only recently ordered new Draper loans, and with these were able to quickly return to manufacturing by buying the yarns they initially neede from other mills. They were back in operation by 1916. Their ability and willingness to rebuild here, particularly as manufacturers were beginning to see the advantages of the South for textile manufacturing, meant the construction of a "rational" factory. In the place of twenty buildings of many dates, the company soon had a set of larger buildings, each dedicated to specific activities and machines associated with cotton manufacture, and each designed especially to suit the activities within it. In the Cotton Storehouse the large 500-pound bales of cotton are taken from their compressed jute wrapped state and blended and cleaned, by mixing alternating handfuls of many cotton types as the raw material is fed through to the breakers. They moved through the building from the street- side end on the west to the opposite harbor side. Once the material has passed through the breakers, openers and cleaners it is blown through to the picker room in the next building, entering at the harbor end of the Spinning and Carding riill. Here the pickers perform the next level of cleaning, producing a thick lap of cotton to enter the carding machines. The wire covered rollers comb through the cotton to allign the fibers in a single direction, and the thin sheet produced is then gathered into a one inch strand called sliver and coiled into tall cans. From here a series of ever-faster-rolling drawing frames pull the sliver fibers into increasingly finer sliver, and combining at each stage more slivers into increasingly dense but parallel strands of fiber. This process is continued when the sliver enters the roving frames and a twist is added to the strand. The final and fastest pulling, and added hard twisting, is provided by the ring spinner. Filling yarns are now ready for weaving while warps must next be tied into longer lengths and starched and dressed in the slasher. Each floor within the mill held a special portion of these tasks and machines. From the mill the yarns entered the Weave Shed through the enclosed bridge, and - 10 - finally entered the Cloth Roan. From there the grey goods were shipped to the company's dying facility. The company had aquired in 1909 the Danvers Bleachery, a company operated since the 1840s by Theophilus Walker, and located in the former South Danvers, later known as Peabody. Here the company took the grey goods, bleached them, seared excess nap, dyed some, smoothed and finished then in a series of pricess prior to cutting, hemming, and packaging. (Jarvis 1929, 1934: passim) Throughout its history the company was known for its use of innovative technology, from its first willingneww to experiment with steam, through the adoption of successive new machinery, new construction materials, and finally its conversion to electricity. Although research in the company records available at Harvard's Baker Library Special Collections has not been undertaken in detail, secondary evidence suggests that further research will bare this out. The company had the funds and the willingness to not only rebuild their factory but to replace and update the machinery for it as well. They are known to have adopted the newest and most automated of textile machinery, the ring spinner and the Draper Loom with Northrup battery. Each machine offered the mill owner the advantage of decreasing the attention required of the worker to the individual machine, and resulting in the "stretch out," or increased numer of machines per worker, and the "speed up," or quickening of the machines speed and output, that characterized the labor relations of the early 20th century. The company paid close attention to the working of their machinery, with a policy to replace it before it become old and inefficient (Jarvis 1929: 15) . Naumkeag remained innovative in their marketing practices as well, renaming the plant as Pequot Mills in honor of the muslin and percale sheeting and finished sheets they producted. In the second quarter of the 20th century the company was expanding its product line beyond white muslins and percales to include colored sheets in seven colors as well as to add sheets with hems in color. By the second quarter of the 20th century the plant used 60,000 pounds of cotton per day and produced 25,000 miles of sheeting per year (Jarvis 1929: 8, 26). The company again exanded its capitalization, to $2,250,000 in 1915, to $3,000,000 three years later, and with the offering of a 100% stock dividend, to $6,000,000 in 1923. The company claimed to maintain the "best possible working conditions." Their management style was perhaps not so "modern." Until the middle of - 11 - the 20th century when their policy was modified, when the company needed a new president "it was said that all the directors had to do was to move up the men in successive positions and hire a new office boy" (Dick 1951:16) . Information about workers and work at the mills is scarse. Dunn claims that examination of Naumkeag Company records on file in the Archives Division of Baker Library at the Harvard Business School suggest early employment of Irish workers, who were subject to the tight discipline of company paternalism that has cane to characterize life in 19th century textile manufacturing communities. Workers were young, rarely stayed more that a year, and had their religious lives and leisure time subjected to company rules stressing temperance, piety, and industry. (Dunn 1981:3-9) As in so many similar communities the French Canadians soon followed the Irish into the mills, and the neighborhood of the Naumkeag Mills was characterized as a French Canadian one by the turn of the century. The parish of St. Joseph's, formed in 1873 to minister to this group, had only just built a new church and related buildings on Lafayette Street on the between Harbor and Dow streets, just to the west of the mill, when the fire swept through the neighborhood. (Jalbert 1877) Although the company was beginning to employ Poles within the mill, most lived in twc ethnic neighborhoods, west of Webb Street near Collins Cove and by the Harbor along Derby Street. (Borkowski 1977) The company supplied some housing, but as was common in urban settings, the proximity of the speculative housing and rental market added variety to the housing alternatives. Although few images of the area survive from before the fire, descriptions of the fire and its rapid spread through this section of the town emphasize the flamability of the woad shingles used in the roofs of the three-deckers and the large tenements of the area. Although the company continually emphasized its efforts to provide a safe work environment, during the early 20th century the plants suffered strikes by its workforce. In 1918 the strike in protest of mill working conditions and living conditions brought the establishment of Local 33 of the National Amalgamation of Textile Workers, with organizational help from the Central Labor Committee from New Bedford MA and Manchester Mi (Dunn 1081:9 , reference to Naumkeag Company Records) . Recognition of the union by the company, with the associated right to arbitrated collective bargaining, was - 12 - the real goal of that strike, according to some sources (Cox 1935: passim for this and next three paragraphs). As a unit of the United Textile workers of America, American Federation of Labor, the closed shop was successful in bringing improvements to the mill. But by the late 1920s, when competition and adverse conditions in the cotton textile industry were mounting for northern owners, tensions between management and labor increased, and the company felt that the union had cane "to dominate industrial relations" (Cox 1935). In 1927 the company and the union signed a Co-operative Agreement designed to assure negotiation between the two parties in an effort to avoid strikes. Much of the problem between the two was apparently attributable to the adoption by the company of the new Draper loon, a machine that was supposedly automatic, allowing the company to increase the number of looms each worker operated. In 1928 the company proposed a "stretch out," which, although they claimed it would bring higher wages, would also mean a reduction in the number of workers. The union turned the offer down and, as a result of the 60 day negotiation period, labor and management signed the Joint Research Agreement, that would allowing experts hired by the company to assist in the evaluation of alterations brought on by changing technology in the workplace. The agreement, known throughout the industry, attracted attention to the company, as many hoped it would be succesful in avoiding the violent strikes that tore through industrial communities during this period. The Naumkeag Experiment as it was known had little to offer the worker, however, according to reports of subsequent activities at the plant. Designed to bring the worker into the decision-making process, some might say to co-opt the worker, the plan seemed to many as a ruse to obtain the payroll reductions and reorganization management needed to increase profits. With discharges and demotions of.mill workers, and curtailed hours for the remaining workers, wages did not after all increase, and the plant was still operationg at a loss. The union initally agreed to wage reductions as an emergency measure, winning the concession that research would be halted. But soon wages were reduced substantially, and the company announced it would open up research activities at the bleachery. The company wanted workers to operate 29 rather than 20 loons, claiming their competition required as many as 39 looms per person. In May of 1933, after a vote of 982 to 182, the union went out. _. tJ- The strike lasted until July, in spite of the claim by the president of the United Textile union that the strike was illegal. For a brief period in May and June, Ann Burlak, "the Red Flame," came to work with the strike committee. Two incidents of violence occurred during the strike, a shooting and a stoning that left their victims hurt but not seriously injured. Both state and federal arbitrators were called in, and a new union leader emerged during the strike, Wilfred T. Levesque, as the union was reorganized with no affiliations. The mill agreed to many of the union's demands, including a halting of the research proceedure for the purposes of stretch outs, and wages were rescheduled. When this agreement expired, the failure to cane to terms led to another strike, of ten weeks in August, September, and October of 1935. The return to work came with an agreement to take back the strikers, to meet senority and forty-hour week demands, but not wage increases. Two wage increases were followed by a wage reduction by 1938. At that time, the mill was described as employing 2000 workers in two shifts, with a 60- 40 split between women and men, of whom, 65% were ethnically French Canadian, 30% Polish, with the balance divided among the Irish, Italians, and Greeks. 905 belonged to a union and were paid wages between $13 and $19 per week. Pequot House was the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company's effort in the celebration of Salem's tercentenery. They built the house as a First period replica, and furnished and interpreted it as a demonstrations of everyday life at that time. S4hile New England at large, and Essex County in particular, led the nation in its growing interest in the national past, few, communities could match the efforts at research, restoration, and reconstruction attempted in Salem. Led by the Essex Institute and the efforts of George Francis Dow, the early years of the 19th century saw increasing research and identification of historic resources within the city. Salem early on focused on its 17th century history, and many of the activities associated with the tercentenatry were associated with that century. The building was designed by the architect Philip Horton Smith (1890-1960), who practised alone and as part of the firm of Smith and Walker in Wenham and Boston. Smith's Salem designs and numerous and include a large portion of Colonial Revival designs. Among these we may note the bandstand in Washington Square (1926) , the design of the Hawthorne Hotel (1924-25) , Grace Church, Episcopal (1926-27) , the expansion of Salem - 14 - High School (1927-28), the Tabernacle Church (1923-24) , the U.S. Post Office (1932-33, NR?) , the Holyoke Mutual Insurance Company (1935-36). Smith was also involved in restoration and rennovation projstcs, including the Old Town Hall and market (1933-34) and the Salem Five Cents Savings bank (1950) . He lived in the Benjamin Blanchard House at 134 Federal Street, a three-story frame federal period house with an added porch by Samuel McIntyre. In July of 1950, seeing the direction of change within the textile manufacturing industry, the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company purchased a plant in Whitney South Carolina, a community about four miles from Spartansburg. The brick mill building was a fraction of the size of the Salam plant, but indicated the direction planned for the company. In 1954 the company closed its Salem plant. r7 - IS Biblography Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Salem Conflagration and Destruction of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company. By the Inspection Department. Boston, 1914. Borkowski, Elizabeth. "One Hundred Fifteen Years in Salem." In Adele 1. Younis, "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study," Salem State College. 10 vols. Cox, Frank L. "Experiment in Union-Management Co-operation at the Pequot Mills." Typescript of ca. 1939 on file at the Essex Institute. Dick, Rudolph C. Nathaniel Griffen (1796-1876) of Salem - and his Naumkeag Steam Cotton Co. New York: The Newcanen Society in North America, 1951. Dunn, Tim, "Naumkeag Steam Factory," Typescript dated 25 March 1981 at the Salem Planning Department. Essex Institute Photography Collection. Hildebrand, Grant. Designing for Industry: The Architecture of Albert Kahn. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1974. Jalbert, Philip E. "The French Canadian in South Salem MA." In Adele 1. Younis, "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study," Salem State College. 10 vols. Jarvis, Clive. The Story of Peguot. Boston: The Berekely Press of Boston for the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company, 1929 and 1934 editions. Also unauthored edition under same title, different format and content, 1949. Lincoln, Samuel B. Lockwood Creene, The Hisotry of an Engineering Business, 1832-1958. Brattleboro: The Stephen Greene Press, Salem Rebuilding Commission Report, City of Salem, 1914. Smith, J. Foster, "Stage Point and Thereabouts." Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 66 (1930) , pp. Stone, Orra. History of Massachusetts Industries 4 vols. Boston: S. J. Clarke, 1930. Ware, Caroline. The Early New England Cotton Manufacturer: A Study in Industrial Beginnings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1931. Younis, Adele L. , ed. "Graduate Immigration Seminar: A Bicentennial Study." Salem State College, 1976-77. Ten Volumes typescript on file at the Essex Institute. 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